Risky business? Women’s entrepreneurial responses to crisis in the tourism industry in Tanzania

References

• Ackerly, B., & True, J. (2008). Reflexivity in practice: Power and ethics in feminist research on international relations. International Studies Review, 10(4), 693–707. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2486.2008.00826.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez, S. A., & Barney, J. B. (2007). Discovery and creation: Alternative theories of entrepreneurial action. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(1–2), 11–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, W. (2013). Leakages in the tourism systems: Case of Zanzibar. Tourism Review, 68(1), 62–76. https://doi.org/10.1108/16605371311310084
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, W. (2015). Human Resource Needs and Skill Gaps in the Tourism and Hospitality Sector in Tanzania Consultancy Report submitted to The Ministry of Education and Vocational Training, Tanzania under World Bank - STHEP AF Project.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, W., & Mdemu Komba, I. (2017). Female entrepreneurs and poverty reduction: hair craft SMEs in Tanzania. Development in Practice, 27(3), 392–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2017.1293008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, W., Busagara, T., Mahangila, D., Minde, M., Bahati, V., & Olomi, D. (2017). The dialogue and advocacy initiatives for reforming the business environment of the tourism and hospitality sector in Tanzania. Tourism Review, 72(1), 45–67. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-09-2016-0036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, W., Mossberg, L., & Andersson, T. (Ed). (2021). Sustainable tourism development in Tanzania. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Ateljevic, J. (2009). Tourism and entrepreneurship (S. J. Page (Eds.), 1st ed.). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bahn, K., Cohen, J., & van der Meulen Rodgers, Y. (2020). A feminist perspective on COVID‐19 and the value of care work globally. Gender, Work, and Organization, 27(5), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Brush, C. G., De Bruin, A., & Welter, F. (2009). A gender‐aware framework for women’s entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 8–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566260910942318
   Google Scholar
• Busenitz, L. A., Gómez, C., & Spencer, J. W. (2000). Country institutional profiles: Unlocking entrepreneurial phenomena. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 994–1003. https://doi.org/10.5465/1556423
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2002). Qualitative interviewing and grounded theory analysis. In J. F. Gubrium & J. A. Holstein (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of interview research: The complexity of the craft (pp. 347–366). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Claudio-Quiroga, G., Gil-Alana, L. A., Gil-López, Á., & Babinger, F. (2022). A gender approach to the impact of COVID-19 on tourism employment. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2068021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, C., Landivar, L. C., Ruppanner, L., & Scarborough, W. J. (2021). COVID‐19 and the gender gap in work hours. Gender, Work, and Organization, 28(Suppl 1), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creighton, C., & Omari, C. K. (2018). Introduction: Family and gender relations in Tanzania - inequality, control and resistance. In C. Creighton & C. K. Omari (Eds.), Gender, family and work in Tanzania. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• De Vita, L., Mari, M., & Poggesi, S. (2014). Women entrepreneurs in and from developing countries: Evidences from the literature. European Management Journal, 32, 451–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.07.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy, L. N., Kline, C. S., Mowatt, R. A., & Chancellor, H. C. (2015). Women in tourism: Shifting gender ideology in the DR. Annals of Tourism Research, 52, 72–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.02.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dushnitsky, G., Graebner, M., & Zott, C. (2020). Entrepreneurial responses to crisis. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 14(4), 537–548. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1383
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elam, A. B., Brush, C. G., Greene, P. G., Baumer, B., Dean, M., & Heavlow, R. (2019). Global entrepreneurship research association. In Women’s entrepreneurship report. 2018/2019. Smith College.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, L., & Alarcón, D. M. (2015). Gender and sustainable tourism: reflections on theory and practice. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(3), 401–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.957208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figueroa-Domecq, C., & Segovia-Perez, M. (2020). Application of a gender perspective in tourism research: a theoretical and practical approach. Journal of Tourism Analysis: Revista de Análisis Turístico, 27(2), 2254.
