818
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Do international sanctions help or inhibit justice and sustainability in tourism?

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 2716-2733 | Received 24 Dec 2021, Accepted 18 Apr 2022, Published online: 28 Apr 2022

References

  • Afshari, L. (2019). International sanctions and sustainable development goals. https://www.sdwatch.org/post/international-sanctions-and-sustainable-development-goals.
  • Alarcón, D. M., & Cole, S. (2019). No sustainability for tourism without gender equality. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(7), 903–919. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1588283
  • Avraham, E. (2015). Destination image repair during crisis: Attracting tourism during the Arab Spring uprisings. Tourism Management, 47, 224–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.10.003
  • Azcárate, M. C., Mostafanezhad, M., & Norum, R. (2021). Introduction: Tourism geopolitics. In M. Mostafanezhad, M. C. Azcárate, & R. Norum (Eds.), Tourism geopolitics: Assemblages of infrastructure, affect, and imagination (pp. 3–28). University of Arizona Press.
  • Baerenholdt, J. O. (2013). Governmobility: The powers of mobility. Mobilities, 8(1), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2012.747754
  • Bianchi, R. (2006). Tourism and the globalisation of fear: Analysing the politics of risk and (in) security in global travel. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.thr.6050028
  • Bianchi, R. V., Stephenson, M. L., & Hannam, K. (2020). The contradictory politics of the right to travel: mobilities, borders & tourism. Mobilities, 15(2), 290–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2020.1723251
  • Bianchi, R., & Stephenson, M. L. (2019). Tourism, border politics, and the fault lines of mobility. In A. Paasi, E.-K. Prokkola, J. Saarinen, & K. Zimmerbauer (Eds.), Borderless worlds for whom? Ethics, moralities and mobilities (pp. 123–138). Routledge.
  • Bidegain Ponte, N., & Enríquez, C. R. (2016). Agenda 2030: A bold enough framework towards sustainable, gender-just development? Gender & Development, 24(1), 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2016.1142227
  • Biyouki, Z. A., & Marinova, D. (2020). What hides behind the scarf: Iranian women’s participation in the economy. In S. Samani & D. Marinova (Eds.), Muslim women in the economy (pp. 85–99). Routledge.
  • Boluk, K. A., Cavaliere, C. T., & Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2019). A critical framework for interrogating the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030 Agenda in tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(7), 847–864. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1619748
  • Boomen, M. (2014). The effectiveness and ethics of economic sanctions. https://sevenpillarsinstitute.org/effectiveness-and-ethics-of-economic-sanctions/.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. [Database] https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Breakey, N., & Breakey, H. (2013). Is there a right to tourism? Tourism Analysis, 18(6), 739–748. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354213X13824558470943
  • Brown, G. (2006). Kantian cosmopolitan law and the idea of a cosmopolitan constitution. History of Political Thought, 27(4), 661–684.
  • Brownlow, C. A. (2011). Between rights and responsibilities: insurgent performance in an invisible landscape. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 43(6), 1268–1286. https://doi.org/10.1068/a436
  • Chan, H. M. (2005). Rawls' theory of justice: A naturalistic evaluation. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 30(5), 449–465.
  • Chaulagain, S., Wiitala, J., & Fu, X. (2019). The impact of country image and destination image on US tourists’ travel intention. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 12, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.01.005
  • Cortright, D., & Lopez, G. A. (2018). Economic sanctions: Panacea or peacebuilding in a post-cold war world? Routledge.
  • Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage.
  • Damrosch, L. F. (1994). The collective enforcement of international norms through economic sanctions. Ethics & International Affairs, 8, 59–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1994.tb00158.x
  • Daniels, S. (1989). The question of jury competence and the politics of civil justice reform: Symbols, rhetoric, and agenda-building. Law and Contemporary Problems, 52(4), 269–310. https://doi.org/10.2307/1191914
  • Decrop, A. (1999). Triangulation in qualitative tourism research. Tourism Management, 20(1), 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00102-2
  • Deep, A., & Johnston, C. S. (2017). Travel advisories–destabilising diplomacy in disguise. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 9(1), 82–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2016.1231195
  • Dizaji, S. F. (2019). Trade openness, political institutions, and military spending (evidence from lifting Iran’s sanctions). Empirical Economics, 57(6), 2013–2041.
