References
- Akhmeteli, N. & Kiguradze, T. (2016) ‘Iz Pankisi v IG: V Gruzinskom Sele Pominayut Umara Shishani’, BBC, 21 July, available at: http://www.bbc.com/russian/features-36859537, accessed 27 June 2018.
- Al-Shishani, M. B. (2013) ‘Syria Crisis: Omar Shishani, Chechen Jihadist Leader’, BBC, 3 December, available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-25151104, accessed 27 June 2018.
- Baker, P. (2002) ‘15 Tied to Al Qaeda Turned Over to U.S.’, The Washington Post, 22 October.
- Balci, B. & Motika, R. (2007) ‘Islam in Post-Soviet Georgia’, Central Asian Survey, 26, 3. doi: 10.1080/02634930701702399
- Baramidze, R. (2015) Islamic State and Georgia’s Muslim Community (Tbilisi, Heinrich Boll Stiftung South Caucasus), available at: https://ge.boell.org/en/2015/06/17/islamic-state-and-georgias-muslim-community, accessed 9 April 2020.
- Baramidze, R. (2016) Political Process, Social Activity and Individual Strategies in Georgia: Institutional Transformations, Struggle for Identity and Georgian Muslims in the Media, CAP Papers 166 (Washington, DC, Central Asia Program, Institute for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies).
- Berger, J. M. (2015) Tailored Online Interventions: The Islamic State’s Recruitment Strategy (West Point, NY, CTC).
- Berger, J. M. & Morgan, J. (2015) The ISIS Twitter Census: Defining the Describing the Population of ISIS Supporters on Twitter, Analysis Paper 20 (Washington, DC, Brookings Institution).
- Bloom, M. (2017) ‘Constructing Expertise: Terrorist Recruitment and “Talent Spotting” in the PIRA, Al Qaeda, and ISIS’, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 40, 7. doi: 10.1080/1057610X.2016.1237219
- Bordzikashvili, S. (2017) ‘Muslims in Batumi are Becoming Impatient for Second Mosque’, OC Media, 2 February, available at: http://oc-media.org/muslims-in-batumi-are-becoming-impatient-for-second-mosque/, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Burchuladze, N. (2015) ‘“Ahmed One-Arm”—The Man Who Sends Jihadists from Pankisi to Syria’, Georgian Journal, 31 January, available at: https://www.georgianjournal.ge/military/29509-ahmed-one-arm-the-man-who-sends-jihadists-from-pankisi-to-syria.html, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Cagara, D. (2016) ‘Way Down in Pankisi’, openDemocracy, 12 July, available at: https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/dominik-k-cagara/way-down-in-pankisi, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Cathcart, W. (2016) ‘Georgia’s Pankisi Gorge: More than 25 Years of External Manipulation’, Georgia Today, 18 February, available at: http://georgiatoday.ge/news/3014/Georgia%E2%80%99s-Pankisi-Gorge%3A-More-than-25-Years-of-External-Manipulation-, accessed 27 June 2018.
- Cecire, M. (2016) ‘Same Sides of Different Coins: Contrasting Militant Activisms Between Georgian Fighters in Syria and Ukraine’, Caucasus Survey, 4, 3. doi: 10.1080/23761199.2016.1231382
- Charkviani, N. (2015) ‘Gruzinskie Spetssluzhby Provodyat Aresty Lits, Podozrevaemykh v Svyaziakh s Terroristami’, Voice of America, 18 November, available at: https://www.golos-ameriki.ru/a/georgia-terrorists-threat-authorities-respond/3062343.html, accessed 27 June 2018.
- Chitanava, E. (2015) The Georgian Orthodox Church: National Identity and Political Influence (Tbilisi, Tolerance and Diversity Institute).
- Chitanava, E. & Kochiashvili, M. (2010) ‘A Growing Gap in Pankisi Gorge’, Transitions Online, 25 August, available at: http://www.tol.org/client/article/21739-a-growing-gap-in-pankisi-gorge.html, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Chuikov, A. (2001) ‘Maskhadov Ochistilsya ot Kadrov’, Izvestiya, 25 December.
- Clifford, B. (2018) ‘Georgian Foreign Fighter Deaths in Syria and Iraq: What Can They Tell us About Foreign Fighter Mobilization and Recruitment?’, Caucasus Survey, 6, 1. doi: 10.1080/23761199.2017.1399701
- Dearden, L. (2014) ‘Chechen ISIS Fighters under Omar al-Shishani Threaten to Take Fight to Putin’, Independent, 10 October, available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/chechen-isis-fighters-under-omar-al-shishani-threaten-to-take-fight-to-putin-9787809.html, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Demytrie, R. (2016) ‘Jihadist Shadow Hangs over Georgia’s Pankisi Gorge’, BBC, 21 April, available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36035312, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Devdariani, J. & Hancilova, B. (2002) Georgia’s Pankisi Gorge: Russian, US and European Connections, CEPS Policy Brief No 23 (Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh).
- Dvali, G. (2016) ‘“Islamskoe Gosudarstvo” Vedet Agitatsiyu v Gruzii’, Kommersant’’, 7 July, available at: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3031695, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Farwell, J. P. (2014) ‘The Media Strategy of ISIS’, Survival, 56, 6. doi: 10.1080/00396338.2014.985436
- Fernandez, A. M. (2015) Here to Stay and Growing: Combating ISIS Propaganda Networks, U.S.–Islamic World Forum Papers (Washington, DC, Brookings).
- Fishman, B. & Warius, A. (2009) ‘A Jihadist’s Course in the Art of Recruitment’, CTC Sentinel, 2, 2 (West Point, NY, CTC).
- Forest, J. (2005) ‘Exploring the Recruitment of Terrorists: An Introduction’, in Forest, J. (ed.) The Making of a Terrorist: Recruitment, Training, and Root Causes, Volume I, Recruitment (Westport, CN, Praeger).
- Gassmann, F., Berulava, G. & Tokmazishvili, M. (2013) Economic and Social Vulnerability in Georgia (Tbilisi, UNDP).
- Gerwehr, S. & Daly, S. (2006) Al-Qaida: Terrorist Selection and Recruitment (Santa Monica, CA, RAND).
- Goguadze, G. (2017) Propaganda of the Islamic Caliphate and the Methods of Recruitment of Georgian Citizens (Tbilisi, Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies).
- Goguadze, G. & Kapanadze, S. (2015) Daesh and Challenges Facing Georgia (Tbilisi, GRASS).
- Hegghammer, T. (2010/11) ‘The Rise of Muslim Foreign Fighters: Islam and the Globalization of Jihad’, International Security, 35, 3. doi: 10.1162/ISEC_a_00023
- Hegghammer, T. (2013) ‘The Recruiter’s Dilemma: Signalling and Rebel Recruitment Tactics’, Journal of Peace Research, 50, 1. doi: 10.1177/0022343312452287
- Honig, O. & Reichard, A. (2019) ‘The Usefulness of Examining Terrorists’ Rhetoric for Understanding the Nature of Different Terror Groups’, Terrorism and Political Violence, 31, 4. doi: 10.1080/09546553.2017.1283308
- Jasutis, G. (2015) ‘Explaining the Chechen Schism in Georgia’s Pankisi Valley’, Caucasus Survey, 3, 2. doi: 10.1080/23761199.2015.1044809
- Jenkins, B. M. (2007) Building an Army of Believers: Jihadist Radicalization and Recruitment (Santa Monica, CA, RAND).
- Jvania, T. & Kupatadze, G. (2015) ‘Keeping Islamic State out of Georgia’, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 22 June, available at: https://iwpr.net/global-voices/keeping-islamic-state-out-georgia, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Khurashvili, N. (2011) ‘Concerns Over Anti-Muslim Discrimination in Georgia’, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 12 February, available at: https://iwpr.net/global-voices/concerns-over-anti-muslim-discrimination, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Kobaladze, G. (2015) ‘Voiny po Rozhdeniyu’, Radio Svoboda, 26 November, available at: https://www.svoboda.org/a/27386353.html, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Krikorian, O. (2015a) ‘Countering Radicalization in Georgia’, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 13 July, available at: https://iwpr.net/global-voices/countering-radicalisation-georgia, accessed 27 June 2018.
- Krikorian, O. (2015b) ‘Georgia’s Syria Problem’, OBC Transeuropa, 16 November, available at: https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Areas/Georgia/Georgia-s-Syria-Problem-165635, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Krikorian, O. (2016) ‘Identifying the Islamic State Threat to Georgia’, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 8 February, available at: https://iwpr.net/global-voices/identifying-islamic-state-threat-georgia, accessed 26 June 2018.
- LaFraniere, S. (2002) ‘Pressed by U.S., Georgia Gets Tough with Outsiders’, The Washington Post, 28 April, available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2002/04/28/pressed-by-us-georgia-gets-tough-with-outsiders/4e968684-2b53-45c9-b117-e918e17210ab/?utm_term=.16e6eb1948f4, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Liles, T. (2012) Islam and Religious Transformation in Adjara, Working Paper 56 (Flensburg, ECMI).
- Maza, C. (2014) ‘Georgia’s Pankisi Gorge, Home to Many of the Chechens Fighting in Syria’, Balkanist, 22 July, available at: http://balkanist.net/georgia-is-home-to-many-of-the-chechen-fighters-in-syria/, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Moore, C. & Tumelty, P. (2008) ‘Foreign Fighters and the Case of Chechnya: A Critical Assessment’, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 31, 5. doi: 10.1080/10576100801993347
- Morison, T. (2017) ‘NDI Polls: Georgians View Russia as Biggest Threat to their Country’, Georgia Today, 15 May, available at: http://georgiatoday.ge/news/6558/NDI-Polls%3A-Georgians-View-Russia-as-Biggest-Threat-to-their-Country, accessed 26 June 2018.
- National Statistics Office of Georgia (2014) General Population Census Main Results, 28 April, available at: http://census.ge/en/2014-general-population-census-main-results-general-information/202#.WiBjvTdryUk, accessed 30 November 2017.
- Neumann, P. R. (2008) Joining Al-Qaeda: Jihadist Recruitment in Europe (London, Routledge).
- Neumann, P. & Rogers, M. B. (2007) Recruitment and Mobilisation for the Islamist Militant Movement in Europe (European Commission), available at: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/doc_centre/terrorism/docs/ec_radicalisation_study_on_mobilisation_tactics_en.pdf, accessed 9 April 2020.
- Nikuradze, M. (2014) ‘Muslims in Batumi Hoping for Permission to Build New Mosque’, Democracy and Freedom Watch, 28 April, available at: http://dfwatch.net/muslims-in-batumi-hoping-for-permission-to-build-new-mosque-27691-28241, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Paresishvili, M. (2015) ‘Tolerantnost’ Protiv Radikalizma’, Ekho Kavkaza, 17 November, available at: https://www.ekhokavkaza.com/a/27371455.html, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Parliament of Georgia (2011) National Security Concept of Georgia, available at: https://mod.gov.ge/uploads/2018/pdf/NSC-ENG.pdf, accessed 9 April 2020.
- Pelkmans, M. (2006) Defending the Border: Identity, Religion, and Modernity in the Republic of Georgia (Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press).
- Pertaya, L. (2016) ‘Georgian Muslims Demand Recognition’, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 16 September, available at: https://iwpr.net/global-voices/georgian-muslims-demand-recognition, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Pokalova, E. (2018) ‘Georgia, Terrorism, and Foreign Fighters’, Special Operations Journal, 4, 2. doi: 10.1080/23296151.2018.1510707
- Popovaite, I. (2014) ‘Pankisi Youth Choose Radical Islam over Grim Reality’, Democracy and Freedom Watch, 21 November, available at: http://dfwatch.net/pankisi-youth-choose-radical-islam-over-grim-reality-94931-32304, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Popovaite, I. (2015a) ‘Georgian Muslims are Strangers in their Own Country’, openDemocracy, 5 March, available at: https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/inga-popovaite/georgian-muslims-are-strangers-in-their-own-country, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Popovaite, I. (2015b) ‘Radicalisation in Georgia: A Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?’, openDemocracy, 23 October, available at: https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/inga-popovaite/radicalisation-in-georgia-self-fulfilling-prophecy, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Prasad, C. (2012) Georgia’s Muslim Community: A Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?, Working Paper 58 (Flensburg, ECMI).
- Prothero, M. (2015) ‘“Star Pupil”: Pied Piper of ISIS Recruits was Trained by U.S.’, The Seattle Times, 15 September, available at: https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/the-us-trained-pied-piper-of-chechen-recruits-to-the-islamic-state-group/, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Public Defender of Georgia (2016) Report on Human Rights and Freedoms in 2016 (Tbilisi, Public Defender of Georgia).
- Rimple, P. (2014) ‘Georgia: Locals Say Pankisi Gorge Isn’t Jihadist Hotbed’, EurasiaNet, 10 July, available at: https://eurasianet.org/s/georgia-locals-say-pankisi-gorge-isnt-jihadist-hotbed, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Rimple, P. (2015) ‘Georgia: Tbilisi Tries to Prevent “Jihad Travel”’, EurasiaNet, 9 June, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/73786, accessed 27 June 2018.
- Roggio, B. (2015) ‘Jaish al Muhajireen wal Ansar Leader Accuses Islamic State of Creating “Fitna” between Jihadist Groups’, Long War Journal, 28 May, available at: https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/05/jaish-al-muhajireen-wal-ansar-leader-accuses-islamic-state-of-creating-fitna-between-jihadist-groups.php, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Sageman, M. (2004) Understanding Terror Networks (Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press).
- Sanikidze, G. (2007) ‘Islamic Resurgence in the Modern Caucasian Region: “Global” and “Local” Islam in the Pankisi Gorge’, in Yauma, T. (ed.) Regional and Transregional Dynamism in Central Eurasia: Empires, Islam and Politics (Sapporo, Hokkaido University Press).
- Sanikidze, G. & Walker, E. W. (2004) Islam and Islamic Practices in Georgia, Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Working Paper Series (Berkeley, CA, University of California).
- Schmid, A. (2013) Radicalisation, De-Radicalisation, Counter-Radicalisation: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review (The Hague, ICCT).
- Slovinskaya, A. (2016) ‘Pankistsy Prodolzhayut Gibnut’ za IGIL’, Ekho Kavkaza, 24 August, available at: https://www.ekhokavkaza.com/a/27943885.html, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Tlisova, F. (2016) ‘Chechen Suspected in Istanbul Attack, but Questions Remain’, Voice of America, 30 June, available at: https://www.voanews.com/a/chechen-suspected-istanbul-attack-questions-remain/3399309.html, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Tsuladze, Z. (2015) ‘Georgia IS Fighters Threaten Homeland in Chilling Video’, Voice of America, 25 November, available at: https://www.voanews.com/a/georgian-islamic-state-fighters-threaten-homeland-video/3073816.html, accessed 27 June 2018.
- Tsuladze, Z. (2016) ‘Georgian’s Death on Syria Battlefield Shows Jihadist Lure’, Voice of America, 7 March, available at: https://www.voanews.com/a/georgian-man-death-syria-battlefield-jihadist-lure/3223605.html, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Tsulaia, I. (2011) ‘To Be Kist: Between Georgian and Chechen’, in Voronkov, V. (ed.) Changing Identities: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (Tbilisi, Heinrich Boell Foundation South Caucasus).
- US Department of Treasury (2002) Treasury Designates Benevolence International Foundation and Related Entities as Financiers of Terrorism (Washington, DC, US Department of Treasury), available at: https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/po3632.aspx, accessed 24 March 2020.
- US State Department (2002) Patterns of Global Terrorism (2001) (Washington, DC, US State Department), available at: https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2001//index.htm, accessed 24 March 2020.
- US State Department (2003) Patterns of Global Terrorism (2002) (Washington, DC, US State Department), available at: https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2002//index.htm, accessed 24 March 2020.
- Varshalomidze, T. (2015) ‘Why Georgians in a Remote Valley are Joining ISIL’, Al Jazeera, 20 October, available at: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/10/georgians-remote-valley-joining-isil-151020082321188.html, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Varshalomidze, T. (2017) ‘Ethnic Georgian Muslims in a Christian-Dominated Nation’, Al Jazeera, 7 December, available at: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/12/ethnic-georgian-muslims-christian-dominated-nation-171204110108701.html, accessed 26 June 2018.
- Weimann, G. (2016) ‘The Emerging Role of Social Media in the Recruitment of Foreign Fighters’, in de Guttry, A., Capone, F. & Paulussen, C. (eds) Foreign Fighters Under International Law and Beyond (The Hague, T.M.C. Asser Press).
- Wheatley, J. (2005) Obstacles Impending the Regional Integration of the Kvemo Kartli Region of Georgia, Working Paper 23 (Flensburg, ECMI).
- Winter, C. (2015) Documenting the Virtual ‘Caliphate’ (London, Quilliam).
- Wittig, T. S. (2009) ‘Financing Terrorism Along the Chechnya–Georgia Border, 1999–2002’, Global Crime, 10, 3. doi: 10.1080/17440570903079949
- World Bank (2017) Georgia Overview, available at: http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/georgia/overview, accessed 26 June 2018.