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Original Articles

Nationalism, Social Movement Theory and the Grass Roots Movement of Kosovo Serbs, 1985-1988

Pages 771-790 | Published online: 01 Jul 2010

References

  • transcript s of the speeche s of Koso vo Serbs at the meeting in '?ta su Koso vc i rekl i u Skup?tini', NIN, 23 and 30 March and 6 and 13 April 1986.
  • For detailed eyewitness accounts of the events see MiIo? Antic, 'Kako odmrsiti evor: Kosovopoljski dnevnik', Borba, 12 April 1986; and Marko Lopu?ina, Ostajte ovde: Kosovo Polje-dnevnik dogadjaja', Intervju, 11 April 1986.
  • For eyewitness accounts see T. MiIic, 'Potresna ispovest Batu?ana', Politika, 3 April 1986; and Branislav Peterman, 'Seoba koje nije bilo', Politika Ekspres, 22 June 1986.
  • Djukic , Slavoljub . 1994 . lzmedju slave i anateme: politicka biograflja Slobodana Milo?evioa , 13 – 20 . 27 – 28 . Belgrade : Filip Vi?njic . Milo?evic1 succeeded Stambolic at the helm of the Belgrade party branch in 1984 and then, two years later, in the post of President of Serbia's Central Committee. He soon obtained a reputation as a committed economic reformer but also a strong hand when it came to dissident intellectuals. From 1986, when he became Serbia's party leader, Milo?evic was slowly taking control over the party thanks to the support of opponents of Stambolic, who was now President of Serbia. For information on Milo?evic's career before 1982 and his family background see
  • Judah , Tim . 2000 . Kosovo: War and Revenge , 48 52 – 53 . New Haven : Yale University Press .
  • Ramet , Sabrina . 1992 . Nationalism and Federalism in Yugoslavia, 1962-1991 , 227 – 231 . Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
  • Malcolm , Noel . 1998 . Kosovo: A Short History , 339 – 343 . New York : New York University Press . Forthe latter view see Dejan Jovic, "The Break-up of Elite Ideological Consensus: The Prelude to the Disintegration of Yugoslavia', PhD thesis. University of London, 2000. The only exception to this trend has been a book by the Zagreb journalist
  • Hudelist , Darko . 1989 . Kosovo: bitka bez iluzija , Zagreb : Center za informacije i publicitet .
  • the detailed eyewitnes s account in Slavko Cunivija & MiIo? Antic, 'Incident odlo?io pocetak razgovora', Nedeljna Borba, 25-26 April 1987; Slavko Cunivija, 'I on se tresao kao prut', Borba, 19 January 1993; and Slavko Cunivija, 'Jutro kad je okrenut list', Borba, 20 January 1993. For transcript s of all 78 speeches given at the meeting see '?ta je ko rekao u Kosovu Polju'.
  • Milo?evic , Slobodan . 1989 . Godine rasplet a , 152 – 161 . Belgrade : BIGZ . A series of interviews conducted by the author with leading Serbia's politicians of the period, including Dragosla v Dra?a Markovic, Bo?ko Krunic, ?piro Galovic, Danilo Markovic, Vaso Milincevic and Milenko Markovic (Belgrade and Novi Sad, August 2000). See also Milo?evic's speeches at the plenary session s of Yugoslavia ' s and Serbia's central committees held on 26 June 1987 and 9 July 1987 respectively, in
  • Antic , MiIo? . 1993 . 'Srbija nema re?enje za Kosovo ' . Borba , 11 February Interview s with Bo?ko Budimirovic, Miroslav ?olevi and Bogdan Kecman, the protest organisers, by the author (Belgrade, 15 and 17 July 2001 and 29 August 2000, respectively). See also interview with Du?an Ristic in
  • Kercov , Sava , Rado? , Jovo and Raic , Aleksandar . 1990 . Mitinziu Vojvodini 1988. godine: radjanje politickog pluralizma , 243 – 244 . Novi Sad : Dnevnik . Interview with Mico ?paravalo, an activist from Uro?evac who was leading the delegation of 20 representative s of Kosovo Serbs at the meeting with Milo?evie in Belgrade on 17 June, in
  • The decision to organise the demonstration was made at a public meeting of the people's front in Kosovo Polje on 24 June 1988. At the meeting Milo?evic' s emissaries insisted this was a bad idea but were scoffed at and ridiculed by the audience. See the eyewitnes s account in Slavko Curuvija, 'Ustav se ne menja pritiscima', Borba, 2-3 July 1988.
  • For a wealth of primary material on mobilisation in Vojvodina, including interviews with organisers and participants, a selection of archival material and plentiful cross-sectional data, see Kercov et aL, Mitinzi u Vojvodini 1988. godine.
  • Clark , Howard . 2000 . Civil Resistance in Kosovo , London : Pluto Press . For a selection of archival material and local newspaper articles related to the events in Montenegro see Vlado Strugar, Velika buna Crne Gore 1988-1989 (Belgrade and Nik?ic, Knji?evne novine and Univerzftetska rijec, 1990). For details on protests by Kosovo Albanians in late 1988 and early 1989 see Djordje Jevtic, Bitka za Kosovo (Pri?tina, Novi svet, 1995) and Blerim Shala, Kosovo: krv i suze (Ljubljana: ZAT, 1990), although the books have pro-Serb and pro-Kosovo Albanian bias respectively. For more information on non-violent resistance by Kosovo Albanians to repression by Serbia's government in the 1990s see Denisa Kostovicova, 'Parallel Worlds: Response of Kosovo Albanians to Loss of Autonomy in Serbia, 1989-1996', Research paper, Keele European Research Centre, 1997; and
  • Horowitz , Donald . 1985 . Ethnic Groups in Conflict , 95 – 228 . Berkeley : University of California Press . Ancestral ethnic hatreds are a recurring theme in a great many journalistic accounts of nationalist mobilisation. For the latter version see
  • Smith , Anthony . 1991 . National Identity , London : Penguin Books .
  • McGarry , John and O'Leary , Brendan , eds. 1993 . The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation , London : Routledge . for example Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict, pp. 291-684; and
  • Janjic , Du?an . 1994 . “ 'National Identity, Movement and Nationalism of Serbs and Albanians ' ” . In Conflict or Dialogue: Serbian-Albanian Relations and Integration of the Balkans , Edited by: Janjic , Du?an and Maliqi , Shkelzen . 117 – 176 . Subotica : Open University and European Civic Centre for Conflict Resolution . For an introduction to Albanian-Serb relations in Kosovo since 1840 see
  • Dragnich , Alex and Todorovich , Slavko . 1984 . The Saga of Kosovo: Focus on Serbian-Albanian Relations , Boulder : East European Monographs . For more information on the history of the region see
  • 1998 . Miranda Vickers,Between Serb and Albanian: A History of Kosovo , London : Hurst Company .
  • Malcolm , Kosovo and Bogdanovic , Dimitrije . 1985 . Knjiga o Kosovu , Belgrade : SANU .
  • Janjic . “ 'National Identity, Movement and Nationalism of Serbs and Albanians' ” . 134 In contrast, members of other ethnic minorities that collaborated with the enemy during the war, including Germans, Italians and Hungarians, were systematically expelled from the country.
  • Kriesi, "The Political Opportunity Structure of New Social Movements', p. 171.
  • Nenadovic , Aleksandar . 1996 . “ ' "Politika"u nacionalistickoj oluji' ” . In Srpska strana rata: trauma i katarza u istorijskom pamcenju , Edited by: Popov , Neboj?a . 583 – 609 . Belgrade : Republika . It is difficult to establish the scale of inter-ethnic inequalities in this period as the issue was an official taboo in Yugoslavia. After 1981 credible evidence from official reports emerged that provided insight into the forms and pervasiveness of the inequalities. See for example excerpts from the report of the working group of the Federal Assembly, created to investigate complaints by Kosovo Serbs, on the meeting with federal and Serbia's leaders in Belgrade on 26 February 1986, in 'Tacno i netacno: nijesu Albanci, no nepravda', Interyju, 11 April 1986. The evidence should be distinguished from propagandist! c attempts by Milo?evic' s regime to create justification for discriminatory policies against Kosovo Albanians after 1989. For information on Milo?evic's propaganda see Popovic et aL, Kosovski cvor; and
  • Bogosavljevic . “ 'A Statistical Picture of Serbian-Albanian Relations ' ” . 23 For informationabout shrinking territorial dispersion of Kosovo Serbs see figures from the Yugoslav census in
  • Petrovic , Ru?a and Blagojevic , Marina . 1992 . The Migrations of Serbs and Montenegrin s from Kosovo and Metohija: Results of the Survey Conducted in 1985-1986 , 82 – 85 . Belgrade : SANU .
  • Djokovic , Milorad . 1990 . Kosmetski dosije: ispovesti i sudbine prognanih Kosovaca , 5 – 99 . Belgrade : Dosije . Petrovic & Blagojevic, The Migrations of Serbs and Montenegrin s from Kosovo and Metohija, pp. 85-92, 100-104, 111-173. For detailed migrants' accounts of inter-ethnic inequalities see Julie A. Mertus, Kosovo: How Myths and Truths Started a War (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press, 1999), pp. 122-132; and
  • Snow , David and Benford , Robert . 1992 . “ 'Master Frames and Cycles of Protest' ” . In Frontiers in Social Movement Theory , Edited by: Mods , Aldon and Mueller , Carol McClurg . 133 – 155 . 137 New Haven : Yale University Press .
  • Connor , Walker . 1994 . Ethnonationalism : The Quest for Understanding , 74 – 76 . Princeton : Princeton University Press . Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict, pp. 55-92; Smith, National Identity, pp. 1 -42; and
  • Emmert , Thomsd . 1990 . Serbian Golgotha: Kosovo, 1389 , New York : East European Monographs .
  • Beissinger , Mark R. 1996 . 'How Nationalisms Spread: Eastern Europe Adrift the Tides and Cycles of Nationalist Contention' . Social Research , 63 ( 1 ) : 97 – 146 . Exceptions to this trend are
  • McAdam , Doug , Tarrow , Sidney and Tilly , Charles . 2001 . Dynamics of Contention , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Garrison , William A. and Meyer , David S. 1996 . “ 'Framing Political Opportunity ' ” . In Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings , Edited by: McAdam , Doug , McCarthy , John and ZaId , Meyer . 275 – 290 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Tarrow . Power in Movement 83 For the former point see Kriesi, "The Political Opportunity Structure of New Social Movements', p. 174; for the latter see
  • Brocket , Charles D. 1991 . 'The Structure of Political Opportunities and Peasant Mobilization in Central America' . Comparative Politics , 23 ( 3 ) April : 253 – 274 . Tarrow, Power in Movement, pp. 78-79. See also
  • O'Donnell , Guillermo and Schmitter , Philippe C. 1986 . Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
  • Brocket, "The Structure of Political Opportunities and Peasant Mobilization in Central America', p. 258.
  • Popovic , Srdja , Jankovic , Ivan , Pe?ic , Vesna , Kandic , Nata?a and Slap?ak , Svetlana . 1990 . Kosovski cvor: dre?ili seci? , 12 – 14 . Belgrade : Hronos . For more information see Srdjan Bogosavljevic, 'A Statistical Picture of Serbian-Albanian Relations', in Janjic & Maliqi (eds), Conflict or Dialogue, pp. 17-29 at pp. 20-22; Marina Blagojevic, 'Iseljavanje sa Kosova', in Popov (ed.), Srpska strana rota, pp. 232-264 at pp. 235-242; Hivzi Islami, 'Demographic Reality of Kosovo', in Janjic & Maliqi (eds), Conflict or Dialogue, pp. 30-53 at pp. 31-32; and
  • For detailed information see 'Excerpts from the Archive of the Holy Bishop's Council of the Serbian Orthodox Church, 1945-1986', in ?ivorad Stojkovic (ed.), Zadu?bine Kosova: spomenici i znamenja srpskog naroda (Prizren and Belgrade, Eparhija Ra?ko-prizrenska, Bogoslovski fakultet, 1987), pp. 793-838.
  • Philip Roeder, 'Soviet Federalism and Ethnic Mobilization ', World Politics, 43,2, January 1991, pp. 196-233.
  • Bunce , Valerie . 1999 . Subversive Institutions : The Design and the Destruction of Socialism and the State , 58 – 59 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Djukic , Slavoljub . 1989 . Covek u svom vremenu: razgovori sa Dobricom Cosicem , 302 – 303 . Belgrade : Filip Vi?njic . Interviews with Bo?ko Budimirovic and Miroslav ?olevic by the author. See also recollection s of Dobrica Cosic in
  • For more informatio n on non-violent protest in non-democrati c states see articles in PS: Political Science & Politics, 33, 2, June 2000.
  • Ackerman , Peter and Kruegler , Christopher . 1994 . Strategic Nonviolen t Conflict: The Dynamics of People Power in the Twentieth Century , 5 Westport : Praeger .
  • Charles Tilly, 'Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758-1834', in Mark Traugott (ed.), Repertories and Cycles of Collective Action (Durham and London, Duke University Press, 1995), pp. 15-42 at pp. 26-27, 30.
  • Djekic , Mirko . 1990 . Upotreba Srbije: optu?be i priznanja Draie Markovica , 209 – 210 . Belgrade : Besede . Petition from a group of priests and monks of the Serbian Orthodox Church in April 1982, 'Apel za za?tftu srpskog ?ivlja i njegovih svetinja na Kosovu', in Kosovo: pro?lost i sada?njost (Belgrade, Medjunarodna politika, 1989), pp. 337-342. For more information on the delegations of Kosovo Serbs from the early 1980s see excerpts from the diary of a leading Serbia's politician in the 1970s and early 1980s in
  • Tarrow . Power in Movement 142

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