  • Drury, A. C., & Peksen, D. (2014). Women and economic statecraft: The negative impact international economic sanctions visit on women. European Journal of International Relations, 20(2), 463–490. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066112448200
  • Duffy, R., & Smith, M. (2004). The ethics of tourism development. Routledge.
  • Ellis, E. (2021). The ethics of economic sanctions: Why just war theory is not the answer. Res Publica, 27(3), 409–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11158-020-09483-z
  • Farahani, B. M., & Dabbaghi, H. (2018). Tourism and the empowerment of women in Iran. In S. Seyfi & C. M. Hall (Eds.), Tourism in Iran: Challenges, development and issues (pp. 177–192). Routledge.
  • Farasatkhah, M., Ghazi, M., & Bazargan, A. (2008). Quality challenge in Iran’s Higher Education: A historical review. Iranian Studies, 41(2), 115–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/00210860801913321
  • Farzin, F. (2017). Localising the impact of techno-entrepreneurship in Eastern Iran: Birjand's Science and Technology Park as a local innovation community. Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit, 32(7), 692–710. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269094217734327
  • Fathollah-Nejad, A. (2014). Why sanctions against Iran are counterproductive: Conflict resolution and state–society relations. International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis, 69(1), 48–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020702014521561
  • Fennell, D. A. (2006). Tourism ethics. Channel View Publications.
  • Flikschuh, K. (2012). Elusive unity: The general will in Hobbes and Kant. Hobbes Studies, 25(1), 21–42. https://doi.org/10.1163/187502512X639597
  • Gallie, W. B. (1956). Art as an essentially contested concept. The Philosophical Quarterly, 6(23), 97–114. https://doi.org/10.2307/2217217
  • Gilbert, L., & Phillips, C. (2003). Practices of urban environmental citizenship: rights to the city and rights to nature in Toronto. Citizenship Studies, 7(3), 313–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/1362102032000098896
  • Given, L. M. (Ed.). (2008). The Sage Encyclopedia of qualitative research methods. Sage publications.
  • Gowlland-Debbas, V. (2021). United Nations Sanctions and international law. Brill.
  • Gutmann, J., Neuenkirch, M., & Neumeier, F. (2020). Precision-guided or blunt? The effects of US economic sanctions on human rights. Public Choice, 185(1-2), 161–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-019-00746-9
  • Hall, C. M. (2005). Tourism: Rethinking the social science of mobility. Pearson.
  • Hall, C. M. (2010). Crisis events in tourism: subjects of crisis in tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(5), 401–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2010.491900
  • Hall, C. M. (2017). Tourism and geopolitics: The political imaginary of territory, tourism and space. In D. Hall (Ed.), Tourism and geopolitics: Issues from central and Eastern Europe (pp. 15–24). CABI.
  • Hall, C. M. (2019). Constructing sustainable tourism development: The 2030 agenda and the managerial ecology of sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(7), 1044–1060. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1560456
  • Handcock, M. S., & Gile, K. J. (2011). Comment: On the concept of snowball sampling. Sociological Methodology, 41(1), 367–371.
  • Hatipoglu, E., & Peksen, D. (2018). Economic sanctions and banking crises in target economies. Defence and Peace Economics, 29(2), 171–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2016.1245811
  • Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2008). Justice tourism and alternative globalisation. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(3), 345–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580802154132
  • Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2018). The potential for justice through tourism. Via. Tourism Review, 13. Retrieved from http://journals.openedition.org/viatourism/2469. doi: 10.4000/viatourism.2469
  • Houston, D., & Pulido, L. (2002). The work of performativity: staging social justice at the University of Southern California. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 20(4), 401–424. https://doi.org/10.1068/d344
  • Hufbauer, G. C., Schott, J. J., Elliott, K. A., & Oeggm, B. (2008). Economic sanctions reconsidered (3rd ed.). The Peterson Institute for International Economics.
  • Ilieva, J., Dashtevski, A., & Kokotovic, F. (2018). Economic sanctions in international law. UTMS Journal of Economics, 9(2), 201–211.
  • Jamal, T. (2019). Justice and ethics in tourism. Routledge.
