Tourism-based development in Cusco, Peru: comparing national discourses with local realities

References

• Agrawal, A., & Gibson, C. (2001). Communities and the environment: Ethnicity, gender, and the state in community-based conservation. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Aguilar-Ibarra, A., Reid, C., & Thorpe, A. (2000). Neo-liberalism and its impact on overfishing and overcapitalisation in the marine fisheries of Chile, Mexico and Peru. Food Policy, 25, 599–622.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alkire, S., & Santos, M.E. (2013). Measuring acute poverty in the developing world: Robustness and scope of the multidimensional poverty index. Working Paper No. 59 (pp. 3–48). Oxford, UK: Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI).
   Google Scholar
• Altamirano, T., Copestake, J., Figeuroa, A., & Wright-Revolledo, K. (2004). Universal and local understanding of poverty in Peru. Global Social Policy, 4, 313–336.
   Google Scholar
• Ansión, J., & Tubino, F. (2004). Intercultural citizen education for indigenous peoples of Latin America in contexts of poverty. Unpublished Report of the RIDEI. Lima: PUCP. ( in Spanish)
   Google Scholar
• Araujo, M.C., Ferreira, F.H.G., Lanjouw, P., & Ozler, B. (2006). Local inequality and project choice: Theory and evidence from Ecuador. Policy Research Working Paper, No. 3997. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Ateljevic, I., Harris, C., Wilson, E., & Collins, F. (2005). Getting “entangled”: Reflexivity and the “critical turn” in tourism studies. Tourism Recreation Research, 30(2), 5–18.
   Google Scholar
• Bebbington, A. (Ed.). (2011). Social conflict, economic development, and the extractive industry: Evidence from South America. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bebbington, A.J., Abramovay, R., & Chiriboga, M. (2008). Social movements and the dynamics of rural development in Latin America. World Development, 36, 2109–2526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bebbington, A.J., Mitlin, D., Mogaladi, J., Scurrah, M., & Bielich, C. (2010) Decentring poverty, reworking government: Social movements and states in the government of poverty. The Journal of Development Studies, 46(7), 1304–1326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becken, S., & Job, H. (2014). Protected areas in an era of global–local change. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(4), 507–527.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beebe, J. (2014). Rapid qualitative inquiry: A field guide to team-based assessment (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Botterill, D. (2007). A realist critique of the situated voice in tourism studies. In I. Ateljevic, A. Prichard, & N. Morgan (Eds.), The critical turn in tourism studies: Innovative research methods (pp. 121–129). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. (1994). Rethinking the state: Genesis and structure of the political field. Sociological Theory, 12, 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Bricker, K.S., Black, R., Cottrell, S. (Eds.). (2013). Sustainable tourism and the millennium development goals: Effecting positive change. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Britton, S. (1982). The political economy of tourism in the Third World. Annals of Tourism Research, 9(3), 331–358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brohman, J. (1996). New directions in tourism for Third World development. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(1), 48–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brondo, K.V. (2015). The spectacle of saving: Conservation voluntourism and the new neoliberal economy on Utila, Honduras. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(10), 1405–1425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, C.F., & Menzies, C.R. (2007). Traditional ecological knowledge and indigenous tourism. In R. Butler & T. Hinch (Eds.), Tourism and indigenous peoples: Issues and implications (pp. 15–27). Oxford: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Calderón, F. (2003). Is globalization in Latin America sustainable? Santiago: Fondo de Cultura Económica. PNUD-Bolivia. ( in Spanish)
   Google Scholar
• Carroll, W.K. (2007). Hegemony and counter-hegemony in a global field. Studies in Social Justice, 1(1), 36–66.
   Google Scholar
• Casas-Jurado, A.C., Domingo, A.S., & Pastor, V.J. (2012). El turismo comunitario como instrumento de erradicación de la pobreza: Potencialidades para su desarrollo en Cusco, Perú [Community-based tourism as an instrument for poverty eradication: The potential for its development in Cusco, Peru]. Cuaderno De Turismo, 30, 91–108.
   Google Scholar
• Cecilia Roa-Garcia, M., Urteaga-Crovetto, P., & Bustamente-Zenteno, R. (2015). Water laws in the Andes: A promising precedent for challenging neoliberalism. Geoforum, 64, 270–280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaperon, S., & Bramwell, B. (2013). Dependency and agency in peripheral tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 40, 132–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiesa, T., Crotti, R., & Lengefeld, K. (2013). The Peru travel & tourism competitiveness report. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Copestake, J. (Ed.). (2008). Well-being and development in Peru: Global and local views confronted. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Copestake, J. (2011). Well-being in development: Comparing global designs with local views in Peru. European Journal of Development Research, 23(1), 94–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costanza, R., Kubiszewski, I., Giovannini, E., Lovins, H., McGlade, J., & Wilkinson, R. (2014). Development: Time to leave GDP behind. Nature, 505(7483), 283–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis, J., & Spencer, J. (2012). Anthropology and the political. In R. Fardon, O. Harris, T. Marchand, M. Nuttall, & C. Shore (Eds.), The sage handbook of social anthropology (Vol. 1, pp. 168–82). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Decrop, A. (1999). Triangulation in qualitative tourism research. Tourism Management, 20, 157–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degregori, C. (Ed.). (2000). No hay país más diverso. Compendio de Antropología peruana [No country more diverse: Compendium of Peruvian anthropology]. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
   Google Scholar
• DIRCETUR (Direccion Regional de Comercio Exterior y Turismo). (November, 2013). Directorio de agencias autorizadas [Directory of authorized agencies]. Retrieved December 2, 2013 in person from the DIRCETUR Office, Cusco.
   Google Scholar
• Dredge, D., & Jamal, T. (2013). Mobilities on the Gold coast, Australia: Implications for destination governance and sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(4), 557–579.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dryzek, J. (2005). The politics of the earth: Environmental discourses (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Escobal, J.A., & Ponce, C. (2011). Access to public infrastructure, institutional thickness, and pro-poor growth in rural Peru. Journal of International Development, 23, 358–379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escobar, A. (1995). Encountering development: The making and unmaking of the third world (1st ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (1978). Governmentality. In G. Burchell, C. Gordon, & P. Miller (Eds.), The Foucault effect: Studies in governmentality (pp. 87–104). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (1983). The subject and power. In H. Dreyfus & P. Rabinow (Eds.), Michel Foucault: Beyond structuralism and hermeneutics (2nd ed.) (pp. 208–226). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York, NY: Continuum International Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Gascón, J. (2015). Pro-poor tourism as a strategy to fight rural poverty: A critique. Journal of Agrarian Change, 15(4), 499–518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gestión. (August 20, 2014). Perú lidera crecimiento de turismo internacional en Sudamérica, según OMT [Peru leads growth of international tourism in South America, according to WTO]. Retrieved September 15, 2015 from http://gestion.pe/economia/peru-lidera-crecimiento-turismo-internacional-sudamerica-segun-omt-2106229
   Google Scholar
• Gross, T. (2011). Divided over tourism: Zapotec responses to Mexico's “Magical Villages Program”. Anthropological Notebooks, 17(3), 51–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, D. (2008). Pro-poor tourism: A critique. Third World Quarterly, 29(5), 851–868.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller, K.J. (1996). Power, subjectification and resistance in Foucault. SubStance, 25(1), 78–110.
   Google Scholar
• Herrera, A. (2013). Heritage tourism, identity and development in Peru. International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 17, 275–295.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins-Desbiolles, F., Trevorrow, G., & Sparrow, S. (2014). The Coorong wilderness lodge: A case study of planning failures in indigenous tourism. Tourism Management, 44, 46–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden, A. (2013). Tourism, poverty, and development. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, C.A., Durham, W.H., Driscoll, L., & Honey, M. (2015). Can ecotourism deliver real economic, social, and environmental benefits? A study of the Osa Penninsula, Costa Rica. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(3), 339–357).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, D.W., & Cottrell, S.P. (2016). Evaluating tourism-linked empowerment in Cuzco, Peru. Annals of Tourism Research, 56, 32–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krippendorf, K. (1980). Content analysis: An introduction to its Methodology. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Laing, A.F. (2012). Beyond the Zeitgeist of “post-neoliberal” theory in Latin America: The politics of anti-colonial struggles in Bolivia. Antipode, 44(4), 1051–1054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, L.R., & Poudyal, N.C. (2012). Developing sustainable tourism through adaptive resource management: A case study of Machu Picchu, Peru. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(7), 917–938.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law, J., & Urry, J. (2002). Enacting the social. Online paper published by the Department of Sociology and the Centre for Science Studies, Lancaster University (pp. 1–19). Retrieved August 31, 2015 from http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/resources/sociology-online-papers/papers/law-urry-enacting-the-social.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Marx, K. (June 25, 1853). “The British rule in India”. New York Tribune. In L.S., Feuer (Ed.), Marx & Engels: Basic writings on Politics and Philosophy (pp. 474–81). ( 1959). New York, NY: Anchor Books.
   Google Scholar
• Maxwell, K. (2012). Tourism as transaction: Commerce and heritage on the Inca Trail. In S. Lyon & E.C. Wells ( Eds.), Global tourism: Cultural heritage and economic encounters (pp. 105–120). Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
   Google Scholar
• Milne, S., & Ateljevic, I. (2001). Tourism, economic development and the global-local nexus: Theory embracing complexity. Tourism Geographies, 3(4), 369–393.
   Google Scholar
• MINCETUR (Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo). (2006). Linamientos para el desarrollo del turismo rural comunitario en el Perú (Guidelines for the development of rural/community-based tourism in Peru). San Isidro: Author.
   Google Scholar
• MINCETUR. (2015). Ministra Magali Silva: El turismo es un factor preponderante en la lucha contra la pobreza [Minister Magali Silva: Tourism is an important factor in the fight against poverty]. Retrieved March 20, 2015 from http://ww2.mincetur.gob.pe/ministra-magali-silva-el-turismo-es-un-factor-preponderante-en-la-lucha-contra-la-pobreza/
   Google Scholar
• MINCETUR. (2014). Turismo rural comunitario [Rural/community-based tourism]. Retrieved August 24, 2015 from http://www.mincetur.gob.pe/newweb/Default.aspx?tabid=2333.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, R.E., & Reid, D.G. (2001). Community integration: Island tourism in Peru. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(1), 113–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran, L. (February, 2013). “U.S. tourists beaten by Peruvian villagers slam local cops, U.S. embassy for lack of help”. New York Daily News. Retrieved June 16, 2014 from http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/u-s-tourists-beaten-peru-slam-localcops-u-s-embassy-article-1.1254839
   Google Scholar
• Mosse, D. (2013). The anthropology of international development. Annual Review of Anthropology, 42, 227–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowforth, M., & Munt, I. (2016). Tourism and sustainability: Development and new tourism in the third world (4th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, P. (1985). Tourism: A community approach. New York, NY: Methuen.
   Google Scholar
• Namey, E., Guest, G., Thairu, L., & Johnson, L. (2007). Data reduction techniques for large qualitative data sets. In G. Guest & K. MacQueen (Eds.), Handbook for team-based qualitative research (pp. 131–161). Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
   Google Scholar
• National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. (2012). Retrieved September 22, 2015 from http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uniD-521837&fidD4580&cDperu#MAP
   Google Scholar
• Peruvian Times. (March 12, 2014). Drastic new rules coming very soon for visitors to Machu Picchu. Retrieved March 7, 2015 from http://www.peruviantimes.com/12/drastic-new-rules-coming-very-soon-for-visitors-to-machu-picchu/21727/#comments
   Google Scholar
• Postigo, J.C. (2014). Perception and resilience of Andean populations facing climate change. Journal of Ethnobiology, 34(3), 383–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott, W.H. (1877). History of the conquest of Peru; with a preliminary view of the civilization of the Incas (Volume I). Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Ramos, A.M., & Prideaux, B. (2014). Indigenous ecotourism in the Mayan rainforest of Palenque: Empowerment issues in sustainable development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(3), 461–479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Rubio, R. (2009). Patrimonio, ocio y rentabilidad: Neoliberalismo y su impacto sobre las políticas públicas de turismo en Perú [Heritage, leisure, and profitability: Neoliberalism and its impact on the public politics of tourism in Peru]. In R.F. Miranda & R. Ruiz-Rubio (Eds.), Políticas Públicas, Beneficios Privados: Mecanismos, Políticas y Actuaciones Públicas para la Globalizacion del Turismo (pp. 201–227). Madrid: Foro de Turismo Responsable.
   Google Scholar
• Salazar, N.B. (2010). From local to global (and back): Towards global ethnographies of cultural tourism. In G. Richards & W. Munsters (Eds.), Cultural tourism research methods (pp. 188–198). Oxfordshire: CABI.
   Google Scholar
• Salazar, N.B. (2012). Community-based cultural tourism: Issues, threats, and opportunities. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(1), 9–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarlato, M. (2013). Social enterprise, capabilities and development paradigms: Lessons from Ecuador. The Journal of Development Studies, 49(9), 1270–1283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheyvens, R. (1999). Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism Management, 20, 245–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheyvens, R. (2011). Tourism and poverty. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sen, A. (2002). Response to commentaries. Studies in Comparative International Development, 37(2), 78–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer, P. (2012). Post-development and poverty: An assessment. Third World Quarterly, 33(10), 1767–1782.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman, H. (2002). Touring ancient times: The present and presented past in contemporary Peru. American Anthropologist, 104(3), 881–902.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, L.T. (1999). Decolonizing methodologies: Research and Indigenous peoples. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Sofield, T.H.B. (2003). Empowerment for sustainable development. Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Steel, G. (2013). Mining and tourism: Urban transformations in the intermediate cities of Cajamarca and Cusco, Peru. Latin American Perspectives 189, 40(2), 237–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stronza, A., & Gordillo, J. (2008). Community views of ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 448–468.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stumpf, T.S., & Swanger, N. (2015). Tourism involvement-conformance theory: A grounded theory concerning the latent consequences of sustainable tourism policy shifts. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(4), 618–637.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Lima Guide. (2014). Peruvian economy: Economic history and economy in Peru today. Lima Easy. Retrieved from http://www.limaeasy.com/peru-info/peruvian-economy#poverty
   Google Scholar
• Timothy, D.J. (2007). Empowerment and stakeholder participation in tourism destination communities. In A., Church & T., Coles (Eds.), Tourism, power and space (pp. 199–216). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tosun, C. (2006). Expected nature of community participation in tourism development. Tourism Management, 27(3), 493–504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations. (March, 1995). Report of the world summit for social development. Chapter II: Eradication of Poverty. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf166/aconf166-9.htm.
   Google Scholar
• USAID. (2012). USAID/Peru country development cooperation strategy. Lima: USAID/Peru.
   Google Scholar
• van der Duim, R. (2005). Tourismscapes: An actor-network perspective on sustainable tourism development (Dissertation). Wageningen University, Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• van der Duim, R., Ren, C., & Johannesson, G.T. (2013). Ordering, materiality, and multiplicity: Enacting actor-network theory in tourism. Tourist Studies, 13(1), 3–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Mosselaer, F., & van der Duim, R. (2013). Tourism and the explicit concern with poverty reduction: A review. In K. Bricker, R. Black, & S. Cottrell (Eds.), Sustainable tourism & the millennium development goals: Effecting positive change (pp. 39–56). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Villalba, U., Jubeto, Y., & Guridi, L. (2014). Participation and gender in Latin America: Perspectives from decentralized cooperation and Local Human Development approaches. Community Development Journal, 49(2), 228–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent, S. (2014). Why beautify the plaza? Reproducing community in decentralized neoliberal Peru. Journal of Agrarian Change, 14(4), 522–540.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wacquant, L. (2010). Crafting the neoliberal theory of the state: Workfare, prisonfare, and social Insecurity. Sociological Forum, 25(2), 197–220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, G. (1996). Toward a principled evaluation of ecotourism ventures. In J.A. Miller & E. Malek-Zadeh (Eds.), The ecotourism equation: Measuring the impacts (pp. 119–140). New Haven, CT: Yale F&ES Bulletin.
   Google Scholar
• Wanner, T. (2015). The new “passive revolution” of the green economy and growth discourse: Maintaining the “sustainable development” of neoliberal capitalism. New Political Economy, 20(1), 21–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wearing, S.L., Wearing, M., & McDonald, M. (2010). Understanding local power and interactional processes in sustainable tourism: Exploring village–tour operator relations on the Kokoda Track, Papua New Guinea. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(1), 61–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, R.P. (1990). Basic content analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• WTTC. (November, 2013). Benchmarking travel and tourism in Peru: How does travel and tourism compare to other sectors? Summary of Findings (pp. 1–18). London: World Travel and Tourism Council.
   Google Scholar
• Yarrow, T., & Venkatesan, S. (2012). Anthropology and development: Critical framings. In S., Venkatesan & T., Yarrow (Eds.), Differentiating development: Beyond an Anthropology of critique (pp. 1–20). Oxford: Berghahn.
   Google Scholar
• Zoomers, A. (2008). Global travelling along the Inca route: Is international tourism beneficial for local development? European Planning Studies, 16(7), 971–983.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zorn, E., & Farthing, L.C. (2007). Communitarian tourism: Hosts and mediators in Peru. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(3), 673–689.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar