Embedded Activism 2.0: Re-shaping the Space for Civil Society in Russia and China

References

• Alexeyeva, L. (2013) ‘Vladimir Putin’s Goal is to Destroy Russian Civil Society’, The Guardian, 24 May, available at: http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/may/24/vladimir-putin-goal-russian-civil-society, accessed 28 March 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Beissinger, M. R., Jamal, A. & Mazur, K. (2012) Who Participates in Democratic Revolutions? A Comparison of Egyptian and Tunisian Revolutions, Human Rights Resources Centre, available at: http://www.aihr-resourcescenter.org/administrator/upload/documents/SSRN-id2108773.pdf, accessed 21 December 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Billé, F., Delaplace, G. & Humphrey, C. (2012) Frontier Encounters: Knowledge and Practice at the Russian, Chinese and Mongolian Border (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Brook, T. & Frolic, B. M. (1997) Civil Society in China (Armonk, NY, M.E. Sharpe).
   Google Scholar
• Buesgen, M. (2008) ‘Environmental NGOs’ Role in Expanding Social Spaces―Diversification with Chinese Characteristics: A Case Study of ENGOs’ Opposition to the Nujiang dam in China’s Yunnan Province’, China Journal of Social Work, 1, 2. doi: 10.1080/17525090802086380
   Google Scholar
• Burawoy, M. (1996) ‘The State and Economic Involution: Russia through a China Lens’, World Development, 24, 6. doi: 10.1016/0305-750X(96)00022-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmin, J. & Fagan, A. (2010) ‘Environmental Mobilisation and Organisations in Post-Socialist Europe and the Former Soviet Union’, Environmental Politics, 19, 5. doi: 10.1080/09644016.2010.508300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cellarius B. A. & Staddon C. (2002) ‘Environmental Nongovernmental Organisations, Civil Society, and Democratisation in Bulgaria’, East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures, 16, 1. doi: 10.1177/0888325402016001007
   Google Scholar
• Chen, J. (2010) ‘Transnational Environmental Movement: Impacts on the Green Civil Society in China’, Journal of Contemporary China, 19, 65. doi: 10.1080/10670561003666103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crotty, J. (2003) ‘Managing Civil Society: Democratisation and the Environmental Movement in a Russian Region’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 36, 4. doi: 10.1016/j.postcomstud.2003.09.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crotty, J. & Hall, S. M. (2013) ‘Environmental Responsibility in a Transition Context: Russian NGO Perception and Response’, Environment and Planning C, Government & Policy, 31, 4. doi: 10.1068/c11259
   Google Scholar
• Dasgupta, S. (2016) ‘China Law Could Trigger NGO Exodus’, VOA News, 21 January, available at: http://www.voanews.com/content/china-law-could-trigger-ngo-exodus/3155724.html, accessed 28 March 2018.
   Google Scholar
• De Tocqueville, A. (2009) Democracy in America: Volumes I and II (New York, NY, The Floating Press).
   Google Scholar
• Deng, Y. & Yang, G. (2013) ‘Pollution and Protest in China: Environmental Mobilization in Context’, The China Quarterly, 214. doi: 10.1017/S0305741013000659
   Google Scholar
• Denyer, S. (2015) ‘NGOs in China Fear Clampdown as Xi Jinping Plans New Security Controls’, The Guardian, 30 March, available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/30/ngos-china-fear-security-clampdown, accessed 1 June 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Duchatel, M. (2015) ‘China: Waging “Lawfare” on NGOS, European Council on Foreign Relations’, China Analysis, November, available at: http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/CA_1511_NGO_Final.pdf, accessed 28 March 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Economy, E. (2005) ‘China’s Rise in Southeast Asia: Implications for the United States’, Journal of Contemporary China, 14, 44. doi: 10.1080/10670560500115184
   Google Scholar
• Evans, A. (2012) ‘Protests and Civil Society in Russia: The Struggle for the Khimki Forest’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 45, 3–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, A., Henry, L. & Sandstorm, L. (2006) Russian Civil Society: A Critical Assessment (London, M.E. Sharpe).
   Google Scholar
• Fedorenko, I. & Sun, Y. (2016) ‘Microblogging-Based Civic Participation on Environment in China: A Case Study of the PM 2.5 Campaign’, VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 27, 5. doi: 10.1007/s11266-015-9591-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleay, C. (2012) ‘Transnational Activism, Amnesty International and Human Rights in China: The Implications of Consistent Civil and Political Rights Framing’, The International Journal of Human Rights, 16, 7. doi: 10.1080/13642987.2011.635340
   Google Scholar
• Goldman, M. I. (1980) ‘China Rethinks the Soviet Model’, International Security, 5, 2. doi: 10.2307/2538444
   Google Scholar
• Guo, G. (1998) Civil Society: Definitions, Causes and Functions, working paper (Rochester, NY, University of Rochester), available at: http://home.olemiss.edu/~gg/paperhtm/civlsoct.htm, accessed 23 December 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Hann, C. & Dunn, E. C. (1996) Civil Society: Challenging Western Models (New York, NY, Routledge).
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, M. H. & Svarverud, R. (2010) iChina: The Rise of the Individual in Modern Chinese Society (Copenhagen, NIAS Press).
   Google Scholar
• Harper, K. (2006) Wild Capitalism: Environmental Activists and Post-Socialist Political Ecology in Hungary (New York, NY, Columbia University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, S. (2003) Building Democracy in Contemporary Russia: Western Support for Grassroots Organizations (Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, S. (2011) ‘Civil Society in Russia: State–Society Relations in the Post-Yeltsin Era’, Problems of Post-Communism, 58, 3. doi: 10.2753/PPC1075-8216580302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, L. (2001) The Greening of Grassroots Democracy? The Russian Environmental Movement, Foreign Aid, and Democratization, Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Working Paper Series (Berkeley, CA, University of California Berkeley), available at: http://eprints.cdlib.org/uc/item/8dz7v28n, accessed 28 March 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Henry, L. (2010) ‘Between Transnationalism and State Power: The Development of Russia’s Post-Soviet Environmental Movement’, Environmental Politics, 19, 5. doi: 10.1080/09644016.2010.508308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildebrandt, T. (2011) ‘The Political Economy of Social Organization Registration in China’, China Quarterly, 208. doi: 10.1017/S0305741011001093
   Google Scholar
• Ho, P. (2007) ‘Embedded Activism and Political Change in a Semiauthoritarian Context’, China Information, 21, 2.
   Google Scholar
• Ho, P. & Edmonds, R. L. (2008) China’s Embedded Activism: Opportunities and Constraints of a Social Movement (London, Routledge).
   Google Scholar
• Howard, M. (2003) The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Kalland, A. & Persoon, G. (eds) (1998) Environmental Movements in Asia (Richmond, Curzon).
   Google Scholar
• Keck, M. & Sikkink, K. (1998) Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn, B. & Wu, W. (2006) Civil Society and the Internet in the P.R. China, working paper (Beijing, NGO Research Centre, Tsinghua University), available at: https://www.academia.edu/2414477/Civil_Society_and_the_Internet_in_the_P.R._China, accessed 23 December 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Lanskoy, M. (2014) ‘Putin’s Assault on Civil Society Continues’, Foreign Policy, 9 May, available at: http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/05/09/putins-assault-on-civil-society-continues/, accessed 28 March 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Lipman, M. (2015) ‘Putin’s Enemy Within: Demonising the “Fifth Column”’, Commentary, European Council on Foreign Relations, 26 March, available at: http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_putins_enemy_within_demonising_the_fifth_column311513, accessed 28 March 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Lokshina, T. (2015) ‘Russian Civil Society Deemed Undesirable’, Human Rights Watch, available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/05/20/russian-civil-society-deemed-undesirable, accessed 28 March 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Lora-Wainwright, A. (2013) Fighting for Breath: Living Morally and Dying of Cancer in a Chinese Village (Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press).
   Google Scholar
• Makovetskaya, S. (2014) Russian Civil Society Symposium: Building Bridges to the Future, Preliminary thought papers of the Salzburg Global Seminar, March, Salzburg, Austria.
   Google Scholar
• Mamonova, N. & Visser, O. (2014) ‘State Marionettes, Phantom Organisations or Genuine Movements? The Paradoxical Emergence of Rural Social Movements in Post-Socialist Russia’, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 41, 4. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2014.918958
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcintosh Sundstrom, L. (2011) ‘Commentary on Jakobson and Sanovich: What Does this Really Mean for Russian Politics and Society?’, Journal of Civil Society, 7, 2.