  • Jamal, T., & Hales, R. (2016). Performative justice: new directions in environmental and social justice. Geoforum, 76, 176–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.09.014
  • Jamal, T., & Higham, J. (2021). Justice and ethics: Towards a new platform for tourism and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(2–3), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1835933
  • Jamal, T., Camargo, B., Sandlin, J., & Segrado, R. (2010). Tourism and cultural sustainability: Towards an eco-cultural justice for place and people. Tourism Recreation Research, 35(3), 269–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2010.11081643
  • Kant, I. (1948). Groundwork of the metaphysic of morals (Translated by H. J. Paton). Routledge.
  • Khodadadi, M. (2016). A new dawn? The Iran nuclear deal and the future of the Iranian tourism industry. Tourism Management Perspectives, 18, 6–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.019
  • Khodadadi, M. (2018). Donald Trump, US foreign policy and potential impacts on Iran's tourism industry: Post-nuclear deal. Tourism Management Perspectives, 26, 28–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.01.007
  • Khodadadi, M., & O’Donnell, H. (2017). UK press and tourist discourses of Iran: A study in multiple realities. Leisure Studies, 36(1), 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2015.1085591
  • King, T. (1999). Human rights in European foreign policy: success or failure for post-modern diplomacy? European Journal of International Law, 10(2), 313–337. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/10.2.313
  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage.
  • Madani, K. (2021). Have international sanctions impacted Iran’s environment? World, 2(2), 231–252. https://doi.org/10.3390/world2020015
  • Marinov, N. (2005). Do economic sanctions destabilize country leaders? American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 564–576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00142.x
  • Mathis, K. (2009). Future generations in John Rawls' theory of justice. Archiv Für Rechts-Und Sozialphilosphie, 95(1), 49–61. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23680984.
  • McDowell, D. (2021). Financial sanctions and political risk in the international currency system. Review of International Political Economy, 28(3), 635–661. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2020.1736126
  • Meuleman, L., & Niestroy, I. (2015). Common but differentiated governance: A metagovernance approach to make the SDGs work. Sustainability, 7(9), 12295–12321. https://doi.org/10.3390/su70912295
  • Morakabati, Y. (2011). Deterrents to tourism development in Iran. International Journal of Tourism Research, 13(2), 103–123.
  • Mostafanezhad, M., & Norum, R. (2016). Towards a geopolitics of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 61(C), 226–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.08.003
  • Mozafari, M. (2016). Iran and science publishing in the post-sanctions era. The Lancet, 387(10029), 1721–1722. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30260-4
  • Neuenkirch, M., & Neumeier, F. (2015). The impact of UN and US economic sanctions on GDP growth. European Journal of Political Economy, 40, 110–125.
  • Özdamar, Ö., & Shahin, E. (2021). Consequences of economic sanctions: The state of the art and paths forward. International Studies Review, 23(4), 1646–1671. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viab029
  • Power, M., & Campbell, D. (2010). The state of critical geopolitics. Political Geography, 29(5), 243–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2010.06.003
  • Pratt, S., & Alizadeh, V. (2018). The economic impact of the lifting of sanctions on tourism in Iran: A computable general equilibrium analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(11), 1221–1238. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1307329
  • Ramet, S. P. (2019). Kant on ethics and politics. Eastern Review, 8, 183–199. https://doi.org/10.18778/1427-9657.08.08
  • Rarick, C. A. (2006). Destroying a country in order to save it: the folly of economic sanctions against Myanmar. Economic Affairs, 26(2), 60–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.2006.00632.x
  • Rarick, C. A. (2007). Economic sanctions: failed foreign policy tool and a cost to American business. Economic Affairs, 27(3), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.2007.00757.x
  • Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Seyfi, S., Rastegar, R., & Hall, C. M. (2021). Destination image during the COVID-19 pandemic and future travel behavior: The moderating role of past experience. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 21, 100620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100620
  • Rastegar, R., Higgins-Desbiolles, F., & Ruhanen, L. (2021). COVID-19 and a justice framework to guide tourism recovery. Annals of Tourism Research, 91(103161): 1–4.
  • Rastegar, R., Zarezadeh, Z., & Gretzel, U. (2021). World heritage and social justice: Insights from the inscription of Yazd. Iran. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(2–3), 521–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1782925
  • Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Harvard University Press.
  • Ritchie, B. W., & Jiang, Y. (2019). A review of research on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management: Launching the annals of tourism research curated collection on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management. Annals of Tourism Research, 79, 102812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102812
  • Rosenberg, E., Drezner, D. W., Solomon-Strauss, J., & Goldman, Z. K. (2016). The new tools of economic warfare: Effects and effectiveness of contemporary U.S. financial sanctions. Center for a New American Security.
  • Rowley, J. (2012). Conducting research interviews. Management Research Review, 35(3/4), 260–271. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171211210154
  • Rustler, A. (2019). Are sanctions stopping us from achieving global climate goals? Journal of International Affairs. https://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/online-articles/are-sanctions-stopping-us-achieving-global-climate-goals.
  • Saldaña, J. (2021). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (4th ed.). Sage.
  • Schwendinger, H., & Schwendinger, J. (2014). Defenders of order or guardians of human rights? Social Justice, 40(1/2 (131-132), 87–117.
  • Scott, S. V. (2018). The decline of international law as a normative ideal. Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, 49(4), 627–644. https://doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v49i4.5344
  • Sen, G. (2019). Gender equality and women's empowerment: Feminist mobilization for the SDGs. Global Policy, 10(S1), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12593
  • Seyfi, S., & Hall, C. M. (2020a). Tourism, sanctions and boycotts. Routledge.
  • Seyfi, S., & Hall, C. M. (2020b). Sanctions and tourism: Conceptualisation and implications for destination marketing and management. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 15, 100381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.100381
  • Seyfi, S., & Hall, C. M. (2020c). Sanctions and tourism: Effects, complexities and research. Tourism Geographies, 22(4–5), 749–767. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2019.1663911
  • Seyfi, S., & Hall, C. M. (Eds.) (2018). Tourism in Iran: Challenges, development and issues. Routledge.
  • Seyfi, S., Hall, C. M., & Fagnoni, E. (2019). Managing world heritage site stakeholders: A grounded theory paradigm model approach. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 14(4), 308–324.
  • Seyfi, S., Hall, C. M., & Vo-Thanh, T. (2020a). The gendered effects of statecraft on women in tourism: Economic sanctions, women’s disempowerment and sustainability? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1850749
  • Seyfi, S., Hall, C. M., & Vo-Thanh, T. (2020b). Tourism, peace and sustainability in sanctions-ridden destinations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(2–3), 372–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1818764
  • Shahidian, H. (2002). Women in Iran: gender politics in the Islamic Republic. Greenwood.
  • Steinberger, P. J. (2008). Hobbes, Rousseau and the modern conception of the state. The Journal of Politics, 70(3), 595–611. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002238160808064X
  • Tahmasebi, S. (2018). How US sanctions impede the women’s movement in Iran. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/how-us-sanctions-impede-the-women-s-movement-in-iran/.
  • Takeyh, R., & Maloney, S. (2011). The self-limiting success of Iran sanctions. International Affairs, 87(6), 1297–1312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2011.01037.x
  • Teitel, R. G. (2015). Globalizing transitional justice: contemporary essays. Oxford University Press.
  • Torabian, P., & Mair, H. (2022). Insurgent citizens: mobility (in) justice and international travel. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(2–3), 392–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1945069
  • Torabian, P., & Miller, M. C. (2017). Freedom of movement for all? Unpacking racialized travel experiences. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(9), 931–945. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1273882
  • Toubes, D. R., & Araújo-Vila, N. (2021). The treatment of language in travel advisories as a covert tool of political sanction. Tourism Management Perspectives, 40, 100866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100866
  • UN Women. (2020). SDG 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/women-and-the-sdgs/sdg-5-gender-equality.
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2022). Iran (Islamic Republic of). https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ir.
  • United Nations Security Council. (2020). Sanctions. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/information.
  • United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda.
  • UNWTO. (2019). UNWTO tourism highlights, 2018 edition. UNWTO. http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourismhighlights-.
  • Winkler, A. (1999). Just sanctions. Human Rights Quarterly, 21(1), 133–155. https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.1999.0014
  • Wise, N. (2018). Using ethnographic and participatory approaches in tourism and hospitality research. In R. Nunkoo (Ed.), Handbook of research methods for tourism and hospitality management (pp. 115–122). Edward Elgar.
  • Wood, A. W. (1999). Kant’s ethical thought. Cambridge University Press.
  • WTTC. (2020). Iran. 2021 annual research: Key highlights. https://wttc.org/Research/Economic-Impact.
  • Wut, T. M., Xu, J. B., & Wong, S. M. (2021). Crisis management research (1985–2020) in the hospitality and tourism industry: A review and research agenda. Tourism Management, 85, 104307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104307

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.