WWOOFing in Australia: ideas and lessons for a de-commodified sustainability tourism

References

• Ateljevic, I., & Doorne, S. (2001). Nowhere left to run: A study of value boundaries and segmentation within the backpacker market of New Zealand. In J.A. Mazanec, A.G. Woodside, & G.I. Crouch (Eds.), Consumer psychology of tourism, hospitality and leisure (vol 2) (pp. 169–186). Oxfordshire: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Ateljevic, I., & Doorne, S. (2004). Theoretical encounters: A review of backpacker literature. In J. Wilson & G. Richards (Eds.), The global nomad: Backpacker travel in theory and practice (pp. 60–76). Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency. (2007). Climate change in Australia: Technical report 2007. Retrieved 13 June 2014 from http://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/documents/resources/TR_Web_FrontmatterExecSumm.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Australian Government Natural Resource Management Team. (2000). A national action plan for salinity and water quality. Canberra, ACT: Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. Retrieved 13 June 2014 from http://nrmonline.nrm.gov.au/catalog/mql:2573
   Google Scholar
• Beder, S. (1993). The nature of sustainable development. Newham: Scribe Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, R.J. (2007). Moving off the beaten track: Developing a critical literacy in backpacker discourse (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). School of Media, Communications and Culture, Murdoch University, Perth.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, R.J. (2008). Entering the global margin: Setting the ‘Other’ scene in independent travel. In P.M. Burns & M. Novelli (Eds.), Tourism and mobilities: Local-global connections (pp. 133–145). Oxfordshire: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Biological Farmers of Australia. (2006). Organic annual 2006 - edition 3. Brisbane: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Biological Farmers of Australia. (2010). Australian organic market report 2010. Brisbane: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Botsman, R., & Rogers, R. (2010). What's mine is yours: How collaborative consumption is changing the way we live. London: HarperCollins.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, R. (1992). Alternative tourism: The thin end of the wedge. In V.L. Smith & R.W. Eadington (Eds.), Tourism alternatives: Potentials and problems in the development of tourism (pp. 31–46). West Sussex: Wiley and Sons Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2003). Grounded theory: Objectivist and constructivist methods. In N.K. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Strategies of qualitative inquiry (2nd ed., pp. 249–291). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Chinn, A. (2008). Organic farms say “WWOOF”. Scientific American, Earth 3.0 (Special Edition), 18(5), 12.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, P. (2004). Global spread for organic skills. Farmers Weekly, 141, 89–92.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, E. (1972). Towards a sociology of international tourism. Social Research, 39(1), 164–182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, E. (1973). Nomads from affluence: Notes on the phenomenon of drifter tourism. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 14, 89–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, E. (1979). A phenomenology of tourist experiences. Sociology, 13, 179–201.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, E. (1988). Authenticity and commoditization in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 15(3), 371–386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, E. (1995). Contemporary tourism – trends and challenges: Sustainable authenticity or contrived post-modernity? In R. Butler & D. Pearce (Eds.), Change in tourism: People, places, processes (pp. 12–29). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, E. (2004). Contemporary tourism: Trends and challenges. Oxford: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, S., & Crang, M. (2002). Grounded tourists, travelling theory. In S. Coleman & M. Crang (Eds.), Tourism: Between place and performance (pp. 1–19). New York, NY: Berghahn Books.
   Google Scholar
• Conran, M. (2006). Commentary: Beyond authenticity: Exploring intimacy in the touristic encounter in Thailand. Tourism Geographies, 8(3), 274–285.
   Google Scholar
• Conway, H. (1999). Working holidays: Its better to unwind doing something active. Resurgence, 194, 30–31.
   Google Scholar
• Coppard, S. (2006). How it all began. Retrieved 16 December 2007 from http://www.wwoofinternational.org/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=34
   Google Scholar
• Cosgrove, L. (2000). WWOOFing in Tasmaina. Issues, 53, 38–41.
   Google Scholar
• Crooks, D.L. (2001). The importance of symbolic interaction in grounded theory research on women's health. Health Care for Women International, 22, 11–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1988). The flow experience and its significance for human psychology: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Curtis, R. (2005). Backpacker's field manual: A comprehensive guide to mastering backcountry skills. Westminster, MD: Crown Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Deville, A. (2011). Alice in WWOOFerLand: Exploring symbiotic worlds beyond tourism (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Technology, Sydney.
   Google Scholar
• Deville, A., & Wearing, S. (2013). WWOOFing tourists, beaten tracks and transformational paths. In Y. Reisinger (Ed.), Transformational tourism: Tourist perspectives (pp. 151–168). Oxfordshire: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Doherty, M. (1997, November 23). The visitors who like hard work: WWOOFers know holidays weren't meant to be easy, Sunday Examiner, pp. 16–17.
   Google Scholar
• English, J. (2007). Cultivating new farmers: new organic programs are teaching young people the skills they need to make a living on the farm. Mother Earth News, 220, 80–85.
   Google Scholar
• Fennell, D.A. (2004). Deep ecotourism: Seeking theoretical and practical reverence. In T.V. Singh (Ed.), New horizons in tourism: Strange experiences and stranger practices (pp. 109–120). Cambridge, MA: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Fenton Huie, S. (n.d.). Way to go on a shoestring. (Pamphlet). Retrieved from WWOOF archive in Victoria, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Franklin, A. (2003). Tourism: An introduction. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Frow, J. (1997). Time and commodity culture: Essays in cultural theory and postmodernity. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson-Graham, J.K. (2008). Diverse economies: Performative practices for ‘Other worlds’. Progress in Human Geography, 32(5), 613–632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser, B.G. (1992). Basics of grounded theory analysis. Mill Valley: Sociology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Green, D. (1980). Working weekends on organic farms. Organic Growing, Spring.
   Google Scholar
• Holden, A. (2000). Environment and tourism. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, E., & Stitt, L. (2008). As is: Secrets to having enough. Communities, 141, 38–75.
   Google Scholar
• Huxley, L. (2004). Western backpackers and the global experience: An exploration of young people's interaction with local cultures. Tourism Culture and Communication, 5(1), 37–44.
   Google Scholar
• Idelbrook, C. (2007). Live on less and love it! Try these 75 inspiring ideas and enjoy life more while spending and consuming less. Mother Earth News, 224, 34–38.
   Google Scholar
• IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements). (2008). Uniting the organic world. Retrieved 23 February 2008 from http://www.ifoam.bio/
   Google Scholar
• Jamieson, P. (2007). The wild green yonder: Ten seasons volunteering on New Zealand's organic farms. Auckland: New Holland.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, H., & Jamal, T. (2007). Touristic quest for existential authenticity. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(1), 181–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krippendorf, J. (1987). The holiday makers: Understanding the impact of leisure and travel. Oxford: Heinemann Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Lockie, S., Lyons, K., Lawrence, G., & Mummery, K. (2002). Eating ‘Green’: Motivations behind organic food consumption in Australia. Sociolgia Ruralis, 42(1), 23–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loker-Murphy, L., & Pearce, P.L. (1995). Young budget travelers – backpackers in Australia. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(4), 819–843.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCannell, D. (1976/1999). The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class (revised edition). Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• MacCannell, D. (2001). Remarks on the commodification of culture. In V. Smith & M. Brent (Eds.), Hosts and guests revisited: Tourism issues of the 21st century (pp. 380–390). New York, NY: Cognizant Communications Offices.
   Google Scholar
• Matos, R. (2004). Can slow tourism bring new life to alpine regions? In K. Weiermair & C. Mathies (Eds.), The tourism and leisure industry: Shaping the future (pp. 93–105). New York, NY: Haworth Hospitality Press.
   Google Scholar
• Maxey, L. (2006). Can we sustain sustainable agriculture? Learning from small-scale producer-suppliers in Canada and the UK. The Geographical Journal, 172(3), 230–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maycock, A. (2008). World wide opportunities on organic farms (WWOOF). Journal of Agricultural & Food Information, 9(4), 282–288.
   Google Scholar
• McCabe, S. (2002). The tourist experience and everyday life. In G.M. Dann (Ed.), The tourist a metaphor of the social world (pp. 61–75). Wallingford: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh, A., & Bonnemann, S. (2006). Willing workers on organic farms (WWOOF): The alternative farm stay experience? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(1), 82.
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh, A., & Campbell, T. (2001). Willing workers on organic farms (WWOOF): A neglected aspect of farm tourism in New Zealand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9(2), 111–127.
   Google Scholar
• McRae, L. (2003). Edward said and a politics of meeting and movement. Tourist Studies, 3(3), 235–251.
   Google Scholar
• Meethan, K. (2001). Tourism in global society: Place, culture, consumption. New York, NY: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Minca, C., & Oakes, T. (2006). Introduction: Travelling paradoxes. In C. Minca & T. Oakes (Eds.), Travels in paradox: Remapping tourism (pp. 1–21). Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Miniciello, V., Aroni, R., Timewell, E., & Alexander, L. (1995). In-Depth interviewing: Principles, techniques, analysis (2nd ed.). Sydney: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Molm, L. (2010). The Structure of Reciprocity. Social Psychology Quarter, 73(2), 119–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscardo, G. (2008). Sustainable tourism innovation: Challenging basic assumptions. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8, 4–13.
   Google Scholar
• Munt, I. (1994). The “Other” postmodern tourism: Culture, travel and the new middle classes. Theory, Culture and Society, 11, 101–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimmo, K. (2001). Willing workers on organic farms: A case study (Unpublished master's thesis), Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington.
   Google Scholar
• Oakes, T. (2006). Get Real! On being yourself and being a tourist. In C. Minca & T. Oakes (Eds.), Travels in paradox: Remapping tourism (pp. 229–253). Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Obenour, W. (2004). Understanding the meaning of the ‘Journey’ to budget travellers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 6, 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Organic Federation of Australia. (2006). Organic industry booming (media release June 23 2006): Organic Federation of Australia. Retrieved 15 April 2007 from http://www.ofa.org.au/
   Google Scholar
• Organic Trade Association. (2011). Industry statistics and project growth. Retrieved 7 April 2011 from http://www.ota.com/organic/mt/business.html
   Google Scholar
• Oskamp, S. (2000). Psychological contributions to achieving an ecologically sustainable future for humanity. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons, M.G. (1997). Encounters in touriculture: Indigenous cultural tourism in contested domains (Unpublished doctorate dissertation). School of Tourism and Hospitality, Southern Cross University, Lismore.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, P. (1990). The backpacker phenomenon: Preliminary answers to basic questions. Townsville: James Cook University.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, P. (2005). Tourist behaviour: Themes and conceptual schemes. Clevedon: Chanel View Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Pollard, L. (1993). WWOOFing about. Earth Garden, 86, 80–82.
   Google Scholar
• Pollard, L. (1998). WWOOFing and other cultures. Earth Garden, 72–73.
   Google Scholar
• Pollard, L. (n.d.a). WWOOFing around the world. New Traveller (Pamphlet), pp. 20–21. Retrieved from WWOOF archive in Victoria, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Pollard, L. (n.d.b). The WWOOF story. Unpublished manuscript (retrieved from WWOOF archive in Victoria, Australia).
   Google Scholar
• Potts, T.D., & Harrill, R. (1998). Enhancing communities for sustainability: A travel ecology approach. Tourism Analysis, 3(3,4), 133–142.
   Google Scholar
• Potts, T.D., & Harrill, R. (2002). Travel ecology and developing naturally: Making theory - practice connections. In R. Harris, T. Griffin & P. Williams (Eds.), Sustainable tourism: A global perspective (pp. 45–57). Sydney: Butterworth Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Pryor, M. (1997). The traveller as a destination pioneer. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3, 225–237.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2004). Backpacker icons: Influential literary ‘nomads' in the formation of backpacker identities. In G. Richards & J. Wilson (Eds.), The global nomad: Backpacker travel in theory and practice (pp. 123–145). Buffalo, NY: Channel View Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Riley, P.J. (1988). Road culture of international long-term budget travellers. Annals of Tourism Research, 15, 313–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, J. (2004). Squaring the circle? Some thoughts on the idea of sustainable development. Ecological Economics, 48, 369–384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojek, C. (1993). Ways of escape: Modern transformations in leisure and travel. London: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Rother, F. (2009). Adventures and misadventures with the WWOOF volunteer program. Transitions Abroad. Retrieved 2 October 2012 from http://www.transitionsabroad.com/
   Google Scholar
• Saarinen, J. (2006). Traditions of sustainability in tourism studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(4), 1121–1140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd, R. (2002). Commodification, culture and tourism. Tourist Studies, 2(2), 183–201.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, V. (2001). The culture brokers. In V. Smith & M. Brent (Eds.), Hosts and guests revisited: Tourism issues of the 21st century (pp. 275–282). New York, NY: Cognizant Communications Offices.
   Google Scholar
• Stanford, D. (2008). ‘Exceptional visitors’: Dimensions of tourist responsibility in the context of New Zealand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(3), 258–275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statham, C. (2003). WWOOF to it. Get up and Go (online). Retrieved 2 October 2012 from http://getupandgo.com.au/
   Google Scholar
• Stehlik, T. (2002). Willing workers on organic farms: Cultural exchange and informal adult learning in an organisation that is voluntary, non-profit and environmentally friendly! Australian Journal of Adult Learning, 42(2), 220–226.
   Google Scholar
• Steiner, C., & Reisinger, Y. (2006). Understanding existential authenticity. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(2), 299–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Strong, G. (2008). Regenerative agriculture: The case for dialogue with nature. In T. Lefroy, K. Bailey, G. Unwin & T. Norton (Eds.), Biodiversity: Integrating Conservation and Production (pp. 75–87). Collingwood: CSIRO.
   Google Scholar
• Swarbrooke, J., & Horner, S. (1999). Consumer behaviour in tourism. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. (2001). Authenticity and sincerity in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(1), 7–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tourism Australia. (2006). A uniquely Australian invitation: The experience seeker (Brochure). Canberra: Commonwealth Government of Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Trainor, P. (2008, Jan/Feb). See the country, save the planet. This Magazine, pp. 32–33.
   Google Scholar
• Uriely, N., Reichel, A., & Ron, A. (2003). Volunteering in tourism: Additional thinking. Tourism Recreation Research, 28(3), 57–62.
   Google Scholar
• Vansittart, K. (2002). Helping hands. Canadian Geographic, 122, 38.
   Google Scholar
• Veal, A. (1997). Research methods for leisure and tourism: A practical guide. Great Britain: Pearson Profession Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Wahab, S., & Pigram, J. (1997). The challenge of sustainable tourism growth. In S. Wahab & J. Pigram (Eds.), Tourism, development and growth: The challenge of sustainability (pp. 3–13). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wall, G. (1997). Sustainable tourism – unsustainable development. In S. Wahab & J. Pigram (Eds.), Tourism, development and growth (pp. 33–49). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, J. (1995). A brief history of WWOOF. East Sussex: WWOOF UK.
   Google Scholar
• Wearing, S., Deville, A., & Lyons, K. (2008). The volunteer's journey through leisure into the self. In K. Lyons & S. Wearing (Eds.), Journeys of discovery in volunteer tourism: International case study perspectives (pp. 63–71). Oxfordshire: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Wearing, S., & Wearing, B. (2001). Conceptualizing the selves of tourism. Leisure Studies, 20(2), 143–159.
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, D.B. (2002). The evolving concept of ecotourism and its potential impacts. International Journal of Sustainable Development, 5(3), 251–264.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, J., & Richards, G. (2004). Backpacker icons: Influential literary “nomads” in the formation of backpacker identities. In G. Richards & J. Wilson (Eds.), The global nomad: Backpacker travel in theory and practice (pp. 123–145). Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Woehler, K. (2004). The rediscovery of slowness, or leisure time as one's own and as self-aggrandizement? In K. Weiermair & C. Mathies (Eds.), The tourism and leisure industry: shaping the future (pp. 83–92). New York, NY: Haworth Hospitality Press.
   Google Scholar
• WWOOF Australia. (2008). Guidelines for hosts. Retrieved 23 February 2008 from http://www.wwoof.com.au/WWOOF_host_info.html#Host%20Guidelines
   Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, D., & Engelsted, K.A. (2014). World wide opportunities on organic farms (WWOOF) in the United States: Locations and motivations of volunteer tourism host farms. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(6), 964–982.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar