Tourism communities and social ties: the role of online and offline tourist social networks in building social capital and sustainable practice

References

• Aguiléra, A., Guillot, C., & Rallet, A. (2012). Mobile ICTs and physical mobility: Review and research agenda. Transportation Research Part A, 46, 664–672.
   Google Scholar
• Albinsson, P.A., & Perera, B.Y. (2012). Alternative marketplaces in the 21st century: Building community through sharing events. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 11, 303–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axhausen, K.W. (2005). A dynamic understanding of travel demand: A sketch. Zürich: Institut für Verkehrsplanung, Transporttechnik, Strassen und Eisenbahnbau (IVT).
   Google Scholar
• Bauman, Z. (2000). Liquid modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, S.W., & Kwak, N. (2011). Mobile communication and civil society: Linking patterns and places of use to engagement with others in public. Human Communication Research, 37, 207–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrasco, J.A., & Cid-Aguayo, B. (2012). Network capital, social networks, and travel: An empirical illustration from Concepción, Chile. Environment and Planning A, 44(5), 1066–1084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrasco, J.A., Hogan, B., Wellman, B., & Miller, E.J. (2008). Collecting social network data to study social activity-travel behavior: An egocentric approach. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 35(6), 961–980.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, H.S.C., & Murray, I. (2010). Resident attitudes towards sustainable community tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(4), 575–594.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clawson, M., & Knetsch, J.L. (1966). Economics of outdoor education. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, J.S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94 (Supplement: Organizations and Institutions: Sociological and Economic Approaches to the Analysis of Social Structure), S95–S120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couclelis, H. (2009). Rethinking time geography in the information age. Environment and Planning A, 41, 1556–1575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie, G., & Stanley, J. (2008). Investigating links between social capital and public transport. Transport Reviews, 28(4), 529–547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson, J.E., Cherrett, T., Hibbert, J., Winstanley, C., Shingleton, D., Davies, N., … Speed, C. (2015). Fundamental challenges in designing a collaborative travel app. Transport Policy, 44, 28–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson, J.E., Filimonau, V., Cherrett, T., Davies, N., Norgate, S., Speed, C., & Winstanley, C. (2013). Understanding temporal rhythms and travel behaviour at destinations: Potential ways to achieve more sustainable travel. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(7), 1070–1090.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EuroStat. (2010). Camping holidays in the European Union. Retrieved 13 April 2016 from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-statistics-in-focus/-/KS-SF-10-025
   Google Scholar
• EuroStat. (2016). Tourism statistics at regional level. Retrieved 13 April 2016 from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Tourism_statistics_at_regional_level
   Google Scholar
• Fortunati, L., Taipale, S., & de Luca, F. (2013). What happened to body-to-body sociability? Social Science Research, 42, 893–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frith, J. (2012). Splintered space: Hybrid spaces and differential mobility. Mobilities, 7(1), 131–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Germann Molz, J., & Paris, C. (2015). The social affordances of flashpacking: Exploring the mobility nexus of travel and communication. Mobilities, 10(2), 173–192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles, D.C. (2002). Advanced research methods in psychology. Hove: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gouldner, A.W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25(2), 161–178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granovetter, M.S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guba, E.G., & Lincoln, Y.S. (1998). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N.K. Denzin & Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), The landscape of qualitative research: Theories and issues (pp. 195–220). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, C.M. (2013). Framing behavioural approaches to understanding and governing sustainable tourism consumption: Beyond neoliberalism, “nudging” and “green growth”? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(7), 1091–1109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, C.M., & Weiler, B. (1992). Special-interest tourism. London: Belhaven Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hampton, K.M. (2016). Persistent and pervasive community: New communication technologies and the future of community. American Behavioral Scientist, 60(1) 101–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampton, K.N., Lee, C., & Her, E.J. (2013). How new media affords network diversity: Direct and mediated access to social capital through participation in local social settings. New Media & Society, 13(7) 1031–1049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannam, K., Sheller, M., & Urry, J. (2006). Mobilities, immobilities and moorings. Mobilities, 1(1), 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Hibbert, J.F, Dickinson, J.E., & Curtin, S. (2013). Understanding the influence of interpersonal relationships on identity and tourism travel. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 24(1), 30–39.
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys, L. (2010). Mobile social networks and urban public space. New Media & Society, 12(5), 763–778.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John, P., Fieldhouse, E., & Liu, H. (2011). How civic is the civic culture? Explaining community participation using the 2005 English citizenship survey. Political Studies, 59, 230–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julien, C. (2015). Bourdieu, social capital and online interaction. Sociology, 49(2), 356–373.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufmann, V., Bergman, M.M., & Joye, D. (2004). Motility: Mobility as capital. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 28(4), 745–756.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempen, R., & Wissink, B. (2014). Between places and flows: Towards a new agenda for neighbourhood research in an age of mobility. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 96(2), 95–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krippendorf, J. (1987). The holiday makers: Understanding the impact of leisure and travel. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Lampinen, A., Lehtinen, V., Cheshire, C., & Suhonen, E. (2013). Indebtedness and reciprocity in local online exchange. In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW '13) (pp. 661–672). New York, NY: ACM. Retrieved 14 April 2016 from http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2441776.2441850
   Google Scholar
• Lemos, A. (2010). Post–mass media functions, locative media, and informational territories: New ways of thinking about territory, place, and mobility in contemporary society. Space and Culture, 13(4), 403–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovejoy, J., & Handy, S. (2011). Social networks as a source of private-vehicle transportation: The practice of getting rides and borrowing vehicles among Mexican immigrants in California. Transportation Research Part A, 45, 248–257.
   Google Scholar
• Marcous, J.-S. (2009). Escaping the gift economy. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(4), 671–685.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milano, R., Baggio, R., & Piattelli, R. (2011). The effects of online social media on tourism websites. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism, 11, 471–483.
   Google Scholar
• Munar, A.M., & Jacobsen, J.K.S. (2014). Motivations for sharing tourism experiences through social media. Tourism Management, 43, 46–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obrador, P. (2012). The place of the family in tourism research: Domesticity and thick sociality by the pool. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 401–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obrador Pons, P. (2009). The Mediterranean pool: Cultivating hospitality in the coastal hotel. In M. Crang & P. Travlou (Eds.), Cultures of mass tourism: Doing the Mediterranean in the age of banal mobilities (pp. 91–109). Farnham: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Ohmer, M.L. (2010). How theory and research inform citizen participation in poor communities: The ecological perspective and theories on self- and collective efficacy and sense of community. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 20, 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Ohnmacht, T. (2009). Social-activity travel: Do the ‘strong-tie relationships’ of a person exist in the same community? The case of Switzerland. Environment and Planning A, 41(12), 3003–3022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paris, C. (2010). The virtualization of backpacker culture: Virtual moorings, sustained interaction and enhanced mobilitites. In K. Hannam & A. Diekmann (Eds.), Beyond backpacker tourism: Mobilities and experiences (pp. 40–63). Bristol: Channel View Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Plickert, G., Côté, R.R., & Wellman, B. (2007). It's not who you know, it's how you know them: Who exchanges what with whom? Social Networks, 29, 405–429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portes, A. (1998). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 1–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam, R.D. (1995). Bowling alone: America's declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6(1), 65–78.
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, R.D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen, D., Lafontaine, P.R., & Hendrickson, B. (2011). CouchSurfing: Belonging and trust in a globally cooperative online social network. New Media & Society, 13(6), 981–998.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2010). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30, 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheller, M. (2004). Mobile publics: Beyond the network perspective. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 22, 39–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suhonen, E., Lampinen, A., Cheshire, C., & Antin, J. (2010). Everyday favors: A case study of a local online gift exchange system. Proceedings of the 16th ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work (GROUP '10). New York, NY: ACM. Retrieved 14 April 2016 from http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1880071.1880074
   Google Scholar
• Tindall, D., & Wellman, B. (2001). Canada as social structure: Social network analysis and Canadian sociology. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 26, 265–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosun, C. (2006). Expected nature of community participation in tourism development. Tourism Management, 27(3), 493–504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urry, J. (2003). Social networks, travel and talk. British Journal of Sociology, 54(2), 155–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urry, J. (2007). Mobilities. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, D., Xiang, Z., & Fesenmaier, D.R. (2014). Adapting to the mobile world: A model of smartphone use. Annals of Tourism Research, 48, 11–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellman, B. (2001). Physical place and cyberplace: The rise of personalized networking. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 25(2), 227–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellman, B., Quan-Haase, A., Boase, J., Chen, W., Hampton, K., Diaz, I., & Miyata, K. (2003). The social affordances of the internet for networked individualism. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 8(3). doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2003.tb00216.x
   Google Scholar
• Wellman, B., & Wortley, S. (1990). Different strokes from different folks: Community ties and social support. American Journal of Sociology, 96(3), 558–588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, H. (1992). Identity and control: A structural theory of social action. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• White, N.R., & White, P.B. (2007). Home and away: Tourists in a connected world. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(1), 88–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilken, R. (2010). A community of strangers? Mobile media, art, tactility and urban encounters with the other. Mobilities, 5(4), 449–468.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittel, A. (2001). Toward a network sociality. Theory, Culture & Society, 18(6), 51–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar