Understanding tourism leaders’ perceptions of risks from climate change: an assessment of policy-making processes in the Maldives using the social amplification of risk framework (SARF)

References

• Barnett, J., & Campbell, J. (2010). Climate change and small island states: Power, knowledge and the South Pacific. London: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Becken, S., & Clapcott, R. (2011). National tourism policy for climate change. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 3(1), 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Becken, S., & Hay, J. (2012). Climate change and tourism: From policy to practice. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Becken, S., Hay, J., & Espiner, S. (2011). The risk of climate change for tourism in the Maldives. In J. Carlsen & R. Butler (Eds.), Island tourism: Sustainable perspectives (pp. 72–84). Wallingford: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Becken, S., & Hughey, K. (2013). Linking tourism into emergency management structures to enhance disaster risk reduction. Tourism Management, 36(1), 77–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becken, S., Lama, A., & Espiner, S. (2013). The cultural context of climate change impacts: Perceptions among community members in the Annapurna conservation area, Nepal. Environmental Development, 8, 22–37.
   Google Scholar
• Belle, N., & Bramwell, B. (2005). Climate change and small island tourism: Policy maker and industry perspectives in Barbados. Journal of Travel Research, 44(1), 32–41.
   Google Scholar
• Bicknell, S., & McManus, P. (2006). The canary in the coalmine: Australian ski resorts and their response to climate change. Geographical Research, 44(4), 386–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramwell, B., & Lane, B. (2009). Sustainable tourism and the evolving roles of government planning. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(1), 1–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breakwell, G. (2000). Risk communication: Factors affecting impact. British Medical Bulletin, 56(1), 110–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenkert-Smith, H., Dickinson, K., Champ, P., & Flores, N. (2013). Social amplification of wildfire risk: The role of social interactions and information sources. Risk Analysis, 33(5), 800–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouder, P., & Lundmark, L. (2011). Climate change in Northern Sweden: Intra-regional perceptions of vulnerability among winter-oriented tourism businesses. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(8), 919–933.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, N. (2004). Maldives: Paradise soon to be lost. Retrieved September 15, 2006, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3930765.stm
   Google Scholar
• Buckley, R. (2008). Misperceptions of climate change damage coastal tourism: Case study of Byron Bay. Australia Tourism Review International, 12(1), 71–88.
   Google Scholar
• Buckley, R., & Shakeela, A. (2013). The vulnerability of tourism and recreation to climate change. In R. Pielke (Ed.), Climate vulnerability: Understanding and addressing threats to essential resources (pp. 223–228). Oxford: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Burgess, A. (2012). Media, risk, and absence of blame for “Acts of God”: Attenuation of the European volcanic ash cloud of 2010. Risk Analysis, 32(10), 1693–1702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byg, A., & Salick, J. (2009). Local perspectives on a global phenomenon – cimate change in Eastern Tibetan villages. Global Environmental Change, 19(2), 156–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Dake, K. (1992). Myths of nature: Culture and the social construction of risk. Journal of Social Issues, 48(4), 21–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, D. (2012). Analysing responses to climate change through the lens of reflexivity. The British Journal of Sociology, 63(4), 616–640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (2008). Strategies of qualitative inquiry (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Department of National Planning. (2012). Statistical year book of Maldives 2012. Retrieved January 3, 2013, from http://planning.gov.mv/yearbook2012/yearbook.html
   Google Scholar
• Duckett, D., & Busby, J. (2013). Risk amplification as social attribution. Risk Management, 15(2), 132–153.
   Google Scholar
• Dwyer, S., & Buckle, J. (2009). The space between: On being an insider-outsider in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 8(1), 54–63.
   Google Scholar
• Farbotko, C., & Lazrus, H. (2012). The first climate refugees? Contesting global narratives of climate change in Tuvalu. Global Environmental Change, 22(2), 382–390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gössling, S., & Schumacher, K.P. (2010). Implementing carbon neutral destination policies: Issues from the Seychelles. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(3), 377–391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higham, J., Cohen, S., Peeters, P., & Gössling, S. (2013). Psychological and behavioural approaches to understanding and governing sustainable mobility. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(7), 949–967.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell, R. (2011). Lights, camera … action? Altered attitudes and behaviour in response to the climate change film The Age of Stupid. Global Environmental Change, 21(1), 177–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huebner, A. (2012). Public perceptions of destination vulnerability to climate change and implications for long-haul travel decisions to small island states. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(7), 939–951.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyman, T.-A. (2014). Assessing the vulnerability of beach tourism and non-beach tourism to climate change: A case study from Jamaica. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(8), doi:10.1080/09669582.2013.855220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC. (2012). Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation: Special report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Jamal, T., & Hollinshead, K. (2001). Tourism and the forbidden zone: The under-served power of qualitative inquiry. Tourism Management, 20(1), 63–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasperson, R., Renn, O., Slovic, P., Brown, H., Emel, J., Goble, R., … Ratick, S. (1988). The social amplification of risk: A conceptual framework. Risk Analysis, 8(2), 177–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klint, L., Jiang, M., Law, A., Delacy, T., Filep, S., Calgaro, E., … Harrison, D. (2012). Dive tourism in Luganville, Vanuatu: Shocks, stressors, and vulnerability to climate change. Tourism in Marine Environments, 8(1), 91–109.
   Google Scholar
• Kroesen, M. (2012). Exploring people's viewpoints on air travel and climate change: Understanding inconsistencies. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(2), 271–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipset, D. (2011). The tides: Masculinity and climate change in coastal Papua New Guinea. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 17(1), 20–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahon, R., Becken, S., & Rennie, H. (2013). Evaluating the business case for investment in the resilience of the tourism sector of small island developing states: A background paper contributing to the Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (GAR) 2013 (Land Environment & People (LEaP) Research Report No. 32). Christchurch: Lincoln University.
   Google Scholar
• Maxwell, J. (2009). Designing a qualitative study. In L. Bickman & D. Rog (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of applied social research methods (2nd ed., pp. 214–253). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• McCright, A., & Dunlap, R. (2011). Cool dudes: The denial of climate change among conservative white males in the United States. Global Environmental Change, 21(4), 1163–1172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKercher, B., Mak, B., & Wong, S. (2014). Does climate change matter to the travel trade? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(5) 685–704.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water. (2007). National adaptation program for action. Malé: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Tourism. (2014a). Arrival updates. Retrieved April 3, 2014, from http://www.tourism.gov.mv/downloads/arrival_updates/2013/December.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Tourism. (2014b). Registered facilities. Retrieved April 3, 2014, from http://tourism.gov.mv/facilities/
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture. (2013). Maldives fourth tourism master plan 2013–2016: Draft 1 Background and analysis. Malé: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Moosa, H. (2012). Raaje adiyakah nudhaane: Raees Waheed. Retrieved August 24, 2012, from http://www.haveeru.com.mv/dhivehi/news/ize1
   Google Scholar
• Moreno, A., & Becken, S. (2009). A climate change vulnerability assessment methodology for coastal tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(4), 473–488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley, D. (1992). Television, audiences, and cultural studies. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mortreux, C., & Barnett, J. (2009). Climate change, migration and adaptation in Funafuti, Tuvalu. Global Environmental Change, 19(1), 105–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscovici, S. (1983). The coming era of social representations. In J.P. Codol & J.P. Leyens (Eds.), Cognitive analysis of social behaviour (pp. 115–150). The Hague: Nijhoff.
   Google Scholar
• National Disaster Management Center. (2009). Strategic national action plan for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation 2010–2020. Maldives: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Norgaard, K. (2011). Living in denial: Climate change, emotions, and everyday life. Cambridge: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Orchiston, C. (2011). Seismic risk scenario planning and sustainable tourism management: Christchurch and the Alpine fault zone, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(1), 59–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillimore, J., & Goodson, L. (2003). Progress in qualitative research in tourism: Epistemology, ontology and methodology. In J. Phillimore & L. Goodson (Eds.), Qualitative research in tourism: Ontologies, epistemologies and methodologies (pp. 3–29). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pidgeon, N., Kasperson, R., & Slovic, P. (2003). The social amplification of risk. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rayner, S. (1988). Muddling through metaphors to maturity: A commentary on Kasperson et al. The social amplification of risk. Risk Analysis, 8(2), 201–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayyithunge Majlis [People's Parliament]. (2013). Maruge bilaai fenuge Bill balaigathumah nufennakamah Majlihun faaskohfi [Death penalty bill and water bill rejected by parliament]. Retrieved July 7, 2013, from http://www.majlis.gov.mv/
   Google Scholar
• Reser, J., Bradley, G., Glendon, A., Ellul, M., & Callaghan, R. (2012). Public risk perceptions, understandings and responses to climate change in Australia and Great Britain. Gold Coast: National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility.
   Google Scholar
• Rickard, L., McComas, K., Clarke, C., Stedman, R., & Decker, D. (2013). Exploring risk attenuation and crisis communication after a plague death in Grand Canyon. Journal of Risk Research, 16(2), 145–167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rip, A. (1988). Should social amplification of risk be counteracted? Risk Analysis, 8(2), 193–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roe, P., Hrymak, V., & Dimanche, F. (2014). Assessing environmental sustainability in tourism and recreation areas: A risk-assessment-based model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(2), 319–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosa, E. (2003). The logical structure of the social amplification of risk framework (SARF): Metatheoretical foundation and policy implications. In N. Pidegeon, R. Kasperson, & P. Slovic (Eds.), The social amplification of risk (pp. 47–79). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ruhanen, L., & Shakeela, A. (2012). Responding to climate change: Australian tourism industry perspectives on current challenges and future directions. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 18(1–2), 35–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakakibara, C. (2008). “Our home is drowning”: Iñupiat storytelling and climate change in Point Hope, Alaska. Geographical Review, 98(4), 456–475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2012). Research methods for business students. Harlow: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, D., Simpson, M., & Sim, R. (2012). The vulnerability of Caribbean coastal tourism to scenarios of climate change related sea level rise. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(6), 883–898.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakeela, A., & Becken, S. (2013). Perceptions of climate change vulnerability and risks. Paper presented at the Council of Australian University Hospitality and Tourism Education, Christchurch, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• Shakeela, A., Becken, S., & Johnston, N. (2014). Gaps and disincentives that exist in the policies, laws and regulations which act as barriers to investing in climate change adaptation in the tourism sector of the Maldives. Maldives: Ministry of Tourism.
   Google Scholar
• Shakeela, A., & Weaver, D. (2012). Resident reactions to a tourism incident: Mapping a Maldivian emoscape. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(3), 1337–1358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundblad, E-L., Biel, A., & Gärling, T. (2009). Knowledge and confidence in knowledge about climate change among experts, journalists, politicians, and laypersons. Environment and Behavior, 41(2), 281–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swim, J., Clayton, S., Doherty, T., Gifford, R., Howard, G., Reser, J., … Weber, E. (2010). Psychology and global climate change: Addressing a multi-faceted phenomenon and set of challenges. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Transparency Maldives. (2012). Climate governance integrity: Maldives. Maldives: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Turton, S., Dickson, T., Hadwen, W., Jorgensen, B., Pham, T., Simmons, D., … Wilson, R. (2010). Developing an approach for tourism climate change assessment: Evidence from four contrasting Australian case studies. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(3), 429–447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Programme. (2012). Summary: Enhancing the resilience of the Maldives to climate change through integrating the tourism sector and associated communities in national adaptation (ERMCC-T). Maldives: Author.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change & Ministry of Housing and Environment. (2010). National economic environment development studies. Malé: Ministry of Housing and Environment.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. (2013). Terminology. Retrieved January 3, 2013, from http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology
   Google Scholar
• Uyarra, M., Côté, I., Viner, D., & Watkinson, A. (2005). Island-specific preferences of tourists for environmental features. Environmental Conservation, 32(1), 11–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uzzell, D. (2000). The psycho-spatial dimension of global environmental problems. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 20(4), 307–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, D. (2011). Can sustainable tourism survive climate change? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(1), 5–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, E. (2011). Psychology climate change hits home. Nature Climate Change, 1(1), 25–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, E., & Stern, P. (2011). Public understanding of climate change in the United States. American Psychologist, 66(4), 315–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilby, R., & Keenan, R. (2012). Adapting to flood risk under climate change. Progress in Physical Geography, 36(3), 348–378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, J., & Moser, S. (2011). Individual understandings, perceptions, and engagement with climate change: Insights from in-depth studies across the world. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews, 2(4), 547–569.
   Google Scholar
• Zubair, S., Bowen, D., & Elwin, J. (2011). Not quite paradise: Inadequacies of environmental impact assessment in the Maldives. Tourism Management, 32(2), 225–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar