Evaluating the impact of a youth polar expedition alumni programme on post-trip pro-environmental behaviour: a community-engaged research approach

References

• Aleshinloye, K. D., Fu, X., Ribeiro, M. A., Woosnam, K. M., & Tasci, A. D. A. (2020). The influence of place attachment on social distance: Examining mediating effects of emotional solidarity and the moderating role of interaction. Journal of Travel Research, 59(5), 828–849. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519863883
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, K. A., Liggett, D., Leane, E., Nielsen, H. E., Bailey, J. L., Brasier, M. J., & Haward, M. (2020). What and who is an Antarctic ambassador? Polar Record, 55(6), 497–506. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/polar-record/article/what-and-who-is-an-antarctic-ambassador/4943D999A9D58BC00D1705C110075163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Algesheimer, R., Dholakia, U. M., & Herrmann, A. (2005). The social influence of brand community: Evidence from European car clubs. Journal of Marketing, 69(3), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.69.3.19.66363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbuthnott, K. D., Sutter, G. C., & Heidt, C. T. (2014). Natural his museums, parks, and connection with nature. Museum Management and Curatorship, 29(2), 102–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/09647775.2014.888818
   Google Scholar
• Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), 596–612. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagozzi, R. P., & Dholakia, U. M. (2006). Antecedents and purchase consequences of customer participation in small group brand communities. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 23(1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2006.01.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldauf, A., Cravens, K. S., Diamantopoulos, A., & Zeugner-Roth, K. P. (2009). The impact of product-country image and marketing efforts on retailer-perceived brand equity: An empirical analysis. Journal of Retailing, 85(4), 437–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2009.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaumont, N. (2001). Ecotourism and the conservation ethic: Recruiting the uninitiated or preaching to the converted? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9(4), 317–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580108667405
   Google Scholar
• Bloomfield, V. (2005). Civic engagement and graduate education. Communicator, 38(3), 1–2, 6.
   Google Scholar
• Breakwell, G. M. (2015). Coping with threatened identities. Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casaló, L. V., Flavián, C., & Guinalíu, M. (2010). Determinants of the intention to participate in firm-hosted online travel communities and effects on consumer behavioral intentions. Tourism Management, 31(6), 898–911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.04.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, E., Mulgrew, K., Kannis-Dymand, L., Schaffer, V., & Hoberg, R. (2019). Theory of planned behaviour: Predicting tourists’ pro-environmental intentions after a humpback whale encounter. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(5), 649–667. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1603237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, S. (2003). Environmental identity: A conceptual and an operational definition. In S. D. Clayton & S. Opotow (Eds.), Identity and the natural environment: The psychological significance of nature (pp. 45–65). MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Clayton, S., & Myers, G. (2015). Conservation psychology: Understanding and promoting human care for nature. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Conway, J. M., & Lance, C. E. (2010). What reviewers should expect from authors regarding common method bias in organizational research. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(3), 325–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-010-9181-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1(1), 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.1.16
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, J. L., Le, B., & Coy, A. E. (2011). Building a model of commitment to the natural environment to predict ecological behavior and willingness to sacrifice. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(3), 257–265. [Database] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.01.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, J., Stewart, E. J., Lemelin, H., & Scott, D. (2010). The carbon cost of polar bear viewing tourism in Churchill, Canada. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(3), 319–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580903215147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denley, T. J., Woosnam, K. M., Ribeiro, M. A., Boley, B. B., Hehir, C., & Abrams, J. (2020). Individuals’ intentions to engage in last chance tourism: applying the value-belief-norm model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28-11.1860-1881, DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2020.1762623
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eijgelaar, E., Thaper, C., & Peeters, P. (2010). Antarctic cruise tourism: The paradoxes of ambassadorship, “last chance tourism” and greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(3), 337–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669581003653534
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellemers, N., Kortekaas, P., & Ouwerkerk, J. W. (1999). Self‐categorisation, commitment to the group and group self‐esteem as related but distinct aspects of social identity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29(2-3), 371–389. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199903/05)29:2/3<371::AID-EJSP932>3.0.CO;2-U
