2,603
Views
38
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Ecotourism as a conservation tool and its adoption by private protected areas in Brazil

&
Pages 604-625 | Received 07 Jul 2013, Accepted 02 Dec 2013, Published online: 24 Jan 2014

References

  • Abrams, R.W., Anwana, E.D., Ormsby, A., Dovie, D.B.K., Ajagbe, A., & Abrams, A. (2009). Integrating top-down with bottom-up conservation policy in Africa. Conservation Biology, 23, 799–804.
  • Alderman, C. (1991). Privately owned lands: Their role in nature tourism, education, and conservation. In J. Kusler (Ed.), Ecotourism and resource conservation (pp. 289–323). Madison, WI: Omnipress.
  • Barany, M.E., Hammett, A.L., Shillington, L.J., & Murphy, B.R. (2001). The role of private wildlife reserves in Nicaragua's emerging ecotourism industry. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9(2), 95–110.
  • Benson, D.E. (1991). Values and management of wildlife and recreation on private land in South Africa. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 19, 497–510.
  • Björkell, S. (2008). Resistance to top-down conservation policy and the search for new participatory models: The case of Bergö-Malax’ outer archipelago in Finland. In J. Keulartz & G. Leistra (Eds.), Legitimacy in European nature conservation policy: Case studies in multilevel governance (pp. 109–126). New York: Springer.
  • Bramwell, B., & Lane, B. (1993). Sustainable tourism: An evolving global approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1(1), 1–5.
  • Bramwell, B., & Lane, B. (2011). Crises, sustainable tourism and achieving critical understanding. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(1), 1–3.
  • Bramwell, B., & Lane, B. (2012). Towards innovation in sustainable tourism research? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(1), 1–7.
  • Brazilian Association of Ecotourism Enterprises and Adventure Tourism. (2010). Perfil do turista de aventura e do ecoturismo no Brasil [Profile of the adventure tourist and ecotourism in Brazil]. Retrieved from http://www.abeta.com.br/pt-br/arq_down.asp?arq_id=306&arq_salva=7321-103119-arq-Perfil-do-turista-de-aventura-no-brasil.pdf
  • Brazilian Institute of Settlement and Agrarian Reform. (2012). Área rural de imóveis Brasil [Rural properties area Brazil]. Retrieved from the INCRA website: http://www.incra.gov.br/index.php/estrutura-fundiaria/regularizacao-fundiaria/estatisticas-cadastrais/file/1250-relacao-total-de-imoveis-rurais-brasil-abril-2012
  • Brechin, S.R., Wilshusen, P.R., Fortwangler, C.L., & West, P.C. (2002). Beyond the square wheel: Toward a more comprehensive understanding of biodiversity conservation as social and political process. Society & Natural Resources, 15(1), 41–64.
  • Brundtland, G. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our common future. New York: The United Nations.
  • Buckley, R. (2003). Case studies in ecotourism. Wallingford: CAB International.
  • Buckley, R. (2009a). Ecotourism: Principles and practices. Wallingford: CAB International.
  • Buckley, R. (2009b). Evaluating the net effects of ecotourism on the environment: A framework, first assessment and future research. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(6), 643–672.
  • Buckley, R. (2010). Conservation tourism. Wallingford: CAB International.
  • Buckley, R., & Pegas, F. (2012). Tourism and CSR. In D. Fennell & A. Holden (Eds.). The Routledge handbook of tourism and environment (pp. 521–530). London: Routledge.
  • Bullock, D.J. & Harvey, H.J. (1995). The National Trust and nature conservation 100 years on. London: Academic Press.
  • Carvalho, F.A., Nascimento, M.T., Oliveira, P.P., Rambaldi, D.M., & Fernandes, R.V. (2004, October). A importância dos remanescentes florestais da Mata Atlântica de baixada costeira fluminense para a conservação da biodiversidade na APA da Bacia do Rio São João/Mico-Leão-Dourado-RJ [The importance of the remaining Atlantic Forest areas of the Fluminense coastal region for the purpose to conserve biodiversity in the APA Bacia do Rio Sao Joao/Mico-Leao-Dourado- RJ]. Paper presented at the IV Brazilian Congress of Conservation Areas, Curitiba, Brazil.
  • Castley, J.G. (2010). Southern and East Africa. In R. Buckley (Ed.), Conservation tourism (pp. 145–175). Wallingford: CAB International.
  • Ceballos-Lascuráin, H. (1996). Tourism, ecotourism, and protected areas. Gland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
  • Chancellor, C. (2012). Assessing the intention of land trust representatives to collaborate with tourism entities to protect natural areas. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(2), 277–296.
  • Chancellor, C., Norman, W., Farmer, J., & Coe, E. (2011). Tourism organizations and land trusts: A sustainable approach to natural resource conservation? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(7), 863–875.
  • Child, B.A., Musengezi, J., Parent, G.D., & Child, G.F. (2012). The economics and institutional economics of wildlife on private land in Africa. Pastoralism, 2(1), 1–32.
  • Computerized Monitoring System of RPPNs. (2013). Reservas Particulares do Patrimônio Natural – RPPN [Private Reserves of Natural Heritage – RPPN]. Retrieved from the SIMRPPN website: http://sistemas.icmbio.gov.br/simrppn/publico/
  • Crouzeilles, R., Vale, M., Cerqueira, R., & Grelle, C. (2012). Increasing strict protection through protected areas on Brazilian private lands. Environmental Conservation, 40(3), 209–210.
  • Doan, T.M. (2000). The effects of ecotourism in developing nations: An analysis of case studies. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(4), 288–304.
  • Doan, T.M. (2013). Sustainable ecotourism in Amazonia: Evaluation of six sites in southeastern Peru. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15, 261–271.
  • Driscoll, L., Hunt, C., Honey, M., & Durham, W. (2011). The importance of ecotourism as a development and conservation tool in the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. Retrieved from the Center for Responsible Travel (CREST) website: http://www.responsibletravel.org/resources/documents/reports/Tinker_Final_Report_MASTER.pdf
  • Duffy, R. (2006). The politics of ecotourism and the developing world. Journal of Ecotourism, 5(1&2), 1–6.
  • Farias, G.B., Silva, W., & Albano, C.G. (2005). Diversidade de aves em áreas prioritárias para conservação da Caatinga [Bird diversity in priority areas for the conservation of the Caatinga]. In F.S. Araújo, M.J.N. Rodal, & M.r.V. Barbosa (Eds.), Analise das variações da biodiversidade do bioma Caatinga [Analysis of the biodiversity variations of the Caatinga biome] (pp. 204–226). Brasilia: Ministry of the Environment.
  • Ferraz, K.M.P.M.B., Siqueira, M.F., Alexandrino, E.R., Luz, D.T.A., & Couto, H.T.Z. (2012). Environmental suitability of a highly fragmented and heterogeneous landscape for forest bird species in south-eastern Brazil. Environmental Conservation, 39(4), 316–324.
  • Ficagna, A. (2009). Reservas Particulares do Patrimônio Natural: Sustentabilidade pelo turismo [Private Reserves of Natural Heritage: Sustainability for tourism]. Revista Itinerarium, 2, 1–21.
  • Figgis, P., Humann, D., & Looker, M. (2005). Conservation on private land in Australia. Parks, 15(2), 19–29.
  • Fitzsimons, J., & Wescott, G. (2001). The role and contribution of private land in Victoria to biodiversity conservation and the protected area system. Australian Journal of Environmental Management, 8, 142–157.
  • Fitzsimons, J.A., & Wescott, G. (2008). Ecosystem conservation in multi-tenure reserve networks: The contribution of land outside of publicly protected areas. Pacific Conservation Biology, 14, 250–262.
  • Fuller, R.A., McDonald-Madden, E., Wilson, K.A., Carwadine, J., Grantham, H.S., Watson, J.E.M., … Possingham, H.P. (2010). Replacing underperforming protected areas achieves better conservation outcomes. Nature, 466, 365–367.
  • Gallo, J.A., Pasquini, L., Reyers, B., & Cowling, R.M. (2009). The role of private conservation areas in biodiversity representation and target achievement within the Little Karoo region, South Africa. Biological Conservation, 142(2), 446–454.
  • Hall, C.M. (2011). Policy learning and policy failure in sustainable tourism governance: From first- and second-order to third-order change. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4–5), 649–671.
  • Heller, N.E., & Zavaleta, E.S. (2009). Biodiversity management in the face of climate change: A review of 22 years of recommendations. Biological Conservation, 142, 14–32.
  • Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2011). Death by a thousand cuts: Governance and environmental trade-offs in ecotourism development at Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4–5), 553–570.
  • Huller, C.R. (2011). Gestão privada de Unidades de Conservação: As Reservas Particulares do Patrimônio Natural [Private management of the conservation areas: The Private Reserves of Natural Heritage]. Synergismus Scyentifica UTFPR, 6(1), 1–10.
  • Instituto Chico Mendes de Biodiversidade. (2012). Perguntas e respostas sobre Reserva Particular do Patrimonio Natural [Questions and answers about Private Reserves of Natural Heritage]. Retrieved from the ICMBio website: http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/comunicacao/downloads/perguntaserespostasrppn.pdf
  • Instituto Chico Mendes de Biodiversidade. (2013a). Parques e Florestas Nacionais [Parks and national forests]. Retrieved from the ICMBo website: http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/o-que-fazemos/visitacao/parques.html
  • Instituto Chico Mendes de Biodiversidade. (2013b). ICMBio e SEBRAE investem R$ 13 milhões em Parques da Copa [ICMBio and SEBRAE invest R$ 13 million in the World Cup Parks]. Retrieved from the ICMBio website: http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/comunicacao/noticias/20-geral5/3668-termo-de-reciprocidade-entre-icmbio-e-sebrae-incrementara-visitacao-em-parques-da-copa.html
  • Instituto Chico Mendes de Biodiversidade. (2013c). Unidades de conservação: Categorias [Conservation areas: Categories]. Retrieved from the ICMBio website: http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/biodiversidade/unidades-de-conservacao/categorias.html
  • Instituto Chico Mendes de Biodiversidade. (2013d). Dados de visita [Visitation data]. Retrieved from the ICMBio website: http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/comunicacao/Dados_de_Visita%C3%A7%C3%A3o_ICMBio.pdf
  • Instituto Chico Mendes de Biodiversidade/World Wildlife Fund for Nature. (2012). Efetividade de gestão das unidades de conservação federais: Avaliação comparada das applicações do método Rappam nas unidades de conservação federais, nos ciclos 2005-06 e 2010 [Effectiveness in the management of federal conservation areas: A comparative evaluation of the Rappam method in the federal conservation areas during the period of 2005–06 and 2010]. Retrieved from the ICMBio website: http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/comunicacao/downloads/relatrio%20rappam%202005%20x%202010%20-%20verso%20integral.pdf
  • Kareiva, P. (2010). Trade-in to trade-up. Nature, 446, 322–333.
  • Kirkby, C.A., Giudice-Granados, R., Day, B., Turner, K., Velarde-Andrade, L.M., Dueñas-Dueñas, A., … Yu, D.W. (2010). The market triumph of ecotourism: An economic investigation of the private and social benefits of competing land uses in the Peruvian Amazon. PLoS One, 5(9), e13015.
  • Knight, R. (1999). Private lands: The neglected geography. Conservation Biology, 13, 223–224.
  • Krug, W. (2001, January). Private supply of protected land in southern Africa: A review of markets, approaches, barriers and issues. Paper presented at the World Bank/OECD International Workshop on Market Creation for Biodiversity Products and Services, Paris.
  • Lane, B. (Ed.) (2013). Industrial heritage and agri/rural tourism in Europe: A review of their development, socio-economic systems and future policy issues. Brussels: European Parliament. Retrieved from the European Parliament website: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/studiesdownload.html?languageDocument=EN&file=91297
  • Langholz, J. (1996). Economics, objectives, and success of private nature reserves in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Conservation Biology, 10(1), 271–280.
  • Langholz, J., Lassoie, J., & Schelhas, J. (2000). Incentives for biological conservation: Costa Rica's Private Wildlife Refuge Program. Conservation Biology, 14(6), 1735–1743.
  • Langholz, J.A., & Krug, W. (2004). New forms of biodiversity governance: Non-state actors and the private protected area action plan. Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy, 7, 9–29.
  • Langholz, J.A., & Lassoie, J.P. (2001). Perils and promise of privately owned protected areas. BioScience, 51(12), 1079–1085.
  • Lawton, L., & Weaver, D. (2001). Nature-based tourism and ecotourism. In B. Faulkner, G. Moscardo, & E. Laws (Eds.), Tourism in the twenty-first century: Reflection on experience (pp. 34–48). London: Continuum.
  • Lewinsohn, T.M., & Prado, P.I. (2005). How many species are there in Brazil? Conservation Biology, 19, 619–624.
  • Li, F., Zhu, Q., & Yang, Z. (2013). Birding tourism development in Sichuan, China. Tourism Economics, 19(2), 257–273.
  • Liu, Z. (2003). Sustainable tourism development: A critique. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11(6), 459–475.
  • Machado, M. (2007). Reservas particulares no estado de São Paulo: Avaliação da efetividade na conservação da natureza [Private reserves in the state of Sao Paulo: Evaluation of the effectiveness in nature conservation]. (Unpublished master's thesis). University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
  • Marçal, O. Jr, Franchin, A.G., Alteff, E.F., da Silva, E.L. Jr, & de Melo, C. (2009). Levantamento da avifauna na Reserva Ecológica Panga (Uberlândia, MG, Brasil) [Assessmentt of the avifauna of the Panga Ecological Reservese Panga (Uberlândia, MG, Brasil)]. Bioscience Journal, 25(6), 149–164.
  • Mbaiwa, J.E., Stronza, A., & Kreuter, U. (2011). From collaboration to conservation: Insights from the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Society and Natural Resources, 24, 400–411.
  • McGranahan, D.A. (2011). Identifying ecological sustainability assessment factors for ecotourism and trophy hunting operations on private rangeland in Namibia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(1), 115–131.
  • Medeiros, R., Young, C., Pavese, H., & Araújo, F. (2011). Contribuição das unidades de conservação brasileiras para a economia nacional [Contribution of the Brazilian conservation areas for the national economy]. Brasília: UNEP-WCMC.
  • Melo, A. (2004). Reservas particulares do patrimônio natural do município de Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro: Perfil e Características do manejo [Private Reserves of Natural Heritage of Silva Jardim county, Rio de Janeiro: Profile and management characteristics] (Unpublished master's thesis). Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  • Mesquita, C.A. (1999). Caracterización de las Reservas Naturales Privadas en América Latina [ Master's Thesis Program of Educación para el Desarollo y la Conservación]. Turrialba: Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza.
  • Mesquita, C.A. & Leopoldino, F.S. (2002). Incentivando e apoiando a criação, manejo e integração entre Reservas Particulares do Patrimônio Natural (RPPNs) [Providing incentive and support for the establishment, management and integration within the Private Reserves of Natural Heritage (RPPNs)]. In Anais do III Congresso Brasileiro de Unidades de Conservação. Rede Pró-Unidades de Conservação e Fundação O Boticário de Proteção à Natureza. Mato Grosso, Brazil.
  • Miller, J.R., Morton, L.W., Engle, D.M., Debinski, D.M, & Harr, R.N. (2012). Nature reserves as catalysts for landscape change. Frontiers in Ecological Environments, 10(3), 144–152.
  • Ministry of the Environment. (2010). Fourth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity – Brazil: Brasilia. Brazil: Author. Retrieved from the Ministry of the Environment website: http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/br/br-nr-04-en.pdf
  • Ministry of Tourism. (2013a). Anuário estatístico de turismo – 2013, Volume 40, Ano base 2012. Retrieved from the MTUR website: http://www.dadosefatos.turismo.gov.br/export/sites/default/dadosefatos/anuario/downloads_anuario/Anuxrio_Estatistico_de_Turismo_-_2013_-_Ano_base_2012_Versxo_Set2013.pdf
  • Ministry of Tourism. (2013b). Estudo da demanda turística internacional 2006–2012 [Study about the international tourist demand 2006–2012]. Retrieved from the MTUR website: http://www.dadosefatos.turismo.gov.br/export/sites/default/dadosefatos/demanda_turistica/internacional/download_internacional/Demanda_Turxstica_Internacional_-_Fichas_Sinteses_-_2006-2012.pdf
  • Morsello, C. (2008). Áreas protegidas públicas e privadas: Seleção e manejo. [Public and private protected areas: Selection and management]. São Paulo, Brazil: Annablume/FAPESP.
  • Moscardo, G. (2008). Sustainable tourism innovation: Challenging basic assumptions. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(1), 4–13.
  • National Park Service. (2013). Park reports: Great Smoky Mountains NP (GSMN) reports. Retrieved from https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/Reports/Park
  • Oliveira, M., & Pires, P. (2010). Uso público nas reservas particulares do patrimônio natural: Convergência entre turismo e conservação ambiental no Brasil [Public use in the Private Reserves of Natural Heritage: Integration between tourism and environmental conservation in Brazil]. Revista de Gestao Social e Ambiental, 5(3), 116–134.
  • Opdam, P., & Wascher, D. (2004). Climate change meets habitat fragmentation: Linking landscape and biogeographical scale levels in research and conservation. Biological conservation, 117(3), 285–297.
  • Palmuti, C.F.S., Cassimiro, J., & Bertoluci, J. (2009). Food habits of snakes from the RPPN Feliciano Miguel Abdala, an Atlantic forest fragment of southeastern Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 9(1), 265–269.
  • Pasquini, L. (2007). Privately-owned lands and biodiversity conservation: Analysing the role of private conservation areas in the Little Karoo, South Africa. ( Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation). University of Sheffield, Sheffield.
  • Pasquini, L., Cowling, R.M., Twyman, C., & Wainwright, J. (2010a). Devising appropriate policies and instruments in support of private conservation areas: Lessons learned from the Klein Karoo, South Africa. Conservation Biology, 24(2), 470–478.
  • Pasquini, L., Fitzsimons, J.A., Cowell, S., Brandon, K., & Wescott, G. (2011). The establishment of large private nature reserves by conservation NGOs: Key factors for successful implementation. Oryx, 54(3), 373–380.
  • Pasquini, L., Twyman, C., & Wainwright, J. (2010b). Toward a conceptual framework for blending social and biophysical attributes in conservation planning: A case-study of privately-conserved lands. Environmental Management, 46, 659–670.
  • Pearson, R.G., & Dawson, T.P. (2005). Long-distance plant dispersal and habitat fragmentation: Identifying conservation targets for spatial landscape planning under climate change. Biological Conservation, 123(3), 389–401.
  • Pegas, F. de V., Coghlan, A., Stronza, A., & Rocha, V. (2013). For love or for money? Investigating the impact of an ecotourism programme on local residents' assigned values towards sea turtles. Journal of Ecotourism, 12(2), 90–106.
  • Peres, C.A. (2005). Why we need megareserves in Amazonia. Conservation Biology, 19(3), 728–733.
  • Plummer, R., & Fennel, D.A. (2009). Managing protected areas for sustainable tourism: Prospects for adaptive co-management. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(2), 149–168.
  • Pró-Carnívoros. (2013). Mapa de Ação [Map of action]. Retrieved from the Pró-Carnívoros website: http://www.procarnivoros.org.br/2009/mapa_acao.asp
  • Puhakka, L., Salo, M., & Sääksjärvi, I.E. (2011). Bird diversity, birdwatching tourism and conservation in Peru: A geographic analysis. PLOS ONE, 6(11), e26786.
  • Rambaldi, D.M, Fernandes, R.V., & Schmidt, M.A.R. (2005). Private protected areas and their key role in the conservation of the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot, Brazil. Parks, 15(2), 30–38.
  • Reservas Particulares. (2013). Relatórios [Reports]. Retrieved from the Reservas Particulares website: http://www.reservasparticulares.org.br/relatorios/
  • Richardson, J.A. (1998). Wildlife utilization and biodiversity conservation in Namibia: Conflicting or complementary objectives? Biodiversity Conservation, 7, 549–559.
  • Rocktaeschel, B. (2006). Terceirização em áreas protegidas: Estímulo ao ecoturismo no Brasil [Concessions in protected areas: An incentive towards the ecotourism in Brazil]. Brasilia: Senac.
  • Rudzewicz, L., & Lanzer, R. (2008). Praticas de ecoturismo nas reservas particulares de patrimonio natural [Ecotourism activities in Private Reserves of Natural Heritage]. Revista Hospitalidade, 5(1), 81–96.
  • Sakata, H., & Prideaux, B. (2013). An alternative approach to community-based ecotourism: A bottom-up locally initiated non-monetised project in Papua New Guinea. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(6), 880–899.
  • Sanches, L., Souza, A., & Camelo, A. (2011). Análise econômica do manejo de RPPN's: Um estudo sobre o ecoturismo na Fazenda Vagafogo, Pirenópolis (GO) [Economic analysis of the management of the RPPNs: A study about ecotourism in the Vagafogo Ranch, Pirenopolis (GO)]. Annals of the VIII National Congress on Ecotourism and the IV Interdisciplinary Meeting about Ecotourism in Conservation Areas. Revista Brasileira de Ecoturismo, 4(4), 568.
  • SANParks. (2013). South African National Parks (SANParks) Annual Report 2012/2013. Retrieved from the SANParks website: http://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/general/annual-report-2013.pdf
  • Santos, N.D., & Costa, D. (2008). A importância das Reservas Particulares do Patrimônio Natural para a conservação da brioflora da Mata Atlântica: Um estudo em El Nagual, Magé, RJ, Brasil [The importance of the Private Reserves of Natural Heritage for the conservation of the Atlantic Forest bioflora: A study in the El Nagual, Mage, RJ, Brazil]. Acta Botanica Brasilica, 22, 359–372.
  • Sims-Castley, R., Kerley, G.I.H., Geach, B., & Langholz, J. (2005). Socio-economic significance of ecotourism-based private game reserves in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province. Parks, 15(2), 6–17.
  • Singh, T.V. (2012). Introduction. In T.V. Singh (Ed.), Critical debates in tourism (pp. 1–26). Bristol: Channel View Publications.
  • Souza, J., & Corte, D. (2009). Reservas Particulares do Patrimonio Natural Federais: Agregando valor ao sistema nacional de Unidades de Conservacao [Federal Private Reserves of Natural Heritage: Agregating value towards the national system of conservation areas]. In R. Guagliardi, C. Oliveira, & J. Mosores (Eds.), O Panorama atual das RPPN federais e dos estados do Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Minas Gerais e Sao Paulo [The current status of the federal and state RPPNs in Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo] (pp. 11–24). Salvador: Conservação Internacional-Brasil/Fundação S.O.S. Mata Atlântica/The Nature Conservancy.
  • Souza, J.L. (2012). Perguntas e respostas sobre as reservas particulares do patrimônio natural [Questions and answers about the Private Reserves of Natural Heritage]. Brasilia: Chico Mendes Institute of Biodiversity (ICMBio). Retrieved from the ICMBio website: http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/comunicacao/downloads/perguntaserespostasrppn.pdf
  • Sparovek, G., Berndes, G., Klug, I.L.F., & Barretto, A.G.O.P. (2010). Brazilian agriculture and environmental legislation: Status and future challenges. Environmental Science and Technology, 44(16), 6046–6053.
  • Spenceley, A. (2008). Responsible tourism: Critical issues for conservation and development. London: Earthscan.
  • Stronza, A. (2008). Through a new mirror: Reflections on tourism and identity in the Amazon. Human Organization, 67(3), 244–257.
  • Swift, B., Arias, V., Bass, S., & Chacón, C.M. (2004). Private lands conservation in Latin America: The need for enhanced legal tools and incentives. Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation, 19(86), 85–139.
  • Taylor, M.F., Sattler, P.S., Evans, M., Fuller, R.A., Watson, J.E., & Possingham, H.P. (2011). What works for threatened species recovery? An empirical evaluation for Australia. Biodiversity and Conservation, 20(4), 767–777.
  • Theulen, V., Milano, M., & Nunes, M. (2003). Legal tools and incentives for private lands conservation in Latin America: Building models for success (pp. 61–77). Washington, DC: Environmental Law Institute. Retrieved from http://learningcenter.lta.org/attached-files/0/56/5645/Private_Lands_FINAL.pdf
  • United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2013). Tourism and poverty alleviation. Retrieved from http://step.unwto.org/en/content/tourism-and-poverty-alleviation-1
  • United States General Accounting Office. (1994). Resources, community, and economic development division. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/archive/1995/rc95016.pdf
  • Von Hase, A., Rouget, M., & Cowling, R.M. (2010). Evaluating private land conservation in the Cape Lowlands, South Africa. Conservation Biology, 24, 1182–1189.
  • Watson, R. (2005). Turning science into policy: Challenges and experiences from the science-policy interface. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 360(1454), 471–477.
  • World Commission on Environment and Development. (1987). Our common future. Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Weaver, D.B., & Lawton, L.J. (2007). Twenty years on: The state of contemporary ecotourism research. Tourism Management, 28(5), 1168–1179.
  • Wilshusen, P.R., Brechin, S.R., Fortwangler, C.L., & West, P.C. (2002). Reinventing a square wheel: Critique of a resurgent “protection paradigm” in international biodiversity conservation. Society and Natural Resources, 15, 17–40.
  • Worboys, G., Francis, W., & Lockwood, M. (2010). Connectivity conservation management: A global guide. Washington, DC: Earthscan.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.