References
- Babayan, N. (2015) ‘The Return of the Empire? Russia’s Counteraction to Transatlantic Democracy Promotion in its Near Abroad’, Democratization, 22.
- Balmforth, T. (2013) ‘Levada Center, Russia’s Most Respected Pollster, Fears Closure’, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 21 May, available at: http://www.rferl.org/content/russia-levada-center-foreign-agent/24992729.html, accessed 7 October 2014.
- Beetham, D. (1991) The Legitimation of Power (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan).
- Chadwick, A. (2013) The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power (Oxford & New York, NY, Oxford University Press).
- Chen, A. (2015) ‘The Agency’, The New York Times, 2 June, available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/magazine/the-agency.html, accessed 8 October 2015.
- Deibert, R. & Rohozinski, R. (2010) ‘Liberation vs. Control: The Future of Cyberspace’, Journal of Democracy, 21, 4.
- Easton, D. (1979) A Systems Analysis of Political Life (Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press).
- Elder, M. (2012) ‘Emails Give Insight into Kremlin Youth Group’s Priorities, Means and Concerns’, The Guardian, 7 February, available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/07/nashi-emails-insight-kremlin-groups-priorities, accessed 11 May 2014.
- Elliott, C. (2014) ‘The Readers’ Editor on … pro-Russia Trolling Below the Line on Ukraine Stories’, The Guardian, 4 May, available at: http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/may/04/pro-russia-trolls-ukraine-guardian-online, accessed 10 May 2014.
- Ennis, S. (2014) ‘Russia Lenta.ru Editor Timchenko Fired in Ukraine Row’, BBC News, 12 March, available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26543464, accessed 10 May 2014.
- Ennis, S. (2015) ‘How Russian TV Uses Psychology over Ukraine’, stopfake.org, 2 February, available at: http://www.stopfake.org/en/how-russian-tv-uses-psychology-over-ukraine/, accessed 14 October 2015.
- Evans-Pritchard, A. (2014) ‘West Pushes Crippling Sanctions on Russia’s Oil Industry Despite Ukraine Ceasefire’, The Telegraph, 11 September, available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/11091056/West-pushes-crippling-sanctions-on-Russias-oil-industry-despite-Ukraine-ceasefire.html, accessed 6 January 2015.
- Fenster, M. (2008) Conspiracy Theories: Secrecy and Power in American Culture (2nd edn) (Minneapolis, MN, University Of Minnesota Press).
- Frye, T., Gehlbach, S., Marquardt, K. L. & Reuter, O. J. (2016) ‘Is Putin’s Popularity Real?’, Post-Soviet Affairs, 33, 1.
- Garmazhapova, A. (2013) ‘Gde zhivut trolli i kto ikh kormit’, Novaya Gazeta, 9 September, available at: http://www.novayagazeta.ru/politics/59889.html, accessed 15 January 2015.
- Gerschewski, J. (2013) ‘The Three Pillars of Stability: Legitimation, Repression, and Co-optation in Autocratic Regimes’, Democratization, 20, 1.
- Gordeev, V. (2015) ‘Za odin den’ v Rossii unichtozhili bolee 300 tonn sanktsionnykh produktov’, RBC, 6 August, available at: http://top.rbc.ru/politics/06/08/2015/55c3aec49a79473282cbae59, accessed 15 October 2015.
- Granina, N. (2015) ‘Sploshnaya pustota: Sotsiologi rasskazali, chego rossiyane zhdut ot novogo goda’, lenta.ru, 11 January, available at: http://lenta.ru/articles/2015/01/11/2015/, accessed 13 January 2015.
- Heritage, T. (2013) ‘Putin Dissolves State News Agency, Tightens Grip on Russia Media’, Reuters, 9 December, available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/09/us-russia-media-idUSBRE9B80I120131209, accessed 10 May 2014.
- Heydemann, S. & Leenders, R. (2011) ‘Authoritarian Learning and Authoritarian Resilience: Regime Responses to the “Arab Awakening”’, Globalizations, 8, 5.
- Holbig, H. & Gilley, B. (2010) ‘Reclaiming Legitimacy in China’, Politics & Policy, 38, 3.
- Howard, P. N. & Hussain, M. M. (2013) Democracy’s Fourth Wave?: Digital Media and the Arab Spring (Oxford, Oxford University Press).
- Hughes, D. (2014) ‘#ThatsCold! Russians, US in Hashtag Battle’, abc News, 25 April, available at: http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2014/04/russia-the-us-and-hashtag-diplomacy/, accessed 10 May 2014.
- Kelly, S. (2014) Freedom on the Net 2013: A Global Assessment of Internet and Digital Media, Freedom House, available at: http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/resources/FOTN%202013%20Summary%20of%20Findings.pdf, accessed 5 June 2017.
- Kiselev, D. (2015) ‘Genassambleya OON: Nasmeshka Putina, garmoniya Si i rykhlyi populizm Obamy’, Vesti, 4 October, available at: http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=2671454, accessed 15 October 2015.
- Klishin, I. (2014) ‘Maximal'nyi retvit: Laiki na zapad’, Vedomosti, 21 May, available at: https://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/articles/2014/05/21/lajki-na-zapad, accessed 14 October 2015.
- Kravtsova, Y. (2014) ‘Vkontakte Founder Flees Russia, Claims Persecution’, Moscow Times, 22 April, available at: http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/vkontakte-founder-flees-russia-claims-persecution/498715.html, accessed 10 May 2014.
- Laruelle, M. (2015) ‘The Three Colors of Novorossiya, or the Russian Nationalist Mythmaking of the Ukrainian Crisis’, Post-Soviet Affairs, 32, 1.
- Levada Centre (2011) ‘Rossiyane oo bombardirovkakh Livii i operatsii v Irake-2003’, 18 May, available at: http://www.levada.ru/18-05-2011/rossiyane-o-bombardirovkakh-livii-i-operatsii-v-irake-2003, accessed 8 October 2015.
- Levada Centre (2013) ‘Rossiyane o vragakh’, 26 November, available at: http://www.levada.ru/26-11-2013/rossiyane-o-vragakh, accessed 7 January 2015.
- Levada Centre (2014a) ‘68% of Russian Citizens Consider Russia a Superpower’, 23 December, available at: http://www.levada.ru/en/2014/12/23/68-of-russian-citizens-consider-russia-a-superpower/, accessed 7 January 2015.
- Levada Centre (2014b) ‘Protivostoyanie v Sirii’, 20 October, available at: http://www.levada.ru/20-10-2014/protivostoyanie-v-sirii, accessed 8 October 2015.
- Levada Centre (2014c) ‘Internet ne smog zamenit’ Rossiyanam TV v kachestve istochnika informatsii’, 18 June, available at: http://www.levada.ru/18-06-2014/internet-ne-smog-zamenit-rossiyanam-tv-v-kachestve-istochnika-informatsii, accessed 6 January 2015.
- Levada Centre (2014d) ‘Internet: Vozmozhnosti ispol'zovaniya’, 20 November, available at: http://www.levada.ru/20-11-2014/internet-vozmozhnosti-ispolzovaniya, accessed 6 January 2015.
- Levada Centre (2014e) ‘Maidan, Krym, Sanktsii’, 30 December, available at: https://www.levada.ru/2014/12/30/majdan-krym-sanktsii/, accessed 7 January 2015.
- Levada Centre (2014f) ‘Rossiyane ob Ukrainskikh sobytiyakh’, 6 May, available at: https://www.levada.ru/2014/05/06/rossiyane-ob-ukrainskih-sobytiyah/, accessed 6 January 2015.
- Levada Centre (2015a) ‘75% Rossiyan protiv skidok na gas dlya Ukrainy’, 15 October, available at: http://www.levada.ru/old/15-10-2015/75-rossiyan-protiv-skidok-na-gaz-dlya-ukrainy, accessed 26 October 2015.
- Levada Centre (2015b) ‘Krimskaya Eiforiya Medlenno Spadaet’, 31 August, available at: http://www.ng.ru/politics/2015-08-31/1_crimea.html, accessed 15 October 2015.
- Levada Centre (2015c) ‘Unichtozhenie “sanktsionnykh” produktov i zapret na goszakupki v stranakh Zapada’, 12 August, available at: https://www.levada.ru/2015/08/12/unichtozhenie-sanktsionnyh-produktov-i-zapret-na-goszakupki-v-stranah-zapada/, accessed 15 October 2015.
- Levada Centre (2015d) ‘Otklonyayushcheesya povedenie’, 9 October, available at: https://www.levada.ru/2015/10/09/otklonyayushheesya-povedenie/, accessed 12 October 2015.
- Levada Centre (2015e) ‘Vneshnepoliticheskie orientatsii’, 13 October, available at: http://www.levada.ru/13-10-2015/vneshnepoliticheskie-orientatsii, accessed 14 October 2015.
- Levada Centre (2015f) ‘Protest Activity’, 13 January, available at: https://www.levada.ru/eng/protest-activity, accessed 13 January 2015.