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatersleben, B., Murtagh, N., & Abrahamse, W. (2014). Values, identity and pro-environmental behaviour. Contemporary Social Science, 9(4), 374–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2012.682086
   Google Scholar
• Green, G. (2010). Students on Ice: Learning in the Greatest Classrooms on Earth. In M. Luck, P. Maher & E. J. Stewart (Eds.), Cruise tourism in Polar Regions: Promoting environmental and social sustainability (pp. 93–105). Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning EMEA.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, C. M. (2010). Tourism and biodiversity: More significant than climate change? Journal of Heritage Tourism, 5(4), 253–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2010.517843
   Google Scholar
• Hattie, J., Marsh, H. W., Neill, J. T., & Richards, G. E. (1997). Adventure education and Outward Bound: Out-of-class experiences that make a lasting difference. Review of Educational Research, 67(1), 43–87. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543067001043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Higham, J., & Carr, A. (2002). Ecotourism visitor experiences in Aotearoa/New Zealand: Challenging the environmental values of visitors in pursuit of pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10(4), 277–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580208667168
   Google Scholar
• Higham, J., & Miller, G. (2018). Transforming societies and transforming tourism: Sustainable tourism in times of change. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1407519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. I. (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. The Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 121–140. https://doi.org/10.2307/259266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. [Database] https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser, F. G., Oerke, B., & Bogner, F. X. (2007). Behavior-based environmental attitude: Development of an instrument for adolescents. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(3), 242–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Landon, A. C., Woosnam, K. M., Keith, S. J., Tarrant, M. A., Rubin, D. M., & Ling, S. T. (2019). Understanding and modifying beliefs about climate change through educational travel. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(3), 292–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1560452
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary, M. R., Tipsord, J. M., & Tate, E. B. (2008). Allo-inclusive identity: Incorporating the social and natural worlds into one's sense of self. In H. A. Wayment & J. J. Bauer (Eds.), Decade of behavior. Transcending self-interest: Psychological explorations of the quiet ego (pp. 137–147). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, T. H., & Jan, F. H. (2015). The effects of recreation experience, environmental attitude, and biospheric value on the environmentally responsible behavior of nature-based tourists. Environmental Management, 56(1), 193–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0488-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher, P. T. (2010). Footsteps on the ice: Visitor experiences in the Ross Sea Region, Antarctica [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Lincoln University.
   Google Scholar
• Maher, P. T., Johnston, M. E., Dawson, J. D., & Noakes, J. (2011). Risk and a changing environment for Antarctic tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 14(4), 387–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2010.491896
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manley, B., Elliot, S., & Jacobs, S. (2017). Expedition cruising in the Canadian arctic: Visitor motives and the influence of education programming on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours. Resources, 6(3), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources6030023
   Google Scholar
• Mashek, D., Stuewig, J., Furukawa, E., & Tangney, J. (2006). Psychological and behavioral implications of connectedness to communities with opposing values and beliefs. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(4), 404–428. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.4.404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, F. S., & Frantz, C. M. (2004). The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of individuals’ feeling in community with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(4), 503–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan, D. W., & Chavis, D. M. (1986). Sense of community: A definition and theory. Journal of Community Psychology, 14(1), 6–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(198601)14:1<6::AID-JCOP2290140103>3.0.CO;2-I
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, L. B., Hallo, J. C., Dvorak, R. G., Fefer, J. P., Peterson, B. A., & Brownlee, M. T. (2020). On the edge of the world: Examining pro-environmental outcomes of last chance tourism in Kaktovik, Alaska. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28 (11), 1703–1720. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1720696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neill, J. T. (2003). Reviewing and benchmarking adventure therapy outcomes: Applications of meta-analysis. Journal of Experiential Education, 25(3), 316–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/105382590302500305
   Google Scholar
• Neill, J. T., & Dias, K. L. (2001). Adventure education and resilience: The double-edged sword. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 1(2), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729670185200061
   Google Scholar
• Nisbet, E. K., Zelenski, J. M., & Murphy, S. A. (2009). The nature relatedness scale: Linking individuals’ connection with nature to environmental concern and behavior. Environment and Behavior, 41(5), 715–740. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916508318748
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunkoo, R., Ribeiro, M. A., Sunnassee, V., & Gursoy, D. (2018). Public trust in mega event planning institutions: The role of knowledge, transparency and corruption. Tourism Management, 66, 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.11.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Opotow, S., & Brook, A. (2003). Identity and exclusion in rangeland conflict. In S. Clayton & S. Opotow (Eds.), Identity and the natural environment: The psychological significance of nature (pp. 249–271). MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Orams, M. (2015). Experiences of adolescents on an expedition to New Zealand’s sub-Antarctic: Results from the use of photo-elicitation. The Polar Journal, 5(2), 446–465. https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2015.1075747
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, A., Koenig-Lewis, N., & Jones, L. E. M. (2013). The effects of residents' social identity and involvement on their advocacy of incoming tourism. Tourism Management, 38, 142–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.02.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patwardhan, V., Ribeiro, M. A., Payini, V., Woosnam, K. M., Mallya, J., & Gopalakrishnan, P. (2020). Visitors’ place attachment and destination loyalty: Examining the roles of emotional solidarity and perceived safety. Journal of Travel Research, 59(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518824157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postmes, T., & Brunsting, S. (2002). Collective action in the age of the Internet: Mass communication and online mobilization. Social Science Computer Review, 20(3), 290–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/089443930202000306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, R. B., Kellert, S. R., & Ham, S. H. (2008). Antarctic tourists: Ambassadors or consumers? Polar Record, 44(3), 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247408007456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prayag, G., Hosany, S., Muskat, B., & Del Chiappa, G. (2017). Understanding the relationships between tourists’ emotional experiences, perceived overall image, satisfaction and intention to recommend. Journal of Travel Research, 56(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287515620567
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., Zyphur, M. J., & Zhang, Z. (2010). A general multilevel SEM framework for assessing multilevel mediation. Psychological Methods, 15(3), 209–233. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid, S. (2014). Using co-design to move the discourse of sustainable tourism from theory to practice. Tourism Dimensions, 1(1), 14–21.
   Google Scholar
• Rexisen, R. J. (2013). Study abroad and the boomerang effect: The end is only the beginning. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 33, 166–181.
   Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, M. A., Pinto, P., Silva, J. A., & Woosnam, K. M. (2018). Examining the predictive validity of SUS-TAS with maximum parsimony in developing island countries. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(3), 379–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1355918
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruhanen, L., & Cooper, C. (2004). Applying a knowledge management framework to tourism research. Tourism Recreation Research, 29(1), 83–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2004.11081434
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, C. (2003). Recreational tourism: Demand and impacts. Channel View Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Schultz, P. W. (2001). The structure of environmental concern: Concern for self, other people, and the biosphere. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(4), 327–339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, P. W. (2002). Inclusion with nature: The psychology of human-nature relations. In P. Schmuck & W. P. Schultz (Eds.), Psychology of sustainable development (pp. 61–78). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Schultz, P. W., Shriver, C., Tabanico, J. J., & Khazian, A. M. (2004). Implicit connections with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(1), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00022-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, K. (2012). Community engaged research: Student and community perspectives. Partnerships: A Journal of Service-Learning and Civic Engagement, 1(2), 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Stanton, T. K. (2008). New times demand new scholarship: Opportunities and challenges for civic engagement at research universities. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 3(1), 19–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1746197907086716
   Google Scholar
• Stern, P. C. (2000). Psychology and the science of human-environment interactions. American Psychologist, 55(5), 523–530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., & Guagnano, G. A. (1995). The new ecological paradigm in social-psychological context. Environment and Behavior, 27(6), 723–743. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916595276001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stryker, S., & Burke, P. J. (2000). The past, present, and future of an identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63(4), 284–297. https://doi.org/10.2307/2695840
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Students on Ice. (2020). Mandate [online]. Students on Ice. Retrieved March 1, 2020 from https://studentsonice.com/about-us/our-mandate/
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1979) An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict,’ in The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, William G. Austin and Stephen Worchel, eds. Monterey, CA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar