2,105
Views
24
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The Vanuatu Tourism Adaptation System: a holistic approach to reducing climate risk

ORCID Icon
Pages 515-534 | Received 10 Jul 2019, Accepted 15 Oct 2019, Published online: 07 Nov 2019

References

  • Adger, W. N., Arnell, N. W., & Tompkins, E. (2005). Successful adaptation to climate change across scales. Global Environmental Change, 15(2), 77–86. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.12.005
  • Anney, V. N. (2014). Ensuring the quality of the findings of qualitative research: Looking at trustworthiness criteria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies, 5(2), 272–281.
  • Barnett, J., & O’Neill, S. (2010). Maladaptation. Global Environmental Change, 20(2), 211–213. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.11.004
  • Bazeley, P. (2007). Qualitative data analysis with NVivo. Los Angeles, CA and London: Sage
  • Becken, S. (2005). Harmonising climate change adaptation and mitigation: The case of tourist resorts in Fiji. Global Environmental Change, 15(4), 381–393. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.08.001
  • Becken, S. (2013). Developing a framework for assessing resilience of tourism sub-systems to climatic factors. Annals of Tourism Research, 43, 506–528. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2013.06.002
  • Becken, S. (2019). Decarbonising tourism: Mission impossible? Tourism Recreation Research, 1. doi:10.1080/02508281.2019.1598042
  • Becken, S., & Hay, J. E. (2012). Climate change and tourism: From policy to practice. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Becken, S., Montesalvo, N., & Whittlesea, E. (2018). Building a resilient tourism industry: Queensland tourism climate change response plan. Brisbane: Queensland Tourism Industry Council.
  • Becken, S., & Shuker, J. (2019). A framework to help destinations manage carbon risk from aviation emissions. Tourism Management, 71, 294–304. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2018.10.023
  • Beilin, R. (2012). Conceptualising change: Complexity, post-normal science, uncertainty and risk. In H. Bender & I. Lowe (Eds.), Reshaping environments: An interdisciplinary approach to sustainability in a complex world (pp. 277–304). Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bhandari, K., Cooper, C., & Ruhanen, L. (2016). Climate change knowledge and organizational adaptation: A destination management organization case study. Tourism Recreation Research, 41(1), 60–68. doi:10.1080/02508281.2016.1119972
  • Boguslaw, R. (2001). Systems theory encyclopedia of sociology (2nd ed., Vol. 5). New York, NY: Macmillan Reference USA.
  • Brinkmann, S., & Kvale, S. (2015). InterViews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Buggy, L., & McNamara, K. E. (2016). The need to reinterpret “community” for climate change adaptation: A case study of Pele Island, Vanuatu. Climate and Development, 8(3), 270. doi:10.1080/17565529.2015.1041445
  • Calgaro, E., Dominey-Howes, D., & Lloyd, K. (2014). Application of the Destination Sustainability Framework to explore the drivers of vulnerability and resilience in Thailand following the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(3), 361–383. doi:10.1080/09669582.2013.826231
  • Calgaro, E., Lloyd, K., & Dominey-Howes, D. (2014). From vulnerability to transformation: A framework for assessing the vulnerability and resilience of tourism destinations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(3), 341–360. doi:10.1080/09669582.2013.826229
  • Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency. (2009). Guide for the Development of National Disaster Risk Management Strategies for the Tourism Sector in the Caribbean. St. Michael, Barbados: Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency.
  • Chen, S. H., & Pollino, C. A. (2012). Good practice in Bayesian network modelling. Environmental Modelling & Software, 37, 134–145. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.03.012
  • Cinner, J. E., Adger, W. N., Allison, E. H., Barnes, M. L., Brown, K., Cohen, P. J., … Morrison, T. H. (2018). Building adaptive capacity to climate change in tropical coastal communities. Nature Climate Change, 8(2), 117–123. doi:10.1038/s41558-017-0065-x
  • Dawson, J., Maher, P., & Slocombe, D. S. (2007). Climate change, marine tourism and sustainability in the Canadian Arctic: Contributions from systems and complexity approaches. Tourism in Marine Environments, 4(2), 69–83. doi:10.3727/154427307784772057
  • Dredge, D. (2019). Governance, tourism, and resilience. In J. Saarinen & A. M. Gill (Eds.), Resilient Destinations and Tourism - Governance Strategies in the transition towards sustainability in tourism (pp. 48–66). Oxon: Routledge.
  • Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107–115. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x
  • Eriksen, S., Aldunce, P., Bahinipati, C. S., Martins, R. D., Molefe, J. I., Nhemachena, C., … Ulsrud, K. (2011). When not every response to climate change is a good one: Identifying principles for sustainable adaptation. Climate and Development, 3(1), 7–20. doi:10.3763/cdev.2010.0060
  • Eriksen, S. H., Brown, K., & Kelly, P. M. (2005). The dynamics of vulnerability: Locating coping strategies in Kenya and Tanzania. The Geographical Journal, 171(4), 287–305. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00174.x
  • Espiner, S., & Becken, S. (2014). Tourist towns on the edge: Conceptualising vulnerability and resilience in a protected area tourism system. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(4), 646–665. doi:10.1080/09669582.2013.855222
  • Farrell, B. H., & Twining-Ward, L. (2004). Reconceptualizing tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), 274–295. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2003.12.002
  • Füssel, H. M. (2007). Adaptation planning for climate change: Concepts, assessment approaches, and key lessons. Sustainability Science, 2(2), 265–275. doi:10.1007/s11625-007-0032-y
  • Gallopín, G. C. (2006). Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 293–303. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.004
  • Gössling, S. (2013). National emissions from tourism: An overlooked policy challenge? Energy Policy, 59, 433–442. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.03.058
  • Heslinga, J. H., Groote, P., & Vanclay, F. (2017). Using a social-ecological systems perspective to understand tourism and landscape interactions in coastal areas. Journal of Tourism Futures, 3(1), 23–38. doi:10.1108/JTF-10-2015-0047
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2018). Summary for policymakers. In V. P. Masson-Delmotte, Zhai, H. O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P. R. Shukla, … T. Waterfield (Eds.), Global Warming of 1.5 °C. Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/summary-for-policy-makers/
  • Jakeman, A. J., Letcher, R. A., & Norton, J. P. (2006). Ten iterative steps in development and evaluation of environmental models. Environmental Modelling & Software, 21(5), 602–614. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2006.01.004
  • Jennings, G. (2010). Tourism research (2nd ed.). Milton: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Jiang, M., Calgaro, E., Munk Klint, L., Dominey-Howes, D., DeLacy, T., & Noakes, S. (2015). Understanding climate change vulnerability and resilience of tourism destinations: An example of community-based tourism in Samoa. In S. Pratt & D. Harrison (Eds.), Tourism in Pacific Islands: Current issues and future challenges (pp. 230–256). Oxon and New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Jiang, M., Wong, E., Klint, L. M., DeLacy, T., & Howes, D. D. (2012). Tourism adaptation to climate change - analysing the policy environment of Fiji. International Journal of Tourism Policy, 4(3), 238–260. doi:10.1504/IJTP.2012.049722
  • Jopp, R., DeLacy, T., & Mair, J. (2010). Developing a framework for regional destination adaptation to climate change. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(6), 591–605. doi:10.1080/13683501003653379
  • Kim, D. H., & Lannon, C. P. (1997). Applying Systems Archetypes. Waltham, MA: Pegasus Communications.
  • Klint, L. M., Jiang, M., Law, A., Delacy, T., Filep, S., Calgaro, E., … Harrison, D. (2012). Dive tourism in Luganville, Vanuatu: Shocks, stressors, and vulnerability to climate change. Tourism in Marine Environments, 8(1), 91–109. doi:10.3727/154427312X13262430524225
  • Klint, L. M., Wong, E., Jiang, M., Delacy, T., Harrison, D., & Dominey-Howes, D. (2012). Climate change adaptation in the Pacific Island tourism sector: Analysing the policy environment in Vanuatu. Current Issues in Tourism, 15(3), 247–274. doi:10.1080/13683500.2011.608841
  • Leiper, N. (2004). Tourism management (3rd ed.). Elsternwick: Pearson Education Australia.
  • Lenzen, M., Sun, Y.-Y., Faturay, F., Ting, Y.-P., Geschke, A., & Malik, A. (2018). The carbon footprint of global tourism. Nature Climate Change, 8(6), 522–528. doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0141-x
  • Liamputtong, P. (2013). Qualitative research methods (4th ed.). South Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press.
  • Mackey, B., Ware, D., Nalau, J., Sahin, O., Fleming, C., Smart, J., … Buckwell, A. (2017). Ecosystem and socio-economic resilience analysis and mapping (ESRAM) and associated work at multiple-scales in Vanuatu. Brisbane: Griffith University for Secretariat for the Pacific Regional Environment Program. Retrieved from https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0023/528080/vanuatu-ecosystem-socio-economic-resilience-analysis-mapping.pdf
  • Mai, T., & Smith, C. (2015). Addressing the threats to tourism sustainability using systems thinking: A case study of Cat Ba Island, Vietnam. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(10), 1504–1528. doi:10.1080/09669582.2015.1045514
  • McCool, S. F., Freimund, W. A., & Breen, C. (2015). Benefiting from complexity thinking. In G. L. Worboys, M. Lockwood, A. Kothari, S. Feary, & I. Pulsford (Eds.), Protected area governance and management (pp. 291–326). Canberra: ANU Press.
  • Meadows, D. H. (2008). Thinking in systems: A primer (D. J. Wright Ed.). Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing.
  • Moreno, A., & Becken, S. (2009). A climate change vulnerability assessment methodology for coastal tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(4), 473–488. doi:10.1080/09669580802651681
  • Movono, A., Dahles, H., & Becken, S. (2017). Fijian culture and the environment: A focus on the ecological and social interconnectedness of tourism development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(3), 451–469. doi:10.1080/09669582.2017.1359280
  • Moyle, C-L. J., Moyle, B. D., Chai, A., Hales, R., Banhalmi-Zakar, Z., & Bec, A. (2017). Have Australia's tourism strategies incorporated climate change? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(5), 703–721. doi:10.1080/09669582.2017.1387121
  • Mycoo, M. (2014). Sustainable tourism, climate change and sea level rise adaptation policies in Barbados. Natural Resources Forum, 38(1), 47–57. doi:10.1111/1477-8947.12033
  • Njoroge, J. M. (2014). An enhanced framework for regional tourism sustainable adaptation to climate change. Tourism Management Perspectives, 12, 23–30. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2014.06.002
  • Nunn, P. D., Aalbersberg, W., Lata, S., & Gwilliam, M. (2014). Beyond the core: community governance for climate-change adaptation in peripheral parts of Pacific Island Countries Regional Environmental Change, 14(1), 221–235. doi:10.1007/s10113-013-0486-7
  • Nurse, L. A., McLean, R. F., Agard, J., Briguglio, L. P., Duvat-Magnan, V., Pelesikoti, N., … Webb, A. (2014). Small islands. In V. R. Barros, C. B. Field, D. J. Dokken, M. D. Mastrandrea, K. J. Mach, T. E. Bilir, …L. L. White (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part B: Regional aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 1613–1654). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Onyango Sahin, O., Awiti, A., Chu, C., & Mackey, B. (2016). An integrated risk and vulnerability assessment framework for climate change and malaria transmission in East Africa. Malaria Journal, 15(551), 1–12. doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1600-3
  • Oppenheimer, M., Campos, M., Warren, R., Birkmann, J., Luber, G., O’Neill, B., Takahashi, K. (2014). Emergent risks and key vulnerabilities. In C. B. Field, V. R. Barros, D. J. Dokken, K. J. Mach, M. D. Mastrandrea, T. E. Bilir, …L. L. White (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: Global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 1039–1099). Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ostrom, E. (2009). A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems. Science, 325(5939), 419–422. doi:10.1126/science.1172133
  • Oulahen, G., McBean, G., Shrubsole, D., & Chang, S. E. (2019). Production of risk: Multiple interacting exposures and unequal vulnerability in coastal communities. Regional Environmental Change, 19(3), 867–877. doi:10.1007/s10113-018-1440-5
  • Parsons, M., Brown, C., Nalau, J., & Fisher, K. (2017). Assessing adaptive capacity and adaptation: Insights from Samoan tourism operators. Climate and Development, 7(10), 644–663. doi:10.1080/17565529.2017.1410082
  • Republic of Vanuatu. (2015). Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC). Retrieved from https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Vanuatu%20First/VANUATU%20%20INDC%20UNFCCC%20Submission.pdf
  • Robinson, S. (2017). Climate change adaptation trends in small island developing states. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 22(4), 669–691. doi:10.1007/s11027-015-9693-5
  • Ruiz-Ballesteros, E. (2011). Social-ecological resilience and community-based tourism. Tourism Management, 32(3), 655–666. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.05.021
  • Saldana, J. (2016). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (3rd ed.). London: Sage.
  • Scheyvens, R., & Momsen, J. H. (2008). Tourism and poverty reduction: Issues for small island states. Tourism Geographies, 10(1), 22–41. doi:10.1080/14616680701825115
  • Schliephack, J., & Dickinson, J. E. (2017). Tourists’ representations of coastal managed realignment as a climate change adaptation strategy. Tourism Management, 59, 182–192. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2016.08.004
  • Scott, D., Simpson, M. C., & Sim, R. (2012). The vulnerability of Caribbean coastal tourism to scenarios of climate change related sea level rise. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(6), 883–898. doi:10.1080/09669582.2012.699063
  • Simpson, M., Gössling, S., Scott, D., Hall, C. M., & Gladin, E. (2008). Climate change. Adaptation and mitigation in the tourism sector: Frameworks, tools and practices. Paris: UNEP.
  • Sovacool, B. K., Linnér, B.-O., & Klein, R. J. T. (2017). Climate change adaptation and the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF): Qualitative insights from policy implementation in the Asia-Pacific. Climatic Change, 140(2), 209–226. doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1839-2
  • Spalding, M. D., Ruffo, S., Lacambra, C., Meliane, I., Hale, L. Z., Shepard, C. C., & Beck, M. W. (2014). The role of ecosystems in coastal protection: Adapting to climate change and coastal hazards. Ocean & Coastal Management, 90, 50–57. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.09.007
  • Stefanova, M. (2008). The price of tourism: Land alienation in Vanuatu. Justice for the Poor, Briefing Note 2(1), World Bank. Retrieved from http://indigenous-ni-vanuatu.blogspot.com/2008/01/price-of-tourism-land-alienation-in.html
  • Sterman, J. D. (2000). Business dynamics: Systems thinking and modelling for a complex world. Boston, MA: Irwin/McGraw-Hill.
  • Tompkins, E. L., & Adger, W. N. (2005). Defining response capacity to enhance climate change policy. Environmental Science & Policy, 8(6), 562–571. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2005.06.012
  • Tribe, J. (2018). Creating and curating tourism knowledge. Annals of Tourism Research, 73, 14–25. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2018.08.004
  • United Nations Development Programme. (2017). Enhancing resilience of coastal communities of Samoa to climate change. Retrieved from: http://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/af-samoa
  • United Nations World Tourism Organisation, United Nations Development Programme & World Meteorological Organization. (2008). Climate change and tourism: Responding to global challenges (prepared by D. Scott, B. Amelung, S. Becken, J. P. Ceron, G. Dubois, S. Gössling, P. Peeters and, M.C. Simpson). Madrid and Paris: UNWTO and UNEP.
  • Vandenbroeck, P., Goossens, J., & Clemens, M. (2007). Foresight: Tackling obesities: Future Choices – Building the obesity system map. UK Government Department of Innovation Universities and Skills. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/295154/07-1179-obesity-building-system-map.pdf
  • Vanuatu National Advisory Committee on Climate Change. (2007). National adaptation programme for action (NAPA). Port Vila: NACCC.
  • Vanuatu National Statistics Office. (2018). Statistics update: International arrival statistics: September 2018 highlights. Port Vila: Vanuatu National Statistic Office. Retrieved from: https://vnso.gov.vu/index.php/component/advlisting/?view=download&fileId=5126
  • White, D. (1995). Application of systems thinking to risk management: A review of the literature. Management Decision, 33(10), 35–45. doi:10.1108/EUM0000000003918
  • Wong, E., Jiang, M., Klint, L., Dominey-Howes, D., & DeLacy, T. (2013). Evaluation of policy environment for climate change adaptation in tourism. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 13(4), 201–225. doi:10.1177/1467358414524978
  • World Travel & Tourism Council. (2017). Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2017: Vanuatu. Retrieved from https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/countries-2017/vanuatu2017.pdf

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.