   Google Scholar
• Figueroa-Domecq, C., Kimbu, A., de Jong, A., & Williams, A. M. (2022). Sustainability through the tourism entrepreneurship journey: a gender perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(7), 1562–1585. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1831001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filimonau, V., Matyakubov, U., Matniyozov, M., Shaken, A., & Mika, M. (2022). Women entrepreneurs in tourism in a time of a life event crisis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2091142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galloway, L., Kapasi, I., & Sang, K. (2015). Entrepreneurship, leadership, and the value of feminist approaches to understanding them. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(3), 683–692. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12178
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, P. K., Ghosh, S. K., & Chowdhury, S. (2018). Factors hindering women entrepreneurs’ access to institutional finance-an empirical study. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 30(4), 279–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2017.1388952
   Google Scholar
• Gillham, B. (2000). Case study research methods. Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Giones, F., Brem, A., Pollack, J. M., Michaelis, T. L., Klyver, K., & Brinckmann, J. (2020). Revising entrepreneurial action in response to exogenous shocks: Considering the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 14, e00186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00186
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, K. D., Saunders, C., & Denier, N. (2022). Lockdowns, pivots & triple shifts: early challenges and opportunities of the COVID-19 pandemic for women entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 34(5), 483–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2022.2042657
   Google Scholar
• Idris, I. (2018). Mapping women’s economic exclusion in Tanzania. Helpdesk report: Knowledge, evidence and learning for development (K4D). Retrieved December 16, 2021, from https://gsdrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Mapping_Womens_Economic_Exclusion_in_Tanzania.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• ILO. (2003). Tanzanian women entrepreneurs: Going for growth. Retrieved March 20, 2022 from https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/ilo-bookstore/order-online/books/WCMS_PUBL_9221137317_EN/lang–en/index.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Je, J. S., Khoo, C., & Chiao Ling Yang, E. (2022). Gender issues in tourism organisations: insights from a two-phased pragmatic systematic literature review. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 30(7), 1658–1681. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1831000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings, J. E., & Brush, C. G. (2013). Research on women entrepreneurs: challenges to (and from) the broader entrepreneurship literature? Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), 663–715. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2013.782190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings, J. E., Jennings, P. D., & Sharifian, M. (2016). Living the dream? Assessing the “entrepreneurship as emancipation” perspective in a developed region. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 40(1), 81–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiyane, G. V., Majanja, M. K., Ocholla, D. N., & Mostert, B. J. (2012). Contribution of informal sector women entrepreneurs to the tourism industry in eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, in KwaZulu-Natal: barriers and issues: recreation and tourism. African Journal for Physical Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 18(41), 709–728.
   Google Scholar
• Kapinga, A. F., & Montero, C. S. (2017). Exploring the socio-cultural challenges of food processing women entrepreneurs in Iringa, Tanzania and strategies used to tackle them. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 7(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-017-0076-0
   Google Scholar
• Kimbu, A. N., de Jong, A., Adam, I., Ribeiro, M., Afenyo-Agbe, E., Adeola, O., & Figueroa-Domecq, C. (2021). Recontextualising Gender in Entrepreneurial Leadership. Annals of Tourism Research, 88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuckertz, A., & Brändle, L. (2022). Creative reconstruction: A structured literature review of the early empirical research on the COVID-19 crisis and entrepreneurship. Management Review Quarterly, 72(2), 281–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-021-00221-0
   Google Scholar
• Kuckertz, A., Brändle, L., Gaudig, A., Hinderer, S., Reyes, C. A. M., Prochotta, A., Steinbrink, K. M., & Berger, E. S. (2020). Startups in times of crisis–A rapid response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 13, e00169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00169
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, S., & Singh, N. (2021). Entrepreneurial prospects and challenges for women amidst COVID-19: a case study of Delhi, India. Fulbright Review of Economics and Policy, 1(2), 205–226. https://doi.org/10.1108/FREP-09-2021-0057
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y. S., Lynham, S. A., & Guba, E. G. (2018). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences, revisited. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The sage handbook of qualitative research (pp. 108–150). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lugalla, I. M. (2018). Growth aspirations of women entrepreneurs in tourism in Tanzania [Doctoral thesis]. University of Groningen.
   Google Scholar
• Maliva, N. S. (2017). Women entrepreneurs’ strategies and tourism development in Zanzibar. Business Management Review, January-June, 110–130.
   Google Scholar
• Maliva, N., & Mwaipopo, L. (2017). Gender and women entrepreneurs’ strategies in tourism markets: A comparison between Tanzania and Sweden. Operations Research Society of Eastern Africa, 7(2), 1–12. Retrieved January 10, 22, from https://orseajournal.udsm.ac.tz/index.php/orsea/article/view/62.
   Google Scholar
• Martinez Caparros, B. (2018). Trekking to women’s empowerment: A case study of a female-operated travel company in Ladakh. In S. Cole (Ed.), Gender equality and tourism: Beyond empowerment (pp. 57–66). CABI.
   Google Scholar
• McAllum, K., Fox, S., Simpson, M., & Unson, C. (2019). A comparative tale of two methods: How thematic and narrative analyses author the data story differently. Communication Research and Practice, 5(4), 358–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/22041451.2019.1677068
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarrick, H., & Kleine, D. J. (2018). Digital inclusion, female entrepreneurship and the production of neoliberal subjects—views from Chile and Tanzania. In M. Graham (Ed.), Digital economies at global margins (pp. 103–128). MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism. (2020). Comprehensive COVID-19 recovery and sustainability plan for tourism sector in Tanzania 2020/21-2024/25 – Draft, September. The United Republic of Tanzania.
   Google Scholar
• Mordi, C., Simpson, R., Singh, S., & Okafor, C. (2010). The role of cultural values in understanding the challenges faced by female entrepreneurs in Nigeria. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 25(1), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542411011019904
   Google Scholar
• Mori, N. (2015). Women’s Entrepreneurship Development in Tanzania: Insights and Recommendations. Report number 14.04.2. International Labour Organization (ILO). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4163.1444
   Google Scholar
• Ngoasong, M. Z., & Kimbu, A. N. (2019). Why hurry? The slow process of high growth in women‐owned businesses in a resource‐scarce context. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(1), 40–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12493
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojediran, F., & Anderson, A. (2020). Women’s entrepreneurship in the global south: empowering and emancipating? Administrative Sciences, 10(4), 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10040087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phommavong, S., & Sörensson, E. (2014). Ethnic tourism in Lao PDR: Gendered divisions of labour in community-based tourism for poverty reduction. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(4), 350–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2012.721758
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rindova, V., Barry, D., & Ketchen, D. J.Jr, (2009). Entrepreneuring as emancipation. Academy of Management Review, 34(3), 477–491. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.40632647
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumpeter, J. A. (2000). Entrepreneurship as Innovation. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign’s Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship. SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1512266
   Google Scholar
• Statista. (2021). Earnings from visitors at tourist attraction sites in Tanzania in Q1 2021, by geographical zone. Retrieved December 16, 2021, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1149350/earnings-from-visitors-at-tourist-attraction-sites-in-tanzania-by-zone/.
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson, L., & St-Onge, A. (2005). Support for growth-oriented women entrepreneurs in Uganda. International Labour Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Suluo, S. J., Mossberg, L., Andersson, T. D., Anderson, W., & Assad, M. J. (2020). Corporate sustainability practices in tourism—Evidence from Tanzania. Tourism Planning & Development, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2020.1850515
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, Y. Y., Li, M., Lenzen, M., Malik, A., & Pomponi, F. (2022). Tourism, job vulnerability and income inequality during the COVID-19 pandemic: A global perspective. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 3(1), 100046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2022.100046
   Google Scholar
• The Office of the Chief Government Statistician. (2016). Household budget survey 2014/15. OCGS.
   Google Scholar
• The Office of the Chief Government Statistician. (2019). Women and men in Zanzibar: Facts and figures. Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar. February 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Thien, O. S. (2009). Women empowerment through tourism—from social entrepreneur perspective. http://edepot.wur.nl/11305.
   Google Scholar
• Tracy, S. J. (2013). Qualitative research methods: Collecting evidence, crafting analysis, communicating impact. Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Trupp, A., & Sunanta, S. (2017). Gendered practices in urban ethnic tourism in Thailand. Annals of Tourism Research, 64, 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, H. (2022). Gendering sustainability’s contradictions: between change and continuity. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(7), 1500–1517. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1839902
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNWTO. (2018). Global report on women in tourism (2nd ed.). World Tourism Organisation.
   Google Scholar
• UNWTO. (2021). UNWTO inclusive recovery guide: Sociocultural impacts of COVID-19. Issue 3: women in tourism. World Tourism Organisation.
   Google Scholar
• UNWTO. (2022). New guidelines put women’s empowerment at heart of tourism’s restart. World Tourism Organisation. Retrieved July 2, 2022, from https://www.unwto.org/news/new-guidelines-put-women-s-empowerment-at-heart-of-tourism-s-restart.
   Google Scholar
• Welter, F., Baker, T., & Wirsching, K. (2019). Three waves and counting: the rising tide of contextualization in entrepreneurship research. Small Business Economics, 52(2), 319–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0094-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2021). Transforming tourism: Toward a sustainable, resilient, and inclusive sector (English). World Bank Group. Retrieved January 10, 2022, from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/794611627497650414/Transforming-Tourism-Toward-a-Sustainable-Resilient-and-Inclusive-Sector.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, W., Williams, A. M., Li, G., & Liu, A. (2022). Entrepreneurial responses to uncertainties during the COVID-19 recovery: A longitudinal study of B&Bs in Zhangjiajie, China. Tourism Management, 91, 104525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar