1,179
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Barriers to visiting South Africa's national parks in the post-apartheid era: black South African perspectives from Soweto

&
Pages 146-166 | Received 07 Dec 2012, Accepted 16 Jun 2014, Published online: 28 Jul 2014

References

  • Agyeman, J., & Spooner, R. (1997). Ethnicity and the rural environment. In P. Cloke, & J. Little (Eds.), Contested countryside cultures (pp. 197–217). London: Routledge.
  • Arab-Moghaddam, N., Henderson, K.A., & Sheikholeslami, R. (2007). Women's leisure and constraints to participation: Iranian perspectives. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(1), 109–126.
  • Askins, K. (2004). Visible communities’ use and perceptions of the North York Moors and Peak District National Parks: A policy guidance document for the National Park Authorities (unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Durham.
  • Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., & Hughes, K. (2009). Tourists’ support for conservation messages and sustainable management practices in wildlife tourism experiences. Tourism Management, 30(5), 658–664.
  • Barnes, J.I., Schier, C., & van Rooy, G. (1999). Tourists’ willingness to pay for wildlife viewing and wildlife conservation in Namibia. South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 29(4), 101–111.
  • Boone, C.G., Buckley, G.L., Grove, J.M., & Sister, C. (2009). Parks and people: An environmental justice inquiry in Baltimore, Maryland. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 99(4), 767–787.
  • Boone, R.B., Burn-Silver, S.B., Thornton, P.K., Worden, J.S., & Galvin, K.A. (2005). Quantifying declines in livestock due to land subdivision in Kajiado District, Kenya. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 58(5), 523–532.
  • Burns, P., & Barrie, S. (2005). Race, space and ‘our own piece of Africa’: Doing good in Luphisi Village? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 13(5), 468–485.
  • Burns, R.C., & Graefe, A.R. (2007). Constraints to outdoor recreation: Exploring the effects of disabilities on perceptions and participation. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(1), 156–181.
  • Butler, G., & Richardson, S. (2013). Young Sowetans and tourism participation: Identifying opportunities to develop further engagement with South African national parks. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 19(2), 209–322.
  • Buzinde, C., Santos, C.A., & Smith, S. (2006). Ethnic representations: Destination imagery. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(3), 707–728.
  • Byrne, J. (2012) When green is white: The cultural politics of race, nature and social exclusion in a Los Angeles urban national park. Geoforum, 43(3), 595–611.
  • Byrne, J., & Wolch, J. (2009). Nature, race, and parks: Past research and future directions for geographic research. Progress in Human Geography, 33(6), 743–765.
  • Carter, P. (2008) Coloured places and pigmented holidays: Racialized leisure travel. Tourism Geographies, 10(30), 265–284.
  • Ceballos-Lascurain, H. (1996). Tourism, ecotourism and protected areas. Gland: IUCN.
  • Cock, J., & Fig, D. (2000). From colonial to community based conservation: Environmental justice and the national parks of South Africa. Society in Transition, 31(1), 22–35.
  • Creswell, J.W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
  • DeLuca, K. (1998). In the shadow of whiteness: The consequences of construction of nature in environmental politics. In T.K. Nakayama & J. Martin (Eds.), Whiteness: The communication of social identity (pp. 217–245). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • de Witt, L., van der Merwe, P., & Saayman, M. (2011). An ecotourism model for South African National Parks. In J.A.C. Santos (Ed.), Book of Proceedings Vol. II – International Conference on Tourism and Management Studies (pp. 1138–1142). Algarve: Tourism and Management Studies.
  • Dieke, P.U.C. (1994). Tourism in Sub-Saharan Africa: Development issues and possibilities. In C. Jenkins and A. Seaton (Eds.), Tourism: The state of the art (pp. 52–64). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
  • du Plessis, L., van der Merwe, P., & Saayman, M. (2009). A marketing analysis of overnight visitors to Augrabies Falls National Park. Potchefstroom: Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies.
  • du Plessis, L., van der Merwe, P., & Saayman, M. (2012). Environmental factors affecting tourists’ experience in South African National Parks. African Journal of Business Management, 6(8), 2911–2918.
  • Eagles, P.F.J. (2014) Research priorities in park tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(4), 528–549.
  • Ferreira, S.L.A. (2006). Communities and transfrontier parks in the southern African development community: The case of Limpopo National Park, Mozambique. South African Geographical Journal, 88(2), 166–176.
  • Floyd, M.F. (1998). Getting beyond marginality and ethnicity: The challenge for race and ethnic studies in leisure research. Journal of Leisure Research, 30(1), 3–22.
  • Floyd, M.F. (1999). Race, ethnicity and use of the national park system, NPS Social Science Review, 1(2), 1–24.
  • Floyd, M.F. (2001). Managing parks in a multicultural society: Searching for common ground. Managing Recreation Use, 18(3), 41–51.
  • Floyd, M.F., & Shinew, K.J. (1999). Convergence and divergence in leisure style among whites and African Americans: Toward an interacial contact hypothesis. Journal of Leisure Research, 31(4), 359–384.
  • Gardyne, S., Hill, T.R., & Nel, E.L. (2005). Local government response to poverty: A case study of pro-poor development in the Ingwe municipality. Africa Insight, 35(4), 121–129.
  • Higginbotham, K. (2004). Wildlife tourism: Impacts, management and planning. Gold Coast: Common Ground Publishing, CRC for Sustainable Tourism.
  • Holden, A., & Sparrowhawk, J. (2002). Understanding the motivations of ecotourists: The case of trekkers in Annapurna, Nepal. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4(6), 435–446.
  • Hung, K., & Crompton, J.L. (2006). Benefits and constraints associated with the use of an urban park reported by a sample of elderly in Hong Kong. Leisure Sciences, 25(3), 291–311.
  • Jennings, G. (2010). Tourism research (2nd ed.). Milton: John Wiley & Sons Australia.
  • Kinnear, T., Taylor, J., Johnson, L., & Armstrong, J. (1993). Australian marketing research. Sydney: McGraw-Hill.
  • Koch, E. (1993). The politics of developing eco-tourism. Tourism Concern, (Autumn), 9–11.
  • Kruger, M., & Saayman, M. (2010). Travel motives to Kruger and Tsitsikamma National Parks: A comparative study. South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 40(1), 93–102.
  • Loon, R.M., & Polakow, D. (2001). Ecotourism ventures: Rags or riches? Annals of Tourism Research, 28(4), 892–907.
  • Loukaitou-Sideris, A. (1995). Urban form and social context: Cultural differentiation in the uses of urban parks. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 14(2), 89–102.
  • Lunstrum, E. (2010). Reconstructing history, grounding claims to space: History, memory, and displacement in the great Limpopo Transfrontier Park, South African Geographical Journal, 92(2), 129–143.
  • Martin, D.C. (2004). Apartheid in the great outdoors: American advertising and the reproduction of a racialized outdoor leisure identity. Journal of Leisure Research, 36(4), 513–535.
  • Mazibuko, S. (2007). Leakages and costs of eco-tourism: The case of AmaZizi in the Northern Drakensberg, Africa Insight, 37(1), 150–168.
  • Meeker, J.W. (1973). Red, white, and black in the national parks. In G.E. Machlis & D.W. Fields (Eds.), On interpretation: Sociology for interpreters of natural resource and cultural history (pp. 195–205). Corvallis: Oregon State University Press.
  • Mkhize, I.B. (1994). South African domestic tourism beyond apartheid. Development Southern Africa, 11(2), 249–252.
  • Myburgh, E., & Saayman, M. (2002). Ecotourism in action: Guidelines and principals (2nd ed.), Potchefstroom: Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies.
  • National Department of Tourism. (2012). Domestic tourism growth strategy (2012–2020). Retrieved 19 May 2013, http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=164428
  • Ndivo, R.M., Waudo, J.N., & Waswa, F. (2012). Examining Kenya's tourist destinations' appeal: The perspectives of domestic tourism market, Journal of Tourism Hospitality, 1(5), 103–109.
  • Nolte, B. (2004). Sustainable tourism in biosphere reserves of East Central European Countries: Case studies from Slovakia, Hungary and the Czech Republic. In T. Sievanen, J. Erkkonen, J. Jokimaki, J. Saarinen, S. Tuuletie, & E. Virtanen (Eds.), Policies, methods and tools for visitor management (pp. 349–356). Rovaniemi: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas.
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Okello, M.M., Manka, S.G., & D’Amour, D.E. (2008). The relative importance of large mammal species for tourism in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. Tourism Management, 29(4), 751–760.
  • Palmer, C. (2005), An ethnography of Englishness: Experiencing identity through tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(1), 7–27.
  • Payne, L.L., Mowen, A.J., & Orsega–Smith, E. (2002). An examination of park preferences and behaviors among urban residents: The role of residential location, race, and age. Leisure Sciences, 24(2), 181–198.
  • Pennington-Gray, L., Thapa, B., & Holland, S. (2002). Florida residents’ constraints to parks and public lands visitation: An assessment of the validity of an intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural model. World Leisure Journal, 44(4), 51–60.
  • Ravenscroft, N., & Markwell, S. (2000). Ethnicity and the integration and exclusion of young people through urban park and recreation provision. Managing Leisure, 5(3), 135–150.
  • Reinius, S.W., & Fredman, P. (2007). Protected areas as attractions. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(4), 839–854.
  • Roberts, N.S. (2009). Crossing the color line with a different perspective on whiteness and (Anti)racism: A response to Mary McDonald. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(4), 495–509.
  • Rodger, K., Moore, S.A., & Newsome, D. (2007). Wildlife tours in Australia: Characteristics, the place of science and sustainable futures. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(2), 160–179.
  • Rogerson, C.M. (2007). Reviewing Africa in the global tourism economy. Development Southern Africa, 24, 425–444.
  • Rogerson, C.M., & Lisa, Z. (2005). ‘Sho't Left’: Changing domestic tourism in South Africa. Urban Forum, 16(2–3), 88–111.
  • Rogerson, C.M., & Visser, G. (2011). African tourism geographies: Existing paths and new directions. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 102(3), 251–259.
  • Saayman, M., Fouche, M., & Kruger, M. (2008). Executive summary of research profiles of selected national parks in South Africa. Potchefstroom: Institute for Tourism and Leisure Studies.
  • Saayman, M., & Saayman, A. (2009). Why travel motivation and socio-demographics matter in managing a National Park. Koedoe, 51(1), 49–57.
  • Saayman, M., Saayman, A., & Ferreira, M. (2009). The socio-economic impact of the Karoo National Park. Koedoe, 51(1), 158–168.
  • Sasidharan, V., Willits, F., & Godbey, G. (2005). Cultural differences in urban recreation patterns: An examination of park usage and activity participation across six population subgroups. Managing Leisure, 10(1), 19–38.
  • Schwartz, K.Z.S. (2006). ‘Masters in our native place’: The politics of Latvian National Parks on the road from communism to ‘Europe’. Political Geography, 25(1), 42–71.
  • Shinew, K.J., Floyd, M.F., & Parry, D. (2004). Understanding the relationship between race and leisure activities and constraints: Exploring an alternative framework. Leisure Sciences, 26(2), 181–199.
  • Shinew, K.J., Floyd, M.F., & Parry, D. (2010). Understanding the relationship between race and leisure activities and constraints: Exploring an alternative framework. Leisure Sciences, 26(2), 181–199.
  • Silva, P., & Butler-Adam, J. (1988). Terrae incognitae: A journey into the unknown lands of domestic tourism in South Africa. Durban: Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Durban-Westville.
  • Simpson, G. (1996). Learning to live with the South African ‘miracle’ (monograph). Johannesburg: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation.
  • Slee, W.R., Derren, J., & Curry, N. (2001). Social exclusion in the United Kingdom. Belfast: Countryside Recreation Network.
  • South African National Parks. (2011a). Annual report (2010–2011). Pretoria: Author.
  • South African National Parks. (2011b). Responsible tourism policy draft (April 2011). Pretoria: Author.
  • South African National Parks. (2011c). Tourism research priorities draft (December 2011). Pretoria: Author.
  • South African National Parks. (2012). Transformation mission. Retrieved 15 August 2012, http://www.sanparks.org/about/transformation.php
  • Spenceley, A. (2005). Nature-based tourism and environmental sustainability in South Africa. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 13(2), 136–170.
  • Spenceley, A., & Goodwin, H. (2007). Nature-based tourism and poverty in South Africa. Current Issues in Tourism, 10(2–3), 255–277.
  • Spenceley, A., & Meyer, D. (2012) Tourism and poverty reduction: Theory and practice in less economically developed countries. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3), 297–318.
  • Suckall, N., Fraser, E.D.G., Cooper, T., & Quinn, C. (2009). Visitor perceptions of rural landscapes: A case study in the Peak District National Park, England. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(2), 1195–1203.
  • Thapa, B. (2012). Why did they not visit? Examining structural constraints to visit Kafue National Park, Zambia, Journal of Ecotourism, 11(1), 74–83.
  • Timperio, A., Ball, K., Salmon, J., Roberts, R., & Crawford, D. (2007). Is availability of public open space equitable across areas? Health and Place, 13(2), 335–340.
  • Tinsley, H.E.A., Tinsley, D.J., & Croskeys, C.E. 2002. Park usage, social milieu and psychosocial benefits of park use reported by older urban park users from four ethnic groups. Leisure Sciences, 24(2), 199–218.
  • Washburn, R.F. (1978). Black under-participation in wild land recreation: Alternative explanations. Leisure Sciences, 1(2), 175–189.
  • Weber, J., & Sultana, S. (2013). Why do so few minority people visit National Parks? Visitation and the accessibility of “America's Best Idea”. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(3), 437–464.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.