Knowledge, empowerment, and action: testing the empowerment theory in a tourism context

References

• Aghazamani, Y., & Hunt, C. A. (2017). Empowerment in tourism: A review of peer-reviewed literature. Tourism Review International, 21(4), 333–346. doi:10.3727/154427217X15094520591321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ap, J. (1992). Residents' perceptions on tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(4), 665–690. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(92)90060-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216–224. doi:10.1080/01944366908977225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, E., Wallerstein, N., Braithwaite, R., Gutierrez, L., Labonte, R., & Zimmmerman, M. (1994). Empowerment forum: A dialogue between guest editorial board members. Health Education Quarterly, 21(3), 281–294. doi:10.1177/109019819402100302
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boley, B. B., Ayscue, E., Maruyama, N., & Woosnam, K. M. (2017). Gender and empowerment: Assessing discrepancies using the resident empowerment through tourism scale. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(1), 113–129. doi:10.1080/09669582.2016.1177065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boley, B. B., Maruyama, N., & Woosnam, K. M. (2015). Measuring empowerment in an eastern context: Findings from Japan. Tourism Management, 50, 112–122. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2015.01.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boley, B. B., & McGehee, N. G. (2014). Measuring empowerment: Developing and validating the Resident Empowerment through Tourism Scale (RETS). Tourism Management, 45, 85–94. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2014.04.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boley, B. B., McGehee, N. G., Perdue, R. R., & Long, P. (2014). Empowerment and resident attitudes toward tourism: Strengthening the theoretical foundation through a Weberian lens. Annals of Tourism Research, 49, 33–50. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2014.08.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boley, B. B., & Strzelecka, M. (2016). Towards a universal measure of “Support for Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 61, 238–241. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2016.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattaneo, L. B., & Chapman, A. R. (2010). The process of empowerment: A model for use in research and practice. American Psychologist, 65(7), 646–659. doi:10.1037/a0018854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, H. C., & Murray, I. (2010). Resident attitudes toward sustainable community tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(4), 575–594. doi:10.1080/09669580903524852
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christens, B. D. (2012). Toward relational empowerment. American Journal of Community Psychology, 50(1–2), 114–128. doi:10.1007/s10464-011-9483-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, J. (1997). A framework of approaches to sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 5(3), 224–233. doi:10.1080/09669589708667287
   Google Scholar
• Cole, S. (2006a). Cultural tourism, community participation and empowerment. Cultural tourism in a changing world: Politics, participation and (re) presentation. In M. Smith & M. Robinson (Eds.), Cultural tourism in a changing world (pp. 89–103). Clevedon, UK: Channel View.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, S. (2006b). Information and empowerment: The keys to achieving sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(6), 629–644. doi:10.2167/jost607.0
   Google Scholar
• Cornwall, A. (2003). Whose voices? Whose choices? Reflections on gender and participatory development. World Development, 31(8), 1325–1342. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(03)00086-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluation structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. doi:10.2307/3151312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedmann, J. (1992). Empowerment: The politics of alternative development. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Fredericksburg, C. V. B. (2014). Annual report 2013. Fredericksburg, TX: Fredericksburg CVB.
   Google Scholar
• Fredericksburg, C. V. B. (2016). Annual report 2015. Fredericksburg, TX: Fredericksburg CVB.
   Google Scholar
• Fredericksburg, C. V. B. (2018). Annual report 2017. Fredericksburg, TX: Fredericksburg CVB.
   Google Scholar
• Gallant, R. V., Cohen, C., & Wolff, T. (1985). Change of older persons' image, impact on public policy result from Highland Valley Empowerment Plan. Perspective on Aging, 14(5), 9–13.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, B. L. (1981). Participatory research, popular knowledge and power: A personal reflection. Convergence, 14(3), 6.
   Google Scholar
• Haralambopoulos, N., & Pizam, A. (1996). Perceived impacts of tourism: The case of Samos. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(3), 503–526. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(95)00075-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooks, C. (2016). Turn that noise down! Texas Monthly. Retrieved from https://www.texasmonthly.com/the-culture/fredericksburg-noise-ordinance
   Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inskeep, E. (1991). Tourism planning: An integrated and sustainable development approach. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
   Google Scholar
• Jonas, L. (2016). Fredericksburg workforce struggles to find affordable housings. Texas Public Radio. Retrieved from http://tpr.org/post/fredericksburg-workforce-struggles-find-affordable-housing
   Google Scholar
• Knight, D. W., & Cottrell, S. P. (2016). Evaluating tourism-linked empowerment in Cuzco, Peru. Annals of Tourism Research, 56, 32–47. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2015.11.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labonte, R. (1994). Health promotion and empowerment: Reflections on professional practice. Health Education Quarterly, 21(2), 253–268. doi:10.1177/109019819402100209
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laverack, G., & Wallerstein, N. (2001). Measuring community empowerment: A fresh look at organizational domains. Health Promotion International, 16(2), 179–185. doi:10.1093/heapro/16.2.179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, M., Smuts, C., & Stephens, A. (2001). Participation, empowerment and sustainability: (How) do the links work? Urban Studies, 38(8), 1233–1251. doi:10.1080/00420980125039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruyama, N. U., Woosnam, K. M., & Boley, B. B. (2016). Comparing levels of resident empowerment among two culturally diverse resident populations in Oizumi, Gunma, Japan. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(10), 1442–1460. doi:10.1080/09669582.2015.1122015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matarrita-Cascante, D., Brennan, M. A., & Luloff, A. E. (2010). Community agency and sustainable tourism development: The case of La Fortuna, Costa Rica. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(6), 735–756. doi:10.1080/09669581003653526
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mechanic, D. (1991). Adolescents at risk: New directions. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12(8), 638–643. doi:10.1016/1054-139X(91)90012-M
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, R. L., & Campbell, R. (2006). Taking stock of empowerment evaluation: An empirical review. American Journal of Evaluation, 27(3), 296–319. doi:10.1177/109821400602700303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, R. E., & Reid, D. G. (2001). Community integration: Island tourism in Peru. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(1), 113–139. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00013-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan, G., & Stokke, K. (2000). Participatory development and empowerment: The dangers of localism. Third World Quarterly, 21(2), 247–268. doi:10.1080/01436590050004346
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moswete, N., & Lacey, G. (2015). “Women cannot lead”: Empowering women through cultural tourism in Botswana. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(4), 600–617. doi:10.1080/09669582.2014.986488
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, P. E. (1985). Tourism: A community approach. New York, NY: Methuen.
   Google Scholar
• Nunkoo, R., & Ramkissoon, H. (2011). Developing a community support model for tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(3), 964–988. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2011.01.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins, D. D., Hughey, J., & Speer, P. W. (2002). Community psychology perspectives on social capital theory and community development practice. Journal of the Community Development Society, 33(1), 33–52. doi:10.1080/15575330209490141
   Google Scholar
• Perkins, D. D., & Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Empowerment theory, research, and application. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 569–579. doi:10.1007/BF02506982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pretty, J. (1995). Participatory learning for sustainable agriculture. World Development, 23(8), 1247–1263. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(95)00046-F
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappaport, J. (1981). In praise of paradox: A social policy of empowerment over prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9(1), 1–25. doi:10.1007/BF00896357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappaport, J. (1984). Studies in empowerment: Introduction to the issue. Prevention in Human Services, 3(2–3), 1–7. doi.org/10.1300/J293v03n02_02.
   Google Scholar
• Rappaport, J. (1987). Terms of empowerment/exemplars of prevention: Toward a theory for community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15(2), 121–148. doi:10.1007/BF00919275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappaport, J. (2002). In praise of paradox: A social policy of empowerment over prevention. In T. A. Revenson, A. R. D’Augelli, S. E. French, D. L. Hughes, D. Livert, E. Seidman, … H. Yoshikawa (Eds.), A quarter century of community psychology (pp. 121–145). Boston, MA: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Rissel, C. (1994). Empowerment: The holy grail of health promotion? Health Promotion International, 9(1), 39–47. doi:10.1093/heapro/9.1.39
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robeyns, I. (2005). The capability approach: A theoretical survey. Journal of Human Development, 6(1), 93–117. doi:10.1080/146498805200034266
   Google Scholar
• Rocha, E. M. (1997). A ladder of empowerment. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 17(1), 31–44. doi:10.1177/0739456X9701700104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowlands, J. (1997). Questioning empowerment: Working with women in Honduras. Oxford, UK: Oxfam.
   Google Scholar
• Sadan, E. (2004). Empowerment and community planning. (R. Flantz, Trans.). Tel Aviv, Israel: Hakibbutz Hameuchad.
   Google Scholar
• Saufi, A., O'Brien, D., & Wilkins, H. (2014). Inhibitors to host community participation in sustainable tourism development in developing countries. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(5), 801–820. doi:10.1080/09669582.2013.861468
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheyvens, R. (1999). Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism Management, 20(2), 245–249. doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00069-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofield, T. H. B. (2003). Empowerment for sustainable tourism development. Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Speer, P. W., & Peterson, N. A. (2000). Psychometric properties of an empowerment scale: Testing cognitive, emotional, and behavioral domains. Social Work Research, 24(2), 109–118. doi:10.1093/swr/24.2.109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stronza, A., & Gordillo, J. (2008). Community views of ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 448–468. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2008.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strzelecka, M., Boley, B. B., & Strzelecka, C. (2017). Empowerment and resident support for tourism in rural Central and Eastern Europe (CEE): The case of Pomerania, Poland. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(4), 554–572. doi:10.1080/09669582.2016.1224891
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strzelecka, M., & Wicks, B. E. (2010). Engaging residents in planning for sustainable rural-nature tourism in post-communist Poland. Community Development, 41(3), 370–384. doi:10.1080/15575330903359614
   Google Scholar
• Sutawa, G. K. (2012). Issues on Bali tourism development and community empowerment to support sustainable tourism development. Procedia Economics and Finance, 4, 413–422. doi:10.1016/S2212-5671(12)00356-5
   Google Scholar
• Timothy, D. J. (1999). Participatory planning a view of tourism in Indonesia. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 371–391. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00104-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timothy, D. J. (2000). Building community awareness of tourism in a developing country destination. Tourism Recreation Research, 25(2), 111–116. doi:10.1080/02508281.2000.11014916
   Google Scholar
• Timothy, D. J. (2007). Empowerment and stakeholder participation in tourism destination communities. In A. Church & T. Coles (Eds.), Tourism, power and space (pp. 199–216). Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tosun, C. (1999). Towards a typology of community participation in the tourism development process. Anatolia, 10(2), 113–134. doi:10.1080/13032917.1999.9686975
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2016). Age and sex, 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Retrieved from https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_5YR_S0101&prodType=table
   Google Scholar
• Warner, G. (1997). Participatory management, popular knowledge, and community empowerment: The case of sea urchin harvesting in the Vieux-Fort area of St. Human Ecology, 25(1), 29–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng, S., & Peng, H. (2014). Tourism development, rights consciousness and the empowerment of Chinese historical village communities. Tourism Geographies, 16(5), 772–784. doi:10.1080/14616688.2014.955873
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, C. P., Chancellor, H. C., & Cole, S. T. (2011). Measuring residents’ attitudes toward sustainable tourism: A reexamination of the sustainable tourism attitude scale. Journal of Travel Research, 50(1), 57–63. doi:10.1177/0047287509353189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, M. A. (1990). Toward a theory of learned hopefulness: A structural model analysis of participation and empowerment. Journal of Research in Personality, 24(1), 71–86. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(90)90007-S
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Psychological empowerment: Issues and illustrations. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 581–599. doi:10.1007/BF02506983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, M. A. (2000). Empowerment theory. In J. Rappaport & E. Seidman (Eds.), Handbook of community psychology (pp. 43–63). Boston, MA: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, M. A., & Zahniser, J. H. (1991). Refinements of sphere‐specific measures of perceived control: Development of a sociopolitical control scale. Journal of Community Psychology, 19(2), 189–204. doi:10.1002/1520-6629(199104)19:2<189::AID-JCOP2290190210>3.0.CO;2-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar