3,448
Views
79
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Tourists' perceptions of responsibility: an application of norm-activation theory

, &
Pages 276-291 | Received 15 Jun 2015, Accepted 12 Jun 2016, Published online: 08 Jul 2016

References

  • Alessa, L., Bennett, S.M., & Kliskey, A.D. (2003). Effects of knowledge, personal attribution and perception of ecosystem health on depreciative behaviours in the intertidal zone of Pacific Rim National Park and Reserve. Journal of Environmental Management, 68(2), 207–218.
  • Andereck, K.L., Valentine, K.M., Knopf, R.C., & Vogt, C.A. (2005). Residents' perceptions of community tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(4), 1056–1076.
  • Ap, J., & Crompton, J.L. (1998). Developing and testing a tourism impact scale. Journal of Travel Research, 37(2), 120–130.
  • Aronson, E., Wilson, T.D., & Akert, R.M. (2005). Social psychology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Bamberg, S., & Schmidt, P. (2003). Incentives, morality, or habit? Predicting students' car use for university routes with the models of Ajzen, Schwartz, and Triandis. Environment and Behaviour, 35(2), 264–285.
  • Baron, J. (1997). The illusion of morality as self-interest: A reason to cooperate in social dilemmas. Psychological Science, 8(4), 330–335.
  • Batson, C.D., Thompson, E.R., & Chen, H. (2002). Moral hypocrisy: Addressing some alternatives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(2), 330–339.
  • Bernard, R. (2006). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Lanham, MD: Alta Mira.
  • Bianchi, R.V. (2004). Tourism restructuring and the politics of sustainability: A critical view from the European periphery (The Canary Islands). Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 12(6), 495–529.
  • Black, J.S., Stern, P.C., & Elworth, J.T. (1985). Personal and contextual influences on household energy adaptations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70(1), 3–21.
  • Blackstock, K.L., White, V., McCrum, G., Scott, A., & Hunter, C. (2008). Measuring responsibility: An appraisal of a Scottish national park's sustainable tourism indicators. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(3), 276–297.
  • Boluk, K., & Weeden, C. (2014). Concluding remarks. In C. Weeden & K. Boluk (Eds.), Managing ethical consumption in tourism (pp. 240–247). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Bratt, C. (1999). The impact of norms and assumed consequences on recycling behaviour. Environment and Behaviour, 31(5), 630–656.
  • Brown, T.J. (1999). Antecedents of culturally significant tourist behaviour. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(3), 676–700.
  • Budeanu, A. (2007). Sustainable tourist behaviour – a discussion of opportunities for change. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31(5), 499–508.
  • Budeanu, A., & Emtairah, T. (2014). A fresh look into tourist consumption: Is there hope for sustainability? An empirical study of Swedish tourists. In C. Weeden & K. Boluk (Eds.), Managing ethical consumption in tourism (pp. 83–103). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Burger, J. (1998). Attitudes about recreation, environmental problems, and estuarine health along the New Jersey shore, USA. Environmental Management, 22(6), 869–876.
  • Byrd, E.T. (1997). Barriers to rural tourism: A comparison of the perceptions of the host community, local business owners, and tourists (Master's thesis). North Carolina State University, Raleigh.
  • Caruana, R., Glozer, S., Crane, A., & McCabe, S. (2014). Tourists' accounts of responsible tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 46, 115–129.
  • Caton, K. (2012). Taking the moral turn in tourism studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(4), 1906–1928.
  • Chambers, E. (2000). Native tours: The anthropology of travel and tourism. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
  • Chang, J., Wall, G., & Chu, S.T. (2006). Novelty seeking at aboriginal attractions. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(3), 729–747.
  • Cheng, D., Zhou, R., & Li, S.F. (2015, February 13). China focus: China will take hard measures to stop bad tourist behaviours. Xinhua News. Retrieved 1 June 2016 from http://www.news.xinhuanet.com
  • Chiu, Y.H., Lee, W., & Chen, T. (2014). Environmentally responsible behaviour in ecotourism: Antecedents and implications. Tourism Management, 40, 321–329.
  • Churchill Jr, G.A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64–73.
  • Cleverdon, R., & Kalisch, A. (2000). Fair trade in tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2(3), 171–187.
  • Curtin, S., & Busby, G. (1999). Sustainable destination development: The tour operator perspective. International Journal of Tourism Research, 1(2), 135–147.
  • De Groot, J.I., & Steg, L. (2009). Morality and prosocial behaviour: The role of awareness, responsibility, and norms in the Norm Activation Model. The Journal of social psychology, 149(4), 425–449.
  • De Ruyter, K., & Wetzels, M. (2000). With a little help from my fans – extending models of prosocial behaviour to explain “supporters” intentions to buy soccer club shares. Journal of Economic Psychology, 21, 387–409.
  • DeVellis, R.F. (2012). Scale development: Theory and applications (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Sage.
  • Dewhurst, H., & Thomas, R. (2003). Encouraging sustainable business practices in a non-regulatory environment: A case study of small tourism firms in a UK national park. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11(5), 383–403.
  • Dodds, R. (2007). Sustainable tourism and policy implementation: Lessons from the case of Calviá, Spain. Current Issues in Tourism, 10(4), 296–322.
  • Dodds, R., & Kuehnel, J. (2010). CSR among Canadian mass tour operators: Good awareness but little action. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22(2), 221–244.
  • Duerden, M.D., & Witt, P.A. (2010). The impact of direct and indirect experiences on the development of environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 379–392.
  • Eden, S.E. (1993). Individual environmental responsibility and its role in public environmentalism. Environment and Planning, 25, 1743–1758.
  • Farmaki, A., Constanti, P., & Yiasemi, I. (2014). Responsible tourism in Cyprus: The rhetoric and the reality. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 6(1), 10–26.
  • Fennell, D.A. (2008). Responsible tourism: A Kierkegaardian interpretation. Tourism Recreation Research, 33(1), 3–12.
  • Forsyth, T. (1997). Environmental responsibility and business regulation: The case of sustainable tourism. Geographical Journal, 163(3), 270–280.
  • Frey, N., & George, R. (2010). Responsible tourism management: The missing link between business owners' attitudes and behaviour in the Cape Town tourism industry. Tourism Management, 31(5), 621–628.
  • Gärling, T., Fujii, S., Gärling, A., & Jakobsson, C. (2003). Moderating effects of social value orientation on determinants of pro-environmental behaviour intention. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(1), 1–9.
  • Godfrey, K.B. (1998). Attitudes towards ‘sustainable tourism’ in the UK: A view from local government. Tourism Management, 19(3), 213–224.
  • Goodwin, H. (2011). Taking responsibility for tourism. Woodeaton: Goodfellow.
  • Goodwin, H., & Francis, J. (2003). Ethical and responsible tourism: Consumer trends in the UK. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 9(3), 271–284.
  • Grimwood, B.S., Yudina, O., Muldoon, M., & Qiu, J. (2015). Responsibility in tourism: A discursive analysis. Annals of Tourism Research, 50, 22–38.
  • Guagnano, G.A. (2001). Altruism and market-like behaviour: An analysis of willingness to pay for recycled paper products. Population and Environment, 22(4), 425–438.
  • Guagnano, G.A., Dietz, T., & Stern, P.C. (1994). Willingness to pay for public goods: A test of the contribution model. Psychological Science, 5(6), 411–415.
  • Hall, C.M. (2014). You can check out any time you like but you can never leave: Can ethical consumption in tourism ever be sustainable In C. Weeden and K. Boluk (Eds.), Managing ethical consumption in tourism (pp. 32–56). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Halpenny, E.A. (2010). Pro-environmental behaviours and park visitors: The effect of place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 409–421.
  • Hammitt, W.E., Bixler, R.D., & Noe, F.P. (1996). Going beyond importance-performance analysis to analyze the observance-influence of park impacts. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 14(1), 45–62.
