References
- Aas, C., Ladkin, A., & Fletcher, J. (2005). Stakeholder collaboration and heritage management. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(1), 28–48.
- Afenyo, E.A., & Amuquandoh, F.E. (2014). Who benefits from community-based ecotourism development? Insights from Tafi Atome, Ghana. Tourism Planning and Development, 11(2), 179–190.
- Australian Aid and the Government of Papua New Guinea (2008). Joint Papua New Guinea – Australia Kokoda development program needs assessment mission. Canberra: Australian Government, AusAid.
- Australian Associated Press (2007). Kokoda Trail “to be re-routed”. The Age. Retrieved November 2, 2010, from http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/kokoda-trail-to-be-rerouted/2007/11/01/1193619054792.html
- Australian Associated Press (2009). Missing Kokoda plane wreckage found, The Age. Retrieved August 15, 2010, from http://www.theage.com.au/world/missing-kokoda-plane-wreckage-found-20090812-eh9x.html
- Basu, P.K. (2000). Conflicts and paradoxes in economic development: Tourism in Papua New Guinea. International Journal of Social Economics, 27(7), 907–916.
- Bentrupperbaumer, J.M., Day, T.J., & Reser, J.P. (2006). Uses, meanings, and understandings of values in the environmental and protected area arena: A consideration of World heritage values. Society and Natural Resources, 19(8), 723–741.
- Bhanugopan, R. (2001). Tourism development in Papua New Guinea: Strategies for success. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 6(2), 65–73.
- Blackstock, K. (2005). A critical look at community based tourism. Community Development Journal, 40(1), 39–49.
- Borrini-Feyerabend, G., Johnston, J., & Pansky, D. (2006). Governance of protected areas. In M. Lockwood, G. Worboys, & A. Kothari (Eds.), Managing protected areas: A global guide (pp. 116–145). Sterling, VA: Earthscan.
- Bott, A., Grabowski, S., & Wearing, S. (2011). Stakeholder collaboration in a prospective World heritage area: The case of Kokoda & the Owen Stanley Ranges. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 3(2), 35–54.
- Brohman, J. (1996). New directions in tourism for Third World development. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(1), 48–70.
- Carlsen, J. (2012). The economic significance of the trekking on the Kokoda Track, PNG in 2011 (Report to the Kokoda Track Authority). Perth: Curtin Sustainable Tourism Centre, Curtin University.
- Chambers, R. (1983). Rural development: Putting the last first. London: Longman.
- Chambers, R. (1997). Whose reality counts? Putting the first last. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
- Chambers, R. (2011). Rapid and Participatory Rural Appraisal: Notes on practical approaches and methods. Hyderabad: College of India.
- Coppock, D.L., Tezera, S., Eba, B., Doyo, J., Tadele, D., Teshome, D., … Guru, M. (2014). Sustainable pastoralism in Ethiopia: Preliminary results from participatory community assessments on the north-central Borana Plateau. ENVS Faculty Publications. Retrieved August 20, 2015, from http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/envs_facpub/902
- Cornwall, A., & Pratt, G. (2011). The use and abuse of Participatory Rural Appraisal: Reflections from practice. Agriculture and Human Values, 28(2), 263–272.
- Department of Environment and Conservation (2011). A protected area policy for a national protected area system for Papua New Guinea. Port Moresby: Author.
- Department of Environment and Conservation & Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (2012). Kokoda Initiative Annual Report 2011–2012. Retrieved February 4, 2016, from https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/9d4ebe0d-e336-4368-a278-487a795240b4/files/11-12-annrep.pdf
- Department of Environment Water Heritage and the Arts (2010). The Kokoda initiative. Canberra: Australian Government. Retrieved November 2, 2010, from http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/international-projects/kokoda/kokoda-initiative.html
- Dernoi, L.A. (1988). Alternative or community-based tourism. In L. D'Amore & J. Jafari (Eds.), Tourism – a vital force for peace (pp. 89–94). Vancouver: D'Amore and Associates.
- Garcia, H.J.D., Pinto-Rodrigues, M.M., Gibbon, H., Bernaudat, L., & Omedo, G. (2013. Demonstrating the adoption and linkages of global best available practices and technologies (BAPs/BATs) in reducing land based pollution in the Collaborative Actions for Sustainable Tourism (COAST) project in Kenya, Mozambique and Tanzania. Environmental Development, 7(1), 80–87.
- Goodwin, H., & Roe, D. (2001). Tourism, livelihoods and protected areas: Opportunities for fairtrade tourism in and around National parks. International Journal of Tourism Research, 3(5), 377–391.
- Gosarevski, S., Hughes, H., & Windybank, S. (2004). Is Papua New Guinea viable? Pacific Economic Bulletin, 19(1), 134–148.
- Grabowski, S. (2010). Ecotrekking markets: The development of tourism on the Kokoda track. Saarbrücken: Lambert Academic.
- Guaigu, G., Prideaux, B., & Pryce, J. (2012). Governance and tourism policy in Papua New Guinea (PNG) – an evaluation. CAUTHE 2012: The new golden age of tourism and hospitality; Book 1; Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference (pp. 216–229). Melbourne: La Trobe University.
- Hampton, M.P. (2005). Heritage, local communities and economic development. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(3), 735–759.
- Imbal, J. (2010, May). Contemporary challenges facing the development and management of culture tourism in Papua New Guinea. Contemporary PNG Studies, 12, 12–28.
- Independent Consumer and Competition Commission (2006). Issues paper PNG tourism industry review 30 May 2006. Boroko: Author. Retrieved August 15, 2010, from www.iccc.gov.pg/docs/Tourism%20Issues%20Paper%20%20Final.pdf
- Jamal, T., & Getz, D. (1995). Collaboration theory and community tourism planning. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(1), 186–204.
- Jamal, T., & Stronza, A. (2009). Collaboration theory and tourism practice in protected areas: Stakeholders, structuring and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(2), 169–189.
- Jones, S. (2005). Community-based ecotourism: The significance of social capital. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(2), 303–324.
- Kokoda Track Foundation (2006). Eco-trekking Kokoda: A plan for sustainable tourism. Retrieved February 4, 2016, from http://wwf.panda.org/?140861/The-Kokoda-Track-Foundation-Eco-trekking-Kokoda-A-Plan-for-Sustainable-Tourism
- Kokoda Track Foundation (2012). Annual report for the financial year ended 31 December 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2016, from https://ktf.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/KTF-2012-Financial-Statements.pdf
- Kontogeorgopoulos, N. (2005). Community-based ecotourism in Phuket and Ao Phangnga, Thailand: Partial victories and bittersweet remedies. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 13(1), 4–23.
- Lew, A.A., Hall, C.M., & Williams, A.M. (2004). A companion to tourism. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Lockwood, M., Worboys, G., & Kothari, A. (2006). Managing protected areas: A global guide. Trowbridge: CSIRO.
- Maalim, A.D. (2006). Participatory rural appraisal techniques in disenfranchised communities: A Kenyan case study. International Nursing Review, 53(3), 178–188.
- Mbaiwa, J.E. (2011). Changes on traditional livelihood activities and lifestyles caused by tourism development in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Tourism Management, 32(5), 1050–1060.
- Mbaiwa, J.E., & Stronza, A.L. (2010). The effects of tourism development on rural livelihoods in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(5), 635–656.
- Millar, S. (2006). Stakeholders and community participation. In A. Leask & A. Fyall (Eds.), Managing world heritage sites (pp. 37–55). Oxford: Elsevier.
- Milne, S., & Ateljevic, I. (2001). Tourism, economic development and the global–local nexus: Theory embracing complexity. Tourism Geographies, 3(4), 369–393.
- Mitchell, R.K., Agle, B.R., & Wood, D.J. (1997). Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review, 22(4), 853–886.
- Mowforth, M., & Munt, I. (2003). Tourism and sustainability: Development and new tourism in the Third World (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Nursey-Bray, M. (2006). Conflict to co-management: Eating our words: Towards socially just conservation of green turtles and dugongs in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Cairns: James Cook University.
- Pearce, D.G. (1992). Alternative tourism: Concepts, classifications, and questions. In V.L. Smith & W.R. Eadington (Eds.), Tourism alternatives: Potentials and problems in the development of tourism (pp. 18–30). New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
- Pigram, J.J., & Wahab, S. (1997). Sustainable tourism in a changing world. Tourism, development and growth: The Challenge of Sustainability (pp. 17–32). New York: Routledge.
- PPT Partnerships (2004). Sheet NO8 policy instruments supporting pro poor tourism. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from http://www.propoortourism.org.uk/ppt_pubs_infosheets.htm
- Reed, M.G. (1997). Power relations and community-based tourism planning. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(3), 566–591.
- Reggers, A. (2014). Communities, co-management and world heritage: The case of Kokoda (Doctoral dissertation). University of Technology Sydney.
- Reggers, A., Schweinsberg, S., & Wearing, S. (2013). Understanding stakeholder values in co-management arrangements for protected area establishment on the Kokoda Track, Papua New Guinea. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 31(3), 45.
- Ricaurte, L., Wantzen, K., Agudelo, E., Betancourt, B., & Jokela, J. (2014). Participatory rural appraisal of ecosystem services of wetlands in the Amazonian Piedmont of Colombia: Elements for a sustainable management concept. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 22(4), 343–361.
- Rifkin, S.B. (1996). Rapid rural appraisal: Its use and value for health planners and managers. Public Administration, 47(3), 509–526.
- Sakata, H., & Prideaux, B. (2013). An alternative approach to community-based ecotourism: A bottom-up locally initiated non-monetised project in Papua New Guinea. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(6), 880–899.
- Salazar, N.B. (2012). Community-based cultural tourism: Issues, threats and opportunities. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(1), 9–22.
- Scheyvens, R. (1999). Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism Management, 20(2), 245—249.
- Scheyvens, R. (2002). Tourism for development: Empowering communities. Essex: Pearson Education.
- Scheyvens, R., & Russell, M. (2012). Tourism, land tenure and poverty alleviation in Fiji. Tourism Geographies, 14(1), 1–25.
- Schieffelin, E., & Crittenden, R. (Eds.). (1991). Like people you see in a dream: First contact in Six Papuan societies. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Silverman, D. (2010). Doing qualitative research (3rd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage.
- Sofield, T.H.B. (2003). Empowerment for sustainable tourism development (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Pergamon.
- Taylor, G. (1995). The community approach: Does it really work? Tourism Management, 16(7), 487–489.
- Timur, S., & Getz, D. (2008). A network perspective on managing stakeholders for sustainable urban tourism. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(4), 445–461.
- Townsend, J. (2009). Development update ecotourism. Geography Review, 22(4), 34–35.
- TRIP Consultants (2007). Kokoda track sustainable development plan scoping study (Draft Report). Prepared for IFC PEP-Pacific.
- van der Ploeg, J., Araño, R.R., & van Weerd, M. (2011). What local people think about crocodiles: Challenging environmental policy narratives in the Philippines. Journal of Environment and Development, 20(3), 303–328.
- von der Weppen, J., & Cochrane, J. (2012). Social enterprises in tourism: An exploratory study of operational models and success factors. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3), 497–511.
- Wearing, S., Grabowski, S., Chatterton, P., & Ponting, J. (2009). Participatory planning for eco-trekking on a potential World heritage site: The communities of the Kokoda Track. Pacific Economic Bulletin, 24(3), 101–117.
- Wearing, S., & McDonald, M. (2002a). The development of community-based tourism: Re-thinking the relationship between tour operators and development agents as intermediaries in rural and isolated area communities. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10(3), 191–206.
- Wearing, S., & McDonald, M. (2002b). The development of community based tourism: Re-thinking the relationship between intermediaries and the rural and isolated area communities. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10(2), 31–45.
- Wearing, S., Wearing, M., & McDonald, M. (2010). Understanding local power and interactional processes in sustainable tourism: Exploring village–tour operator relations on the Kokoda Track, Papua New Guinea. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(1), 61–76.
- Williams, P., Singh, T., & Schluter, R. (2001). Mountain ecotourism: Creating a sustainable future. In D. Weaver (Ed.), The encyclopaedia of ecotourism (pp. 205–218). New York, NY: CABI.
- Xi, J., Zhao, M., Ge, Q., & Kong, Q. (2014). Changes in land use of a village driven by over 25 years of tourism: The case of Gougezhuang village, China. Land Use Policy, 40, 119–130.