527
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

‘Nobody Goes to Another Monastery with their Own Charter’: The EU’s Promotion of ‘European Values’ as Perceived in Central Asia

References

  • Acharya, A. (2004) ‘How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism’, International Organization, 58, 2.
  • Acharya, A. (2011) ‘Norm Subsidiarity and Regional Orders: Sovereignty, Regionalism, and Rule-Making in the Third World’, International Studies Quarterly, 55, 1.
  • Anceschi, L. (2014) ‘Regime-Building, Identity-Making and Foreign Policy: Neo-Eurasianist Rhetoric in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan’, Nationalities Papers, 42, 5.
  • Arynov, Z. (2018) ‘Changing Perceptions of the European Union in Central Asia’, L’Europe en formation, 385, 1.
  • Axyonova, V. (2014) The European Union’s Democratization Policy for Central Asia: Failed in Success or Succeeded in Failure? (Stuttgart, Ibidem-Press).
  • Bachmann, V. & Muller, M. (eds) (2015) Perceptions of the EU in Eastern and Sub-Saharan Africa: Looking in from the Outside (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan).
  • Barcevicius, E., Brozaitis, H., Caicedo, E., Chaban, N., Gunther, J. C., Holland, M., Lutz, A. & Stumbaum, M.-B. (2015) Analysis of the Perceptions of the EU and EU’s Policies Abroad: Final Report (Brussels, PPMI, NCRE, NFG Research Group).
  • Bekenova, K. & Collins, N. (2019) ‘Knowing Me, Knowing You: Media Portrayal of the EU in Kazakhstan’, Europe-Asia Studies, 71, 7.
  • Bengtsson, R. & Elgström, O. (2012) ‘Conflicting Role Conceptions? The European Union in Global Politics’, Foreign Policy Analysis, 8, 1.
  • Björkdahl, A., Chaban, N., Leslie, J. & Masselot A. (eds) (2015) Importing EU Norms: Conceptual Framework and Empirical Findings (Cham, Springer).
  • Blank, S. (2012) ‘Whither the New Great Game in Central Asia?’, Journal of Eurasian Studies, 3, 2.
  • Bloomfield, A. (2015) ‘Norm Antipreneurs and Theorising Resistance to Normative Change’, Review of International Studies, 42, 2.
  • Bossuyt, F. & Kubicek, P. (2011) ‘Advancing Democracy on Difficult Terrain: EU Democracy Promotion in Central Asia’, European Foreign Affairs Review, 16, 5.
  • Bryman, A. (2016) Social Research Methods (5th edn) (Oxford, Oxford University Press).
  • Canache, D. (2012) ‘Citizens’ Conceptualizations of Democracy: Structural Complexity, Substantive Content, and Political Significance’, Comparative Political Studies, 45, 9.
  • Cebeci, M. (2012) ‘European Foreign Policy Research Reconsidered: Constructing an “Ideal Power Europe” Through Theory?’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 40, 3.
  • Chaban, N., Elgström, O. & Holland, M. (2006) ‘European Union as Others See It’, European Foreign Affairs Review, 11.
  • Chaban, N. & Holland, M. (eds) (2014) Communicating Europe in Times of Crisis. External Perceptions of the European Union (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan).
  • Chaban, N. & Magdalina, A. M. (2014) ‘External Perceptions of the EU During the Eurozone Sovereign Debt Crisis’, European Foreign Affairs Review, 19, 2.
  • Chaban, N., Masselot, A. & Vadura, K. (2015) ‘Introduction. Asia-Europe Dialogue on Norms: Revisiting the Role of Norm-Receivers in the Conceptualisation of the “Normative Power Europe”’, Asia Europe Journal, 13, 3.
  • Chaban, N., Elgström, O., Kelly, S. & Yi, L. S. (2013) ‘Images of the EU Beyond its Borders: Issue-Specific and Regional Perceptions of European Union Power and Leadership’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 51, 3.
  • Checkel, J. (1999) ‘Norms, Institutions, and National Identity in Contemporary Europe’, International Studies Quarterly, 43, 1.
  • Chen, J. & Lu, C. (2011) ‘Democratization and the Middle Class in China: The Middle Class’s Attitudes Toward Democracy’, Political Research Quarterly, 64, 3.
  • Cooley, A. (2008) ‘Principles in the Pipeline: Managing Transatlantic Values and Interests in Central Asia’, International Affairs, 84, 6.
  • Cornell, S. E. & Engvall, J. (2017) Kazakhstan in Europe: Why Not? (Washington, DC, & Stockholm, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute).
  • Cortell, A. P. & Davis, J. W. (1996) ‘How do International Institutions Matter? The Domestic Impact of International Rules and Norms’, International Studies Quarterly, 40, 4.
  • Crawford, G. (2008) ‘EU Human Rights and Democracy Promotion in Central Asia: From Lofty Principles to Lowly Self-Interests’, Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 9, 2.
  • Dalton, R. J., Shin, D. C. & Jou, W. (2007) ‘Understanding Democracy: Data from Unlikely Places’, Journal of Democracy, 18, 4.
  • EEAS (2015) Action Plan on Strategic Communication (Brussels, European External Action Service).
  • European Commission (2018) Joint Communication to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of Region: Action Plan against Disinformation (Brussels, European Commission).
  • European Union (2016) A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy. Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe (Brussels, European Union).
  • Gaufman, E. (2017) Security Threats and Public Perception: Digital Russia and the Ukraine Crisis (Cham, Palgrave Macmillan).
  • Gerber, T. & Chapman, H. (2018) ‘Familiarity Breeds Contempt? Knowledge and Understanding of Democracy, Support for Democratization, and Global City Residence in Russia’, Democratization, 25, 3.
  • Hahn, J. & Logvinenko, I. (2008) ‘Generational Differences in Russian Attitudes Towards Democracy and the Economy’, Europe-Asia Studies, 60, 8.
  • Herrmann, R. (2013) ‘Perceptions and Image Theory in International Relations’, in Huddy, L., Sears D. & Levy, J. (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology (2nd edn) (Oxford, Oxford University Press).
  • Hoffmann, K. (2010) ‘The EU in Central Asia: Successful Good Governance Promotion?’, Third World Quarterly, 31, 1.
  • Holzhacker, R. & Neuman, M. (2019) ‘Framing the Debate: The Evolution of the European Union as an External Democratization Actor’, in Neuman, M. (ed.) Democracy Promotion and the Normative Power Europe Framework: The European Union in South Eastern Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia (Cham, Springer).
  • Hybrid Warfare Analytical Group (2018) Image of the EU and Eastern Partnership Countries on Russian TV (Estonian Center of Eastern Partnership; Ukraine Crisis Media Center), available at: https://eceap.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Image-of-the-EU-and-Eastern-Partnership-countries-on-Russian-TV.pdf., accessed 13 November 2020.
  • Hyde-Price, A. (2008) ‘A Tragic Actor? A Realist Perspective on “Ethical Power Europe”’, International Affairs, 84, 1.
  • Junisbai, B. & Junisbai, A. (2019) ‘Regime Type Versus Patronal Politics: A Comparison of “Ardent Democrats” in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan’, Post-Soviet Affairs, 35, 3.
  • Kassenova, N. (2008) ‘A View from the Region’, in Melvin, N. (ed.) Engaging Central Asia. The European Union’s New Strategy in the Heart of Eurasia (Brussels, Center for European Policy Studies).
  • Kassenova, N. (2015) The EU Strategy for Central Asia: Imperatives and Opportunities for Change. A View from Kazakhstan (Almaty, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung), available at: http://www.fes-centralasia.de/files/assets/publikationen/Nargis%20Kassenova_new.pdf, accessed 25 December 2021.
  • Kelley, J. (2004) ‘International Actors on the Domestic Scene: Membership Conditionally and Socialization by International Institutions’, International Organization, 58, 3.
  • Kelley, J. (2006) ‘New Wine in Old Wineskins: Promoting Political Reforms Through the New European Neighbourhood Policy’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 44, 1.
  • Keukeleire, S. & Lecocq, S. (2018) ‘Operationalising the Decentring Agenda: Analysing European Foreign Policy in a Non-European and Post-Western World’, Cooperation and Conflict, 53, 2.
  • Keuleers, F. (2015) ‘Explaining External Perceptions: The EU and China in African Public Opinion’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 53, 4.
  • Keuleers, F., Fonck, D. & Keukeleire, S. (2016) ‘Beyond EU Navel-Gazing: Taking Stock of EU-Centrism in the Analysis of EU Foreign Policy’, Cooperation and Conflict, 51, 3.
  • Krook, M. & True, J. (2012) ‘Rethinking the Life Cycles of International Norms: The United Nations and the Global Promotion of Gender Equality’, European Journal of International Relations, 18, 1.
  • Larsen, H. (2014) ‘The EU as a Normative Power and the Research on External Perceptions: The Missing Link’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 52, 4.
  • Laruelle, M. & Royce, D. (2020) Russian Media Influence in Central Asia: Easy to Imagine, Difficult to Find (New York, NY, NYU Jordan Center for the Advanced Study of Russia), available at: https://jordanrussiacenter.org/news/russian-media-influence-in-central-asia-easy-to-imagine-difficult-to-find/#.X2mXe2gzZPZ, accessed 22 September 2020.
  • Laruelle, M., Royce, D. & Beyssembayev, S. (2019) ‘Untangling the Puzzle of “Russia’s Influence” in Kazakhstan’, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 60, 2.
  • Leino, P. & Petrov, R. (2009) ‘Between “Common Values” and Competing Universals—The Promotion of the EU’s Common Values through the European Neighbourhood Policy’, European Law Journal, 15, 5.
  • Linz, J. & Stepan, A. (1996) Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press).
  • Lucarelli, S. (2006) ‘Interpreted Values: A Normative Reading of EU Role Conceptions and Performance’, in Elgström, O. & Smith, M. (eds) The European Union’s Roles in International Politics: Concepts and Analysis (London & New York, NY, Routledge).
  • Lucarelli, S. (2007) ‘European Union in the Eyes of Others: Towards Filling a Gap in the Literature’, European Foreign Affairs Review, 12, 3.
  • Lucarelli, S. (2013) ‘Perceptions of the EU in International Institutions’, in Jorgensen, E. & Laatikainen, K. (eds) Routledge Handbook on the European Union and International Institutions (London & New York, NY, Routledge).
  • Lucarelli, S. (2014) ‘Seen from the Outside: The State of the Art on the External Image of the EU’, Journal of European Integration, 36, 1.
  • Lucarelli, S. & Fioramonti L. (eds) (2010) External Perceptions of the European Union as a Global Actor (London & New York, NY, Routledge).
  • Makarychev, A. (2020) ‘Illiberalism, Post-liberalism, Geopolitics: The EU in Central Asia’, Acta Via Serica, 5, 1.
  • Manners, I. (2002) ‘Normative Power Europe: A Contradication in Terms?’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40, 2.
  • Mattes, R. & Bratton, M. (2007) ‘Learning about Democracy in Africa: Awareness, Performance, and Experience’, American Journal of Political Science, 51, 1.
  • Miller, A., Hesli, V. & Reisinger, W. (1997) ‘Conceptions of Democracy Among Mass and Elite in Post-Soviet Societies’, British Journal of Political Science, 27, 2.
  • Mišík, M. (2019) ‘The EU’s Democratization: Normative Power Europe Meets External EU Perception Literature’, in Neuman, M. (ed.) Democracy Promotion and the Normative Power Europe Framework: The European Union in South Eastern Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia (Cham, Springer).
  • Neuman, M. & Stanković, S. (2019) ‘Introduction: EU Democracy Promotion in its Near (and Further) Abroad Through the Prism of Normative Power Europe’, in Neuman, M. (ed.) Democracy Promotion and the Normative Power Europe Framework: The European Union in South Eastern Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia (Cham, Springer).
  • Omelicheva, M. (2015) Democracy in Central Asia: Competing Perspective and Alternative Strategies (Lexington, KY, University Press of Kentucky).
  • Onar, N. & Nicolaïdis, K. (2013) ‘The Decentring Agenda: Europe as a Post-Colonial Power’, Cooperation and Conflict, 48, 2.
  • Ospanova, B., Sadri, H. & Yelmurzayeva, R. (2017) ‘Assessing EU Perception in Kazakhstan’s Mass Media’, Journal of Eurasian Studies, 8, 1.
  • Peyrouse, S. (2014) How does Central Asia View the EU?, EUCAM Working Paper 18 (Brussels, Centre for European Policy Studies).
  • Riabov, O. & Riabova, T. (2014) ‘The Decline of Gayropa’, Eurozine, 5 February, available at: https://www.eurozine.com/the-decline-of-gayropa/, accessed 13 November 2020.
  • Risse-Kappen, T. (1994) ‘Ideas do not Float Freely: Transnational Coalitions, Domestic Structures, and the End of the Cold War’, International Organization, 48, 2.
  • Romanova, T. (2016) ‘Russian Challenge to the EU’s Normative Power: Change and Continuity’, Europe-Asia Studies, 68, 3.
  • Schatz, E. (2006) ‘Access by Accident: Legitimacy Claims and Democracy Promotion in Authoritarian Central Asia’, International Political Science Review, 27, 3.
  • Schatz, E. (2008) Anti-Americanism and America’s Role in Central Asia (Seattle, WA, The National Council for Eurasian and East European Research).
  • Schensul, S., Schensul, J. & Le Compte, M. (1999) Essential Ethnographic Methods: Observations, Interviews and Questionnaire (Walnut Creek, CA, AltaMira Press).
  • Scheufele, D. & Tewksbury, D. (2007) ‘Framing, Agenda Setting, and Priming: The Evolution of Three Media Effects Models’, Journal of Communication, 57, 1.
  • Schimmelfennig, F. & Scholtz, H. (2008) ‘EU Democracy Promotion in the European Neighbourhood: Political Conditionality, Economic Development and Transnational Exchange’, European Union Politics, 9, 2.
  • Schimmelfennig, F. & Sedelmeier, U. (2004) ‘Governance by Conditionality: EU Rule Transfer to the Candidate Countries of Central and Eastern Europe’, Journal of European Public Policy, 11, 4.
  • Scott, W. (1965) ‘Psychological and Social Correlates of International Images’, in Kelman, H. (ed.) International Behavior: A Social–Psychological Analysis (New York, NY, Holt, Rinehart and Winston).
  • Sedelmeier, U. (2014) ‘Anchoring Democracy from Above? The European Union and Democratic Backsliding in Hungary and Romania after Accession’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 52, 1.
  • Sharshenova, A. (2018) The European Union’s Democracy Promotion in Central Asia: A Study of Political Interests, Influence, and Development in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in 2007–2013 (Stuttgart, ibidem-Verlag).
  • Shaw, E. (1979) ‘Agenda-Setting and Mass Communication Theory’, International Communication Gazette, 25, 2.
  • Sin, T. & Wells, J. (2005) ‘Is Democracy the Only Game in Town ?’, Journal of Democracy, 16, 2.
  • Smeets, N., Adriaensen, J. & Reykers, Y. (2013) ‘Learning to Talk the Talk: Re-Appraising the External Perspective in the EU’s Foreign Policy’, CEU Political Science Journal, 8, 3.
  • Solingen, E. (2012) ‘Of Dominoes and Firewalls: The Domestic, Regional, and Global Politics of International Diffusion’, International Studies Quarterly, 56, 4.
  • Spaiser, O. A. (2018) The European Union’s Influence in Central Asia: Geopolitical Challenges and Responses (London, Lexington Books).
  • Staeger, U. (2016) ‘Africa–EU Relations and Normative Power Europe: A Decolonial Pan-African Critique’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 54, 4.
  • Tazhin, M. (2007) Address at the OSCE Ministerial Meeting, Madrid, 29 November, available at: https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/b/4/29336.pdf, accessed 22 September 2020.
  • Teti, A., Abbott, P. & Cavatorta, F. (2019) ‘Beyond Elections: Perceptions of Democracy in Four Arab Countries’, Democratization, 26, 4.
  • Tsuruoka, M. (2008) ‘How External Perceptions of the European Union Are Shaped: Endogenous and Exogenous Sources’, paper presented at GARNET Conference ‘The EU in International Affairs’, Brussels, 24–26 April.
  • Vanderhill, R. (2017) ‘Active Resistance to Democratic Diffusion’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 50, 1.
  • Voloshin, G. (2014) The European Union’s Normative Power in Central Asia: Promoting Values and Defending Interests (Basingstoke & New York, NY, Palgrave Macmillan).
  • Wang, J. (2000) Limited Adversaries: Post-Cold War Sino–American Mutual Images (Oxford, Oxford University Press).
  • Warkotsch, A. (2006) ‘The European Union and Democracy Promotion in Bad Neighbourhoods: The Case of Central Asia’, European Foreign Affairs Review, 11, 4.
  • Whitman, R. (2013) ‘The Neo-Normative Turn in Theorising the EU’s International Presence’, Cooperation and Conflict, 48, 2.
  • Wiener, A. (2008) The Invisible Constitution of Politics: Contested Norms and International Encounters (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
  • Youngs, R. (2004) ‘Normative Dynamics and Strategic Interests in the EU’s External Identity’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 42, 2.
  • Youngs, R. (2009) Energy Security: Europe’s New Foreign Policy Challenge (London & New York, NY, Routledge).
  • Zimmermann, L. (2016) ‘Same Same or Different? Norm Diffusion between Resistance, Compliance, and Localization in Post-Conflict States’, International Studies Perspectives, 17, 1.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.