- Levada Centre (2015g) ‘Ekonomicheskaya politika Rossii’, 12 October, available at: http://www.levada.ru/12-10-2015/ekonomika-i-potreblenie, accessed 12 October 2015.
- Levada Centre (2015h) ‘Vneshnyaya politika Rossii: Orientiry i kritika’, 13 January, available at: http://www.levada.ru/13-01-2015/vneshnyaya-politika-rossii-orientiry-i-kritika, accessed 13 January 2015.
- Levada Centre (2015i) ‘Politika Rossii v otnoshenii Ukraini’, 15 October, available at: http://www.levada.ru/2015/10/15/politika-rossii-v-otnoshenii-ukrainy/, accessed 19 October 2015.
- Levada Centre (2015j) ‘“Zapad”: Vospriyatie i stremlenie emigrirovat’, 13 October, available at: http://www.levada.ru/13-10-2015/zapad-vospriyatie-i-stremlenie-emigrirovat, accessed 14 October 2015.
- Levitsky, S. & Way, L. A. (2010) Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
- Lipman, M. (2006) ‘Putin’s “Sovereign Democracy”’, Washington Post, 15 July, available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/14/AR2006071401534.html, accessed 5 August 2014.
- Makarychev, M. (2014) ‘Kak Spiker Gosdepa SSHA Dzhen Isaki vystavila sebya na smekh’, Russkaya Gazeta, 5 June, available at: http://www.rg.ru/2014/06/05/psaki.html, accessed 14 October 2015.
- Malysheva, Y. (2015) ‘Korruptsiya stala bespokoit’ rossiyan bol'she voiny na Ukraine’, RBK, 31 August, available at: http://top.rbc.ru/economics/31/08/2015/55e44fb09a794703918a385d, accessed 14 October 2015.
- Mankoff, J. (2011) Russian Foreign Policy: The Return of Great Power Politics (2nd edn) (Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield).
- Meuschel, S. (1991) Legitimation und Parteiherrschaft: Zum Paradox von Stabilität und Revolution in der DDR 1945–1989 (Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp Verlag).
- Mosendz, P. (2014) ‘Russian Diplomats are Trolling the US Space Program’, The Wire, 1 May, available at: http://www.thewire.com/politics/2014/05/russian-diplomats-are-trolling-the-us-space-program/361508/, accessed 5 May 2014.
- Nelson, T. H. (2015) ‘History as Ideology: The Portrayal of Stalinism and the Great Patriotic War in Contemporary Russian High School Textbooks’, Post-Soviet Affairs, 31, 1.
- Oates, S. & Lokot, T. (2013) ‘Twilight of the Gods?: How the Internet Challenged Russian Television News Frames in the Winter Protests of 2011–12’, paper prepared for the Post-Socialist and Post-Authoritarian Communication Working Group, International Association for Media and Communication Research Annual Conference, Dublin, available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2286727, accessed 21 January 2015.
- Obydenkova, A. & Libman, A. (2014a) ‘Understanding the Foreign Policy of Autocratic Actors: Ideology or Pragmatism? Russia and the Tymoshenko Trial as a Case Study’, Contemporary Politics, 20, 3.
- Obydenkova, A. & Libman, A. (2014b) ‘Understanding the Survival of Post-Communist Corruption in Contemporary Russia: The Influence of Historical Legacies’, Post-Soviet Affairs, 31, 4.
- Orbán, V. (2014) ‘Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s Speech at the 25th Bálványos Summer Free University and Student Camp’, website of the Hungarian government, 30 July, available at: http://www.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/the-prime-minister-s-speeches/prime-minister-viktor-orban-s-speech-at-the-25th-balvanyos-summer-free-university-and-student-camp, accessed 19 November 2014.
- Parfitt, T. (2010) ‘WikiLeaks: Rule of Law in Mikhail Khodorkovsky Trial Merely “Gloss”’, The Guardian, 27 December, available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/27/wikileaks-russia-mikhail-khodorkovsky-trial, accessed 21 January 2015.
- Pastukhov, V. (2014) ‘Chem dlinnee budet srok Naval'nogo, tem koroche budet srok rezhima’, Novaya Gazeta, 29 December, available at: http://www.novayagazeta.ru/columns/66723.html, accessed 15 October 2015.
- Pomerantsev, P. (2014) ‘How Putin is Reinventing Warfare’, Foreign Policy, 5 May, available at: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/05/05/how_putin_is_reinventing_warfare, accessed 8 May 2014.
- Prentice, A. (2014) ‘Putin Foes Fear Internet Crackdown as “Blogger Law” Sails Through’, Reuters, 29 April, available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/04/29/us-russia-internet-idUSBREA3S0QF20140429, accessed 10 May 2014.
- Przeworski, A. (1991) Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge & New York, NY, Cambridge University Press).
- Putin, V. (1999) ‘Rossiya na rubezhe tysiacheletii’, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 30 December, available at: http://www.ng.ru/politics/1999-12-30/4_millenium.html, accessed 7 November 2011.
- Putin, V. (2012) ‘Rossiya i Menyayushchiisya mir’, Moskovskie Novosti, 27 February, available at: http://www.mn.ru/politics/20120227/312306749.html, accessed 15 October 2015.
- Rainsford, S. (2015) ‘Russians Shocked as Banned Western Food Destroyed’, BBC News, 7 August, available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33818186, accessed 15 October 2015.
- Roselle, L. (2011) Media and the Politics of Failure: Great Powers, Communication Strategies, and Military Defeats (revised edn) (New York, NY & Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan).
- Rutland, P. (2015) ‘Petronation? Oil, Gas, and National Identity in Russia’, Post-Soviet Affairs, 31, 1.
- Rywkin, M. (1994) Moscow’s Lost Empire (Armonk, NY, M. E. Sharpe).
- Schreck, C. (2015) ‘Photoshop Wars: US Ambassador “Attends” Russian Opposition Rally … and The Moon Landing’, RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty, 21 September, available at: http://www.rferl.org/content/russia-photoshop-us-ambassador-tefft-opposition-rally-ren-tv/27260885.html, accessed 14 October 2015.
- Sharogradskyi, A. & Gostev, A. (2015) ‘Dozhat’ Vladimira Putina’, Radio Svoboda, 1 October, available at: http://www.svoboda.org/content/article/27280535.html, accessed 12 October 2015.
- Simmons, K. & Wike, R. (2014) ‘Russia’s Global Image Negative amid Crisis in Ukraine’, Pew Research Center, 9 July, available at: http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/07/09/russias-global-image-negative-amid-crisis-in-ukraine/, accessed 14 January 2015.
- Stent, A. E. (2014) The Limits of Partnership: US–Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press).
- Stulov, M. (2014) ‘State-Run News Station Accused of Making Up Child Crucifixion’, Moscow Times, 14 July, available at: http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/state-run-news-station-accused-of-making-up-child-crucifixion/503397.html, accessed 14 October 2015.
- Tracy, J. (2000) ‘New KGB Takes Internet by SORM’, Mother Jones, 4 February, available at: http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2000/02/new-kgb-takes-internet-sorm, accessed 10 May 2014.
- Treanor, J. (2014) ‘Russian Recession Fears as Economy Shrinks for First Time in Five Years’, The Guardian, 29 December, available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/29/russia-recession-economy-shrinks-oil-prices-sanctions-rouble, accessed 6 January 2015.
- Volkov, D. (2015) ‘The Evolution of Anti-Americanism in Russia’, Carnegie Center Moscow, 22 June, available at: http://carnegie.ru/commentary/60457, accessed 14 October 2015.
- Wagner, K. M. & Gainous, J. (2013) ‘Digital Uprising: The Internet Revolution in the Middle East’, Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 10, 3.
- Walker, S. (2013) ‘Russia to Monitor “All Communications” at Winter Olympics in Sochi’, The Guardian, 6 October, available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/06/russia-monitor-communications-sochi-winter-olympics, accessed 10 May 2014.
- Walker, S. (2015) ‘Russians Despair at Food Destruction as Moscow Says it is Having Desired Effect’, The Guardian, 7 August, available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/07/russian-food-imports-destruction-moscow-desired-effect-waste-poverty, accessed 15 October 2015.
- Wike, R. (2012) ‘Muslims Want Democracy’, Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project, 3 August, available at: http://www.pewglobal.org/2012/08/03/muslims-want-democracy/, accessed 14 January 2015.
- Wilder, C. (2014) ‘Russian Media Narrative on MH17 Tragedy Highlights Kremlin’s Grip on Public Opinion’, Time, 24 July, available at: http://time.com/3019915/russian-media-narrative-on-mh17-tragedy-highlights-kremlins-grip-on-public-opinion/, accessed 19 January 2015.
- Yablokov, I. (2014) ‘Pussy Riot as Agent Provocateur: Conspiracy Theories and the Media Construction of Nation in Putin’s Russia’, Nationalities Papers, 42, 4.
- Zelenskaya, D. (2015) ‘Rossiyanam ne nravitsya slovo “propaganda”’, Kommersant'', 31 August, available at: http://kommersant.ru/doc/2800302, accessed 8 October 2015.