Reviews

References

• Courtois , Stephane . 1997 . Le livre noir du communisme. Crimes, terreur, repression , Pads : Laffont . which seeks to estimate the number of victims in all communistruled countries
   Google Scholar
• Dawson , Raymond . 1959 . The Decision to Aid Russia, 1941. Foreign Policy and Domestic Politics , 99 Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . Later surveys found virtually the same result without any significant variations by economic status or religion. The reason, according to Dr George Gallup at the time, was that most of the public saw Nazism as a dangerous force bent on world conquest, whereas the communist threat came mostly through 'internal contamination' which most Americans felt they could withstand
   Google Scholar
• Dallin , Alexander . 1981 . German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945. A Study of Occupation Policies, , 2nd edn , 459 London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Friedrich , Carl J. , ed. 1954 . Totalitarianism , Cambridge : MA . The classic expositions of this thesis can be found in
   Google Scholar
• Friedrich , Carl J. and Brzezinski , Zbigniew K. 1956 . Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy , 2nd edn revised New York 1966). A well documented study, emphasising the common features of the two regimes, can be found in
   Google Scholar
• Unger , Aryeh . 1974 . The Totalitarian Party. Party and People in Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schapiro , Leonard . 1972 . Totalitarianism , London : Pall Mall Press . The account of the subject in this review article is mainly based on
   Google Scholar
• Alan Bullock , Hitler and Stalin . 1993 . Parallel Lives, , Revised edn , London : Fontana Press . which compares and contrasts Hitler and Stalin without systematically comparing their regimes
   Google Scholar
• Davies , R. W. 1997 . Soviet History in the Yeltsin Era , Basingstoke : Macmillan . For a highly informative and more recent account of this debate, see
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . The Oxford English Dictionary, , 2nd edn. , Vol. XIX , Oxford : Clarendon Press . See the entries on 'utopianism' in
   Google Scholar
• 1964 . Slovar' sovremennogo russkogo literaturnogo yazyka , Vol. 16 , Moscow-Leningrad : Izdatel'stvo 'Nauka' .
   Google Scholar
• Levitas , Ruth . 1990 . The Concept of Utopia , 5 New York : Philip Allan . The quotation comes from Wilde's 1891 essay on 'The soul of man under socialism', which included a passionate defence of the artist's right to be free from state interference
   Google Scholar
• Vansittart , Sir Robert . 1941 . Black Record. The Germans Past and Present , London : Hamish Hamilton . The flavour of this largely forgotten controversy can be recaptured by reading
   Google Scholar
• Rose , Norman . 1978 . Vansittart. Study of a Diplomat , London : Heinemann . This book, written by a former Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office, sold an estimated million copies in Britain and came close to denying any real distinction between the Germans and the Nazis. For a biography of its author see
   Google Scholar
• 1988 . Igor' Klyamkin, 'Byla li al'ternativa administrativnoi sisteme?' . Politicheskoe shobrazovanie , 10 : 55ff 63 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• See the entry on von Clausewitz in Bol'shaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya, (hereafter BSE), 3rd edn (Moscow, 1973), Vol. 12, which quotes Lenin's description of him as 'one of the great military writers' (Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 5th Russian edn, vol. 36, p. 292).
   Google Scholar
• Nove , Alec . 1969 . An Economic History of the USSR , London : Allen Lane, Penguin Press . There is conflicting evidence as to whether 'War Communism' was introduced for ideological reasons or under the pressure of war: see on this point
   Google Scholar
• Figes , Orlando . 1996 . A People's Tragedy. The Russian Revolution 1891-1924 , 612 – 615 . London : Jonathan Cape . chapter 3. The conflicting evidence is also discussed in
   Google Scholar
• 1998 . Times Literary Supplement (TLS) , 22 May Robert V. Daniels has more recently argued that 'Soviet economic centralism was neither Marxist nor planned' but was based on the German Kriegssozialismus of World War I, see his letter to the
   Google Scholar
• Lange , Oscar . 1970 . “ 'The Role of Planning in a Socialist Economy' ” . In Papers in Economics and Sociology 101 – 102 . Warsaw and London cited in the book under review, p. 226
   Google Scholar
• Lenin . Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, , 5th Russian edn Vol. 45 , 89 See, for the Russian text of this remark,
   Google Scholar
• Stalin , I. 1945 . Voprosy leninizma, , 11th edn 66 Moscow
   Google Scholar
• Senn , Alfred Erich and Rubakin , Nikolai . 1977 . A Life for Books , 26 Newtonville , MA : ORP .
   Google Scholar
• The reference is to Rubakin's article 'N. Lenin-Uljanow als Mensch und Revolutionaer', published in Internationale Rundschau, 15 March 1918. Rubakin characterised Lenin as 'in essence a despot', whilst also noting that 'his hatred directs itself, however, not against people but a system'.
   Google Scholar
• 1979 . 'Chelovek budushchego--kakov on?' . Literaturnaya gazeta , 15 August : 10 The paper was winding up a discussion which it had begun on 17 May 1978 and which had drawn more than 1500 readers' letters. In bringing the discussion to a close two MVD lawyers replied, inter alia, to a letter from a psychiatrist who had asked what grounds existed for counting on a 'radical change in human psychology' under communism. The replace was that human vices and virtues remained constant 'only at the highest level of abstraction'; and that it was only social conditions which produced the 'human failings' to which the correspondent had referred
   Google Scholar
• Burleigh , Michael and Wipperman , Wolfgang . 1992 . The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . The wider ramifications of Nazi racial ideology are extensively documented in
   Google Scholar
• Sternhell , Zeev , Sznajder , Mario and Asheri , Maio . 1994 . The Birth of Fascist Ideology. From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution , Princeton : New Jersey, Princeton University Press . This belief, as well as the fascist cult of war, is explored in
   Google Scholar
• Eatwell , Roger . 1996 . Fascism. A History , London : Vintage . Sternhell traces the intellectual origins of fascist thinking to pre-1914 France and not least to the writings of Georges Sorel. See also), which covers its development both before and after 1945. Eatwell insists (p. 3) that fascism was more than 'a rag-bag of authoritarian and nationalist slogans'
   Google Scholar
• Boelcke , Willi , ed. 30 October 1967 . The Secret Conferences of Dr. Goebbels. October 1939-March 1943 , 30 October , 293 London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson . 1942. On this occasion Goebbels emphasised that 'the most primitive arguments are the most effective and meet with the strongest agreement among the masses' since 'intellectuals always yield to the stronger', that is to 'the ordinary man in the street'
   Google Scholar
• Smith , Denis Mack . 1997 . Modern Italy. A Political History , new edn , 355 New Haven and London : Yale University Press . Article signed by Mussolini in the Enciclopedia italiana, quoted in
   Google Scholar
• Stalin . 16 February 1938 . “ 'Pis'mo v Detizdat pri TsK VLKSM', ” . 16 February ,
   Google Scholar
• McNeal , Robert H. and Stalin , L V. , eds. 1967 . Sochineniya , Vol. 1 , 274 Stanford : Hoover Institution for War, Revolution and Peace . published in Voprosy filosofii, 1953, 11. The text can be found in
   Google Scholar
• Gray , John . 1998 . 'Hollow triumph. Why Marx still provides a potent critique of the contradictions of late capitalism' . TLS , 8 May Gray concludes that 'Marx identified a problem to which a solution has yet to be found'
   Google Scholar