7,037
Views
22
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Contradictions of capitalism in the South African Kalahari: Indigenous Bushmen, their brand and baasskap in tourism

Pages 1211-1226 | Received 22 Mar 2015, Accepted 22 Feb 2016, Published online: 29 Mar 2016

References

  • African Safari Lodge Foundation. (2011, April/May). Khomani San, Northern Cape. The African Safari Lodge Foundation Newsletter , pp. 3–4.
  • Akama, J. (2002). The creation of the Maasai image and tourism development in Kenya. In J. Akama & P. Sterry (Eds.), Cultural tourism in Africa: Strategies for the new millennium (pp. 43–53). Mombasa/Arnhem : ATLAS.
  • Akama, J., & Kieti, D. (2007). Tourism and socio-economic development in developing countries: A case study of Mombasa Resort in Kenya. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15 (6), 735–748.
  • Béteille, A. (1998). The idea of Indigenous people. Current Anthropology, 39 (2), 187–192.
  • Bianchi, R.V. (2004). Tourism restructuring and the politics of sustainability: A critical view from the European periphery (the Canary Islands). Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 12 (6), 495–529.
  • Bramwell, B. , & Lane, B. (2001). Editorial. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9 (1), 1–3.
  • Brockington, D. , Duffy, R. , & Igoe, J. (2008). Nature unbound: Conservation, capitalism and the future of protected areas . London : Earthscan.
  • Brooks, S. , Spierenburg, M. , & Wels, H. (2012). The organization of hypocrisy? Juxtaposing tourists & farm dwellers in game farming in South Africa. In W.E.A. Van Beek & A. Schmidt (Eds.), African hosts & their guests: Cultural dynamics of tourism (pp. 201–222). Woodbridge, Suffolk : James Currey.
  • Carrier, J. , & West, P. (2004). Ecotourism and authenticity: Getting away from it all? Current Anthropology, 45 (4), 483–498.
  • Cater, E. (2006). Ecotourism as a Western construct. Journal of Ecotourism, 5 (1–2), 23–39.
  • Comaroff, J. , & Comaroff, J.L. (2001). Millennial capitalism: First thoughts on a second coming. In J. Comaroff & J.L. Comaroff (Eds.), Millennial capitalism and the culture of neoliberalism (pp. 1–56). London : Duke University Press.
  • Comaroff, J.L. , & Comaroff, J. (2009). Ethnicity, Inc. Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press.
  • Dieckmann, U. (2007). Hai//om in the Etosha region: A history of colonial settlement, ethnicity and nature conservation . Basel : Basler Afrika Bibliographien.
  • Du Toit, A. (1994). Farm workers and the “agrarian question”. Review of African Political Economy, 21 (61), 375–388.
  • Du Toit, A. (2008). Living on the margins: The social dynamics of economic marginalisation. Development Southern Africa, 25 (2), 135–150.
  • Duffy, R. (2008). Neoliberalising nature: Global networks and ecotourism development in Madagascar. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16 (3), 327–344.
  • Dyll, L. (2009). Community development strategies in the Kalahari: An expression of modernization's monologue? In P. Hottola (Ed.), Tourism strategies and local responses in Southern Africa (pp. 41–60). Wallingford, CT : CAB International.
  • Dyll-Myklebust, L. (2012). Public-private-community partnership model for participatory lodge (tourism) development. In K.G. Tomaselli (Ed.), Cultural tourism and identity: Rethinking indigeneity (pp. 179–214). Leiden : Brill.
  • Dyll-Myklebust, L. (2014). Development narratives: The value of multiple voices and ontologies in Kalahari research. Critical Arts, 28 (3), 521–538.
  • Dyll-Myklebust, L. , & Finlay, K. (2012). Action (marketing) research and paradigms in partnership: A critical analysis of !Xaus lodge. In K.G. Tomaselli (Ed.), Cultural tourism and identity: Rethinking indigeneity (pp. 119–136). Leiden : Brill.
  • Ellis, W. (2014). Simulacral, genealogical, auratic and representational failure: Bushman authenticity as methodological collapse. Critical Arts, 28 (3), 493–520.
  • Fennell, D.A. (2008). Ecotourism and the myth of Indigenous stewardship. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16 (2), 129–149.
  • Ferguson, J. (2006). Global shadows: Africa in the neoliberal world order . London : Duke University Press.
  • Finlay, K. , & Barnabas, S. (2012). Kom 'n bietjie kuier: Kalahari dreaming with the ≠Khomani San. In W. van Beek , & A. Schmidt (Eds.), African hosts & their guests: Cultural dynamics of tourism (pp. 137–152). Woodbridge, Suffolk : James Currey.
  • Fletcher, R. (2009). Ecotourism discourse: Challenging the stakeholders theory. Journal of Ecotourism, 8 (3), 269–285.
  • Fletcher, R. (2011). Sustaining tourism, sustaining capitalism? The tourism industry's role in global capitalist expansion. Tourism Geographies, 13 (3), 443–461.
  • Fletcher, R. , & Neves, K. (2012). Contradictions in tourism: The promise and pitfalls of ecotourism as a manifold capitalist fix. Environment and Society: Advances in Research, 3 (1), 60–77.
  • Garland, E. , & Gordon, R.J. (1999). The authentic (in)authentic: Bushman anthro‐tourism. Visual Anthropology, 12 (2–3), 267–287.
  • Gibbon, P. , Daviron, B. , & Barral, S. (2014). Lineages of paternalism: An introduction. Journal of Agrarian Change, 14 (2), 165–189.
  • Gordon, R.J. , & Douglas, S.S. (2000). The bushman myth: The making of a Namibian underclass (2nd ed.). Boulder, CO : Westview Press.
  • Grant, J. (2011). Rural development in practice? The experience of the ≠Khomani bushmen in the Northern Cape, South Africa (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh .
  • Guenther, M. (1996). From “lords of the desert” to “rubbish people”: The colonial and contemporary state of the Nharo of Botswana. In P. Skotnes (Ed.), Miscast: Negotiating the presence of the bushmen (pp. 225–237). Cape Town : University of Cape Town Press.
  • Harvey, D. (2005). A brief history of neoliberalism . Oxford : Oxford University Press.
  • Haug, M. (2007). Indigenous people, tourism and development? The San people's involvement in community-based tourism (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Tromsø, Tromsø .
  • Hüncke, A. & Koot, S. (2012). The presentation of bushmen in cultural tourism: Tourists’ images of bushmen and the tourism provider's presentation of (Hai//om) bushmen at Treesleeper Camp, Namibia. Critical Arts , 26 (5), 671–689.
  • Klein, N. (2007). The shock doctrine: The rise of disaster capitalism . Toronto : Vintage Canada.
  • Koot, S. (2012). Treesleeper Camp: A case study of a community tourism project in Tsintsabis, Namibia. In W.E.A. Van Beek, & A. Schmidt (Eds.), African hosts & their guests: Cultural dynamics of tourism (pp. 153–175). Woodbridge, Suffolk : James Currey.
  • Koot, S. (2013). Dwelling in tourism: Power and myth amongst Bushmen in Southern Africa (PhD dissertation). African Studies Centre, Leiden .
  • Koot, S. (2015). White Namibians in tourism and the politics of belonging through Bushmen. Anthropology Southern Africa, 38 (1–2), 4–15.
  • Koot, S. (in press-a). Perpetuating power through autoethnography: My unawareness of research and memories of paternalism among the Indigenous Hai//om in Namibia. Critical Arts .
  • Koot, S. (in press-b). Cultural ecotourism as an Indigenous modernity: Namibian Bushmen and two contradictions of capitalism. In H. Kopnina & E. Shoreman-Ouimet (Eds.), International Handbook of Environmental Anthropology . Routledge.
  • Koot, S. (in press-c). The Bushman brand in southern African tourism: An Indigenous modernity in a neoliberal political economy. Senri Ethnological Studies .
  • Kotz, D.M. (2003, May 5–8). Socialism and global neoliberal capitalism . Paper presented at the international conference: The works of Karl Marx and challenges for the XXI century, Havana, Cuba .
  • Kuper, A. (2003). The return of the native. Current Anthropology, 44 (3), 389–402.
  • Lanfant, M. (1995). Introduction. In M. Lanfant , J.B. Allcock , & E.M. Bruner (Eds.), International tourism: Identity and change (pp. 1–23). London : Sage.
  • MacCannell, D. (1976). The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class . Los Angeles, CA : University of California Press.
  • Massyn, J. , Humphrey, E. , Grossman, D. , Holden, P. , & Dierkes, K. (2010). Tourism development plan: ≠Khomani San community. Parkview : The African Safari Lodge Foundation.
  • Mezias, S. , & Fakhreddin, M. (2013). !Xaus lodge: From white elephant to heart of the community (INSEAD, The Business School for the World). Retrieved 20 February 2016 from http://www.thecasecentre.org/.
  • Peet, R. (2002). Ideology, discourse, and the geography of hegemony: From socialist to neoliberal development in post-apartheid South Africa. Antipode, 34 (1), 54–84.
  • Plotkin, H.C. (2002). The imagined world made real: Towards a natural science of culture . London : Rutgers University Press.
  • Robins, S. , Madzudzo, E. , & Brenzinger, M. (2001). An assessment of the status of the San in South Africa, Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe . Windhoek : Legal Assistance Centre.
  • Roger, S. (1991). Gramsci's political thought: An introduction . London : Lawrence and Wishart.
  • Rutherford, B.A. (2001). Working on the margins: Black workers, white farmers in postcolonial Zimbabwe . London : Zed Books.
  • Saarinen, J. (2008). Special issue: Tourism in transition economies. Tourism Geographies, 10 (4), 409.
  • Saugestad, S. (2001). The inconvenient Indigenous: Remote area development in Botswana, donor assistance and the first people of the Kalahari . Borås : Nordic Africa Institute.
  • Schenck, M. (2008). Land, water, truth, and love: Visions of identity and land access: From Bain's Bushmen to ≠Khomani San (Unpublished bachelor's thesis). Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA .
  • Spierenburg, M. , Wels, H. , Van der Waal, K. , & Robins, S. (2009). Trans-frontier tourism and relations between local communities and the private sector in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park. In P. Hottola (Ed.), Tourism strategies and local responses in Southern Africa (pp. 167–182). Wallingford, CT : CAB International.
  • Suzman, J. (2000). “Things from the bush”: A contemporary history of the Omaheke Bushmen . Basel : P. Schlettwein Publishing.
  • Sylvain, R. (2001). Bushmen, boers and baasskap: Patriarchy and paternalism on Afrikaner farms in the Omaheke region, Namibia. Journal of Southern African Studies, 27 (4), 717–737.
  • Sylvain, R. (2002). “Land, water, and truth”: San identity and global indigenism. American Anthropologist, 104 (4), 1074–1085.
  • Tangri, R. , & Southall, R. (2008). The politics of black economic empowerment in South Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies, 34 (3), 699–716.
  • Tomaselli, K.G. (2012a). The !Xaus lodge experience: Matters arising. In K.G. Tomaselli (Ed.), Cultural tourism and identity: Rethinking indigeneity (pp. 163–178). Leiden : Brill.
  • Tomaselli, K.G. (2012b). “Die geld is Op”–Storytelling, business and development strategies. In K.G. Tomaselli (Ed.), Cultural tourism and identity: Rethinking indigeneity (pp. 1–15). Leiden : Brill.
  • Tomaselli, K.G. (Ed.). (2012c). Cultural tourism and identity: Rethinking indigeneity . Leiden : Brill.
  • Tomaselli, K.G. (2012d). Making sense of the Indigenous: Who's looking at whom? In K.G. Tomaselli (Ed.), Cultural tourism and identity: Rethinking indigeneity (pp. 17–28). Leiden : Brill.
  • Urry, J. (2002). The tourist gaze (2nd ed.). London : Sage.
  • Van Beek, W. (2011). Cultural models of power in Africa. In J. Abbink & M. De Bruijn (Eds.), Land, law and politics in Africa: Mediating conflict and reshaping the state (pp. 25–48). Leiden : Brill.
  • Van Dijk, T.A. (2001). Critical discourse analysis. In D. Schiffrin , D. Tannen , & H.E. Hamilton (Eds.), The handbook of discourse analysis (pp. 352–371). Oxford : Blackwell.
  • Van Onselen, C. (1990). Race and class in the South African countryside: Cultural osmosis and social relations in the sharecropping economy of the South Western Transvaal, 1900-1950. The American Historical Review, 95 (1), 99–123.
  • Wels, H. (2004). About romance and reality: Popular European imagery in postcolonial tourism in southern Africa. In M. Hall & H. Tucker (Eds.), Tourism and postcolonialism: Contested discourses, identities and representations (pp. 76–94). New York, NY : Routledge.
  • White, H. (1995). In the tradition of the forefathers: Bushman traditionality at Kagga Kamma . Rondebosch : University of Cape Town Press.
  • Ypeij, A. (2012). Afterword: Trouble in the bubble: Comparing African tourism with the Andes trail. In W.E.A. Van Beek and A. Schmidt (Eds.), African hosts & their guests: Cultural dynamics of tourism (pp. 316–323). Woodbridge, Suffolk : James Currey.