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- I am grateful to Eva Ehrlich (Budapest) for advice and assistance, which included making her data and working papers freely available to me; without this generous sharing of many years’ work, the present article could not have been written. I wish also to thank Melanie Brown for her prompt and accurate translation from Hungarian, and my colleagues Nick Crafts, Jeff Round and Mark Stewart for helpful advice. This research is supported financially by a grant from the Leverhulme Trust towards research on ‘Soviet production, employment and the defence burden, 1937 and 1940–1945’. Responsibility for remaining errors of fact and interpretation is mine alone.