  • Hardy, A., Beeton, R.J., & Pearson, L. (2002). Sustainable tourism: An overview of the concept and its position in relation to conceptualisations of tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10(6), 475–496.
  • Harland, P., Staats, H., & Wilke, H.A. (2007). Situational and personality factors as direct or personal norm mediated predictors of pro-environmental behaviour: Questions derived from norm-activation theory. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29(4), 323–334.
  • Hillery, M., Nancarrow, B., Griffin, G., & Syme, G. (2001). Tourist perception of environmental impact. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(4), 853–867.
  • Holloway, J.C., & Taylor, N. (2006). The business of tourism. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
  • Hopper, J.R., & Nielsen, J.M. (1991). Recycling as altruistic behaviour normative and behavioural strategies to expand participation in a community recycling program. Environment and Behaviour, 23(2), 195–220.
  • Hunan Provincial Tourism Administration. (2016). Information disclosure. Retrieved 6 June 2016 from http://www.hnt.gov.cn
  • Josiam, B.M., Hobson, J.S., Dietrich, U.C., & Smeaton, G. (1998). An analysis of the sexual, alcohol and drug related behavioural patterns of students on spring break. Tourism Management, 19(6), 501–513.
  • Kafyri, A., Hovardas, T., & Poirazidis, K. (2012). Determinants of visitor pro-environmental intentions on two small Greek islands: Is ecotourism possible at coastal protected areas? Environmental Management, 50(1), 64–76.
  • Kaiser, F.G., Ranney, M., Hartig, T., & Bowler, P.A. (1999). Ecological behaviour, environmental attitude, and feelings of responsibility for the environment. European Psychologist, 4(2), 59–74.
  • Kaiser, F.G., & Shimoda, T.A. (1999). Responsibility as a predictor of ecological behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19(3), 243–253.
  • Kang, M., & Moscardo, G. (2006). Exploring cross-cultural differences in attitudes towards responsible tourist behaviour: A comparison of Korean, British and Australian tourists. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 11(4), 303–320.
  • Kasim, A. (2006). The need for business environmental and social responsibility in the tourism industry. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 7(1), 1–22.
  • Kavallinis, I., & Pizam, A. (1994). The environmental impacts of tourism – whose responsibility is it anyway? The case study of Mykonos. Journal of Travel Research, 33(2), 26–32.
  • King, B., Pizam, A., & Milman, A. (1993). Social impacts of tourism: Host perceptions. Annals of Tourism Research, 20(4), 650–665.
  • Krippendorf, J. (1984). The holiday makers: Understanding the impact of leisure and travel. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.
  • Lee, T.H. (2011). How recreation involvement, place attachment and conservation commitment affect environmentally responsible behaviour. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(7), 895–915.
  • Lee, T.H., Jan, F., & Yang, C. (2013). Conceptualizing and measuring environmentally responsible behaviours from the perspective of community-based tourists. Tourism Management, 36, 454–468.
  • Liere, K.D., & Dunlap, R.E. (1978). Moral norms and environmental behaviour: An application of Schwartz's norm‐activation model to yard burning. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 8(2), 174–188.
  • Lo, A.S., & Lee, C. (2011). Motivations and perceived value of volunteer tourists from Hong Kong. Tourism Management, 32(2), 326–334.
  • Logar, I. (2010). Sustainable tourism management in Crikvenica, Croatia: An assessment of policy instruments. Tourism Management, 31(1), 125–135.
  • Malone, S. (2014). Ethical tourism: The role of emotion. In C. Weeden & K. Boluk (Eds.), Managing ethical consumption in tourism (pp.153–165). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Manning, R.E. (1985). Descriptive aspects of outdoor recreation: Attitudes, preferences, perceptions. In R.E. Manning (Ed.), Studies in outdoor recreation: Search and research for satisfaction (pp. 27–41). Corvalis: Oregan State University Press.
  • Marion, J.L., & D.W. Lime (1986). Recreational resource impacts: Visitor perceptions and management responses. In D.L. Kulhavy & R.N. Conner (Eds.), Wilderness and natural areas in the eastern United States: A management challenge (pp. 229–235). Austin, TX: Austin State University Center for Applied Studies.
  • McKercher, B., & du Cros, H. (2003). Testing a cultural tourism typology. International Journal of Tourism Research, 5(1), 45–58.
  • Mihalic, T. (2016). Sustainable-responsible tourism discourse – towards 'responsustable' tourism. Journal of Cleaner Production, 111, 461–470.
  • Miller, G., Rathouse, K., Scarles, C., Holmes, K., & Tribe, J. (2010). Public understanding of sustainable tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(3), 627–645.
  • Miller, G.A. (2003). Consumerism in sustainable tourism: A survey of UK consumers. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11(1), 17–39.
  • Milman, A., & Pizam, A. (1988). Social impacts of tourism on Central Florida. Annals of Tourism Research, 15(2), 191–204.
  • Mody, M., Day, J., Sydnor, S., Jaffe, W., & Lehto, X. (2014). The different shades of responsibility: Examining domestic and international travelers' motivations for responsible tourism in India. Tourism Management Perspectives, 12, 113–124.
  • Montada, L., & Kals, E. (2000). Political implications of psychological research on ecological justice and pro-environmental behaviour. International Journal of Psychology, 35(2), 168–176.
  • Mount Danxia Administrative Committee. (2016). Yearbook of Mount Danxia. Retrieved 6 June 2016 from http://www.sg.gov.cn
  • Moyle, B.D., Weiler, B., & Croy, G. (2013). Visitors' perceptions of tourism impacts Bruny and Magnetic Islands, Australia. Journal of Travel Research, 52(3), 392–406.
  • Nordlund, A.M., & Garvill, J. (2002). Value structures behind pro-environmental behaviour. Environment and Behaviour, 34(6), 740–756.
  • Ooi, N., & Laing, J. (2010). Backpacker tourism: Sustainable and purposeful? Investigating the overlap between backpacker tourism and volunteer tourism motivations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(2), 191–206.
  • Pearce, P.L. (1982). The social psychology of tourist behaviour. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • Pennington-Gray, L., Reisinger, Y., Kim, J.E., & Thapa, B. (2005). Do US tour operators' brochures educate the tourist on culturally responsible behaviours? A case study for Kenya. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 11(3), 265–284.
  • Priskin, J. (2003). Tourist perceptions of degradation caused by coastal nature-based recreation. Environmental Management, 32(2), 189–204.
  • Puczkó, L., & Rátz, T. (2000). Tourist and resident perceptions of the physical impacts of tourism at Lake Balaton, Hungary: Issues for sustainable tourism management. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(6), 458–478.
  • Raviv, C., Becken, S., & Hughey, K.F. (2016). Exploring values, drivers, and barriers as antecedents of implementing responsible tourism. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 40(1), 19–36.
  • Roggenbuck, J.W., & Manfredo, M.J. (1990). Choosing the right route to wilderness education. In D.W. Lime (Ed.), Managing America's Enduring Wilderness Resource: Proceedings of the Conference (pp. 103–112). St Paul, MN: University of Minnesota Extension Service.
  • Schultz, P.W., Gouveia, V.V., Cameron, L.D., Tankha, G., Schmuck, P., & Franěk, M. (2005). Values and their relationship to environmental concern and conservation behaviour. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 36(4), 457–475.
  • Schultz, P.W., & Zelezny, L.C. (1998). Values and proenvironmental behaviour: A five-country survey. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 29(4), 540–558.
  • Schwartz, S.H. (1970). Elicitation of moral obligation and self-sacrificing behaviour: An experimental study of volunteering to be a bone marrow donor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15(4), 283–293.
  • Schwartz, S.H. (1973). Normative explanations of helping behaviour: A critique, proposal, and empirical test. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9(4), 349–364.
  • Schwartz, S.H. (1977). Normative influences on altruism. Advances in Experimental Psychology, 10, 222–280.
  • Schwartz, S.H., & Fleishman, J.A. (1982). Effects of negative personal norms on helping behaviour. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8(1), 81–86.
  • Schwartz, S.H., & Howard, J.A. (1980). Explanations of the moderating effect of responsibility denial on the personal norm-behaviour relationship. Social Psychology Quarterly, 43, 441–446.
  • Scott, D., & Willits, F.K.(1994). Environmental attitudes and behaviour: A Pennsylvania survey. Environment and Behaviour, 26(2), 239–260.
  • Snyder, J., Crooks, V., Johnston, R., & Kingsbury, P. (2012). Beyond sun, sand, and stitches: Assigning responsibility for the harms of medical tourism. Bioethics, 27(5), 233–242.
  • Stanford, D. (2006). Responsible tourism, responsible tourists: What makes a responsible tourist in New Zealand? (Doctoral thesis). Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington. Retrieved 21 June 2013 from http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/handle/10063/367
  • Stanford, D. (2008). “Exceptional visitors” : Dimensions of tourist responsibility in the context of New Zealand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(3), 258–275.
  • Steg, L., Dreijerink, L., & Abrahamse, W. (2005). Factors influencing the acceptability of energy policies: A test of VBN theory. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25(4), 415–425.
  • Steg, L., & Groot, J. (2010). Explaining prosocial intentions: Testing causal relationships in the norm activation model. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49(4), 725–743.
  • Stern, P.C. (2000). New environmental theories: Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behaviour. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 407–424.
  • Stern, P.C., Dietz, T., Abel, T., Guagnano, G.A., & Kalof, L. (1999). A value-belief-norm theory of support for social movements: The case of environmentalism. Human Ecology Review, 6(2), 81–98.
  • Swarbrooke, J. (1999). Sustainable tourism management. New York, NY: CABI.
  • Tosun, C. (2002). Host perceptions of impacts: A comparative tourism study. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 231–253.
  • Tyler, T.R., Orwin, R., & Schurer, L. (1982). Defensive denial and high cost prosocial behaviour. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 3(4), 267–281.
  • Urry, J. (1990). The tourist gaze: Leisure and travel in contemporary societies. London: Sage.
  • van der Merwe, M., & Wocke, A. (2007). An investigation into responsible tourism practices in the South African hotel industry. South African Journal of Business Management, 38(2), 1–15.
  • Vining, J., & Ebreo, A. (1992). Predicting recycling behaviour from global and specific environmental attitudes and changes in recycling opportunities. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22(20), 1580–1607.
  • Wang, D., & Zhang, R. (2010). The theory of tourism morals. Tourism Science, 24(1), 17–24.
  • Weeden, C. (2008). The values of ethical and responsible tourists (Doctoral dissertation). University of Glasgow, Glasgow. Retrieved 1 June 2016 from http://theses.gla.ac.uk/187/
  • Weeden, C. (2011). Responsible tourist motivation: How valuable is the Schwartz value survey? Journal of Ecotourism, 10(3), 214–234.
  • Weeden, C., & Boluk, K. (2014). Introduction: Managing ethical consumption in tourism-compromises and tensions. In C. Weeden & K. Boluk (Eds.), Managing ethical consumption in tourism (pp. 1–15). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Xia, Z. (2005). Discussion of tourism morality. Morality and Civilization, (5), 11–15.
  • Yang, G. (2004). On the responsibility model of ecotourism. Tourism Tribune, 19(4), 53–56
  • Young, D. (2014, October 11). High entrance fees to top-tier scenic areas gouging Chinese. Shanghai Daily. Retrieved 20 December 2014 from http://www.shanghaidaily.com
  • Zeng, B., & Ryan, C. (2012). Assisting the poor in China through tourism development: A review of research. Tourism Management, 33(2), 239–248.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.