   Google Scholar
• Mickiewicz, E. (2014) No Illusions: the Voices of Russia’s Future Leaders (New York, NY, Oxford University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Morton, K. (2005) ‘The Emergence of NGOs in China and their Transnational Linkages: Implications for Domestic Reform’, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 59, 4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan, P. & Ash, R. F. (1995) ‘China’s Economy on the Eve of Reform’, The China Quarterly, 144. doi: 10.1017/S0305741000004690
   Google Scholar
• O'Brien, K. J. & Lianjiang, L. (2006) Rightful Resistance in Rural China. Cambridge Studies in Contentious Politics (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Osnos, E. (2015) Age of Ambition: Chasing Fortune, Truth, and Faith in the New China (London, Vintage Books).
   Google Scholar
• Petukhov, V. V. (2007) ‘Civil Society and the Democracy of Participation’, Sociological Research, 46, 4. doi: 10.2753/SOR1061-0154460403
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, R. D., Leonardi, R. & Nanetti, R. (1992) Democracy and the Civic Community: Tradition and Change in an Italian Experiment (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Roig, J. (2014) Growing Seeds of Civil Society in Russia, available at: http://blog.partnersglobal.org/growingseeds-civil-society-russia/, accessed 1 June 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Rootes, C. A. (1997) ‘Environmental Movements and Green Parties in Western and Eastern Europe’, in Redclift, M. & Woodgate, G. (eds) The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology (Cheltenham, Edward Elgar).
   Google Scholar
• Salamon, L. M. &Anheier, K. H. (1997) Defining the Nonprofit Sector: a Cross-National Analysis (Manchester, Manchester University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Sampson, S. (1996) ‘The Social Life of Projects’, Civil Society: Challenging Western Models, 121.
   Google Scholar
• Semenova, T. (2006) Russian Civil Society and Governmental Policy, UNISCI discussion papers, available at: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/revista/7837/A/2006, accessed 28 March 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Sherwood, H. (2015) ‘Human Rights Groups Face Global Crackdown “Not Seen in a Generation”’, The Guardian, 26 August, available at: https://www.theguardian.com/law/2015/aug/26/ngos-face-restrictions-laws-human-rights-generation, accessed 1 June 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Smyth, R., Sobolev, A. S. & Soboleva, I. V. (2013) ‘A Well-Organized Play: Symbolic Politics and the Effect of the Pro-Putin Rallies’, Problems of Post-Communism, 60, 2. doi: 10.2753/PPC1075-8216600203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer, S. (2011) ‘Culture as Structure in Emerging Civic Organizations in Russia’, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40, 6. doi: 10.1177/0899764010384140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperling, V. (1999) Organizing Women in Contemporary Russia: Engendering Transition (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Spires, A. (2012) ‘Lessons from Abroad: Foreign Influences on China’s Emerging Civil Society’, The China Journal, 68. doi: 10.1086/666577
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spires, A., Tao, L. & Chan, K. (2014) ‘Societal Support for China’s Grass-Roots NGOs: Evidence from Yunnan, Guangdong and Beijing’, The China Journal, 71, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Sundstrom, L. (2005) ‘Foreign Assistance, International Norms, and NGO Development: Lessons from the Russian Campaign’, International Organization, 59, 2. doi: 10.1017/S0020818305050149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, C. (1991) ‘Civil Society in the Western Tradition’, in Groffier, E. & Paradis, M. (eds) The Notion of Tolerance and Human Rights: Essays in Honour of Raymond Klibansky (Ottawa, University of Carleton Press).
   Google Scholar
• Tysiachniouk, M. (2010) ‘Social Movements for the Preservation of Forests in North-West Russia: from Consumer Boycotts to Fostering Forest Certifications’, Russian Analytical Digest, 79.
   Google Scholar
• Van Rooij, B. (2010) ‘The People vs. Pollution: Understanding Citizen Action Against Pollution in China’, Journal of Contemporary China, 19, 63. doi: 10.1080/10670560903335777
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, M. & Liu, Q. (2009) ‘Analyzing China’s NGO Development System’, The China Nonprofit Review, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, F. (2013) ‘Environmental Activism in Provincial China’, Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 15, 1. doi: 10.1080/1523908X.2013.763634
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, L. (2009) Environmental Activism in China (Abingdon, Routledge).
   Google Scholar
• Yang, G. & Calhoun, C. (2007) ‘Media, Civil Society, and the Rise of a Green Public Sphere in China’, China Information, 21, 2. doi: 10.1177/0920203X07079644
   Google Scholar
• Yang, G. (2005) ‘Environmental NGOs and Institutional Dynamics in China’, China Quarterly, 181. doi: 10.1017/S0305741005000032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar