The carbon footprint of regional tourism trips: insights from environmentally extended regional input output analysis

References

• Abrantes, I., Ferreira, A. F., Silva, A., & Costa, M. (2021). Sustainable aviation fuels and imminent technologies-CO2 emissions evolution towards 2050. Journal of Cleaner Production, 313, 127937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127937
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmelash, A. G., & Kumar, S. (2019). Assessing progress of tourism sustainability: Developing and validating sustainability indicators. Tourism Management, 71, 67–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arabadzhyan, A., Figini, P., García, C., González, M. M., Lam-González, Y. E., & León, C. J. (2021). Climate change, coastal tourism, and impact chains–A literature review. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(16), 2233–2268. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1825351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becken, S. (2019). Decarbonising tourism: Mission impossible? Tourism Recreation Research, 44(4), 419–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2019.1598042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becken, S., & Shuker, J. (2019). A framework to help destinations manage carbon risk from aviation emissions. Tourism Management, 71, 294–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.10.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becken, S., Whittlesea, E., Loehr, J., & Scott, D. (2020). Tourism and climate change: Evaluating the extent of policy integration. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(10), 1603–1624. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1745217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, J., Jones, C., & Munday, M. (2006). The contribution of tourism to the UK economy: Satellite account perspectives. The Service Industries Journal, 26(5), 493–511. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060600722809
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadarso, M. Á., Gomez, N., López, L. A., & Tobarra, M. Á. (2016). Calculating tourism’s carbon footprint: Measuring the impact of investments. Journal of Cleaner Production, 111, 529–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadarso, M. Á., Tobarra, M. Á., García-Alaminos, Á., Ortiz, M., Gómez, N., & Zafrilla, J. (2022). The input–output method for calculating the carbon footprint of tourism: An application to the Spanish tourism industry. Advances of Footprint Family for Sustainable Energy and Industrial Systems, 35-57
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, E. (1978). The impact of tourism on the physical environment. Annals of Tourism Research, 5(2), 215–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(78)90221-9
   Google Scholar
• Collins, A., Jones, C., & Munday, M. (2009). Assessing the environmental impacts of mega sporting events: Two options? Tourism Management, 30(6), 828–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.12.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, S. N., Black, J., Connolly, K., & Spowage, M. (2022). Improving the quality of regional economic indicators in the UK: A framework for the production of supply and use and input output tables for the four nations. Economic Statistics Centre of Excellence ESCoE DP 2022–14
   Google Scholar
• Davies, H. (2017). The well-being of future generations (Wales) Act 2015—A step change in the legal protection of the interests of future generations? Journal of Environmental Law, 29(1), 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqx003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. (2022). Greenhouse gas reporting: Conversion factors 2022. HMSO. Retrieved March 1, 2023, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/greenhouse-gas-reporting-conversion-factors-2022.
   Google Scholar
• Román, M., Corsatea, T., Amores, A., et al. (2019). World input-output database environmental accounts: Update 2000-2016, Publications Office, 2019, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/024036
   Google Scholar
• Frechtling, D. C. (2010). The tourism satellite account: A primer. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(1), 136–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.08.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gössling, S., & Scott, D. (2018). The decarbonisation impasse: Global tourism leaders’ views on climate change mitigation. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(12), 2071–2086. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1529770
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glyn Jones, T. (2021). Tourist tax in Wales: Industry bosses say ‘no way’ BBC News, 19th June 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2022, from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-57526543.
   Google Scholar
• Haberl, H., Wiedenhofer, D., Virág, D., Kalt, G., Plank, B., Brockway, P., Fishman, T., Hausknost, D., Krausmann, F., Leon-Gruchalski, B., Mayer, A., Pichler, M., Schaffartzik, A., Sousa, T., Streeck, J., & Creutzig, F. (2020). A systematic review of the evidence on decoupling of GDP, resource use and GHG emissions, part II: Synthesizing the insights. Environmental Research Letters, 15(6), 065003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab842a
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, C. M. (2021). Climate change and tourism: Emerging transformations. In Emerging Transformations in Tourism and Hospitality (pp. 18–34). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hess, D. J., & Renner, M. (2019). Conservative political parties and energy transitions in Europe: Opposition to climate mitigation policies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 104, 419–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.01.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higham, J., Font, X., & Wu, J. (2021). Code red for sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2008128
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber, R. A., Fesenfeld, L., & Bernauer, T. (2020). Political populism, responsiveness, and public support for climate mitigation. Climate Policy, 20(3), 373–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2020.1736490
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarratt, D., & Davies, N. J. (2020). Planning for climate change impacts: Coastal tourism destination resilience policies. Tourism Planning & Development, 17(4), 423–440. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1667861
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC. (2023). CLIMATE CHANGE 2023 Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers. Retrieved July 5, 2023, from https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_SYR_SPM.pdf
   Google Scholar
• IEA. (2023). Keeping the door to 1.5 °C Open International Energy Agency. Retrieved July 5, 2023, from https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2021/keeping-the-door-to-15-0c-open
   Google Scholar
• Jones, C. (2008). Assessing the impact of a major sporting event: The role of environmental accounting. Tourism Economics, 14(2), 343–360. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000008784460382
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, C. (2013). Scenarios for greenhouse gas emissions reduction from tourism: An extended tourism satellite account approach in a regional setting. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(3), 458–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.708039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, C. (2022). Input-Output tables for Wales, 2019: Project report and outline methodology. Technical Report. https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/151984/
   Google Scholar
• Jones, C., & Munday, M. (2007). Exploring the environmental consequences of tourism: A satellite account approach. Journal of Travel Research, 46(2), 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507299592)
   Google Scholar
• Jones, C., Munday, M., & Roberts, A. (2009). Top down or bottom up? Issues in the development of sub-national tourism satellite accounts. Current Issues in Tourism, 12(4), 301–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500802346177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanal, A., Rahman, M. M., Khanam, R., & Velayutham, E. (2022). Does tourism contribute towards zero-carbon in Australia? Evidence from ARDL modelling approach. Energy Strategy Reviews, 43, 100907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100907
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson, J., Kamb, A., Nässén, J., & Åkerman, J. (2018). Measuring greenhouse gas emissions from international air travel of a country’s residents methodological development and application for Sweden. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 72, 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2018.05.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenzen, M., Sun, Y. Y., Faturay, F., Ting, Y. P., Geschke, A., & Malik, A. (2018). The carbon footprint of global tourism. Nature Climate Change, 8(6), 522–528. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0141 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0141-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, L., Li, J., Tang, L., & Wang, S. (2019). Balancing tourism’s economic benefit and CO2 emissions: An insight from input–output and tourism satellite account analysis. Sustainability, 11(4), 1052. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, M. S. (2023). The economic impact of COVID-19 on the creative industries: A sub-regional input–output approach. Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, 16(1), 4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moen, J., & Fredman, P. (2007). Effects of climate change on alpine skiing in Sweden. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(4), 418–437. https://doi.org/10.2167/jost624.0
   Google Scholar
• Moreno, A., & Amelung, B. (2009). Climate change and coastal & marine tourism: review and analysis. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 56 (Proceedings of the 10th International Coastal Symposium), 1140–1144. Lisbon, Portugal, ISSN 0749-0258.
   Google Scholar
• Munday, M., Turner, K., & Jones, C. (2013). Accounting for the carbon associated with regional tourism consumption. Tourism Management, 36, 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neger, C., Prettenthaler, F., Gössling, S., & Damm, A. (2021). Carbon intensity of tourism in Austria: Estimates and policy implications. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 33, 100331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2020.100331
   Google Scholar
• Netherwood, A., & Flynn, A. (2021). A shift in public policy for future generations in Wales? Future generations and well-being planning. In Giving future generations a voice (pp. 149–168). Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Nyaupane, G. P., & Chhetri, N. (2009). Vulnerability to climate change of nature-based tourism in the Nepalese Himalayas. Tourism Geographies, 11(1), 95–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680802643359
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. (2021). Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/carbondioxideemissionsembodiedininternationaltrade.htm
   Google Scholar
• Office for National Statistics. (2019). UK Tourist Satellite Account, 2017. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/satelliteaccounts/bulletins/uktourismsatelliteaccountuktsa/2017
   Google Scholar
• One Planet Sustainable Tourism Programme. (2021). Glasgow declaration: A commitment to a decade of climate action. Retrieved March 16, 2023, from https://www.oneplanetnetwork.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/GlasgowDeclaration_EN_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Peeters, P., Szimba, E., & Duijnisveld, M. (2007). Major environmental impacts of European tourist transport. Journal of Transport Geography, 15(2), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2006.12.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham, T., Meng, X., & Becken, S. (2022). Measuring tourism emissions at destination level: Australia case. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 3(2), 100062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2022.100062
   Google Scholar
• Ragab, A. M., & Meis, S. (2016). Developing environmental performance measures for tourism using a Tourism Satellite Accounts approach: A pilot study of the accommodation industry in Egypt. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(7), 1007–1023. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1107078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees, W. (2018). Ecological footprint. In Companion to environmental studies (pp. 43–48). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ricardo. (2022). Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 131 Economic Sectors 1998 to 2020 unpublished
   Google Scholar
• Rico, A., Martínez-Blanco, J., Montlleó, M., Rodríguez, G., Tavares, N., Arias, A., & Oliver-Solà, J. (2019). Carbon footprint of tourism in Barcelona. Tourism Management, 70, 491–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, D. (2021). Sustainable tourism and the grand challenge of climate change. Sustainability, 13(4), 1966. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, D., & Gössling, S. (2022a). Destination net-zero: What does the international energy agency roadmap mean for tourism? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(1), 14–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1962890
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, D., & Gössling, S. (2022b). A review of research into tourism and climate change – Launching the annals of tourism research curated collection on tourism and climate change. Annals of Tourism Research, 95, 103409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103409
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, D., McBoyle, G., & Mills, B. (2003). Climate change and the skiing industry in southern Ontario (Canada): exploring the importance of snowmaking as a technical adaptation. Climate Research, 23(2), 171–181. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr023171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp, H., Grundius, J., & Heinonen, J. (2016). Carbon footprint of inbound tourism to Iceland: A consumption-based life-cycle assessment including direct and indirect emissions. Sustainability, 8(11), 1147. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8111147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, Y., & Yu, M. (2021). Assessing the environmental impact and cost of the tourism-induced CO2, NOx, SOx emission in China. Sustainability, 13(2), 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020604
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparkman, G., Howe, L., & Walton, G. (2021). How social norms are often a barrier to addressing climate change but can be part of the solution. Behavioural Public Policy, 5(4), 528–555. https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2020.42
   Google Scholar
• Stovall, W., Higham, J., & Stephenson, J. (2019). Prepared for take-off? Anthropogenic climate change and the global challenge of twenty-first-century tourism. In Handbook of globalisation and tourism (pp. 174–187). Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, Y. Y., Lenzen, M., & Liu, B. J. (2019). The national tourism carbon emission inventory: Its importance, applications and allocation frameworks. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(3), 360–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1578364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, Y. Y., Gössling, S., Hem, L. E., Iversen, N. M., Walnum, H. J., Scott, D., & Oklevik, O. (2022). Can Norway become a net-zero economy under scenarios of tourism growth? Journal of Cleaner Production, 363, 132414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thackray, L. (2021). Snowdonia overtourism causes damage to national park as visitors urged to ‘respect the mountain’ The Independent, Monday 23 August 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021, from https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/snowdonia-overtourism-wales-travel-walkers-b1907036.html
   Google Scholar
• Tubiello, F. N., Salvatore, M., Rossi, S., Ferrara, A., Fitton, N., & Smith, P. (2013). The FAOSTAT database of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Environmental Research Letters, 8(1), 015009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/015009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK Trade Info. (n.d). (2019). Regional trade statistics. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from https://www.uktradeinfo.com/trade-data/regional/2019/
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2008). Tourism satellite account: Recommended methodological framework 2008. United Nations Statistical Division, 2008. Retrieved February 26, 2023, from https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/Seriesf/SeriesF_80rev1e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• VisitBritain. (2020). GB tourism survey 2019 overview. Retrieved September 5, 2022, from https://www.visitbritain.org/gb-tourism-survey-2019-overview
   Google Scholar
• Wagar, J. A. (1964). The carrying capacity of wild lands for recreation. Forest Science, 10(Suppl. 2), a0001–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/10.s2.a0001
   Google Scholar
• WERU. (2010). Input output tables for Wales, Welsh Economy Research Unit, Cardiff University. https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/698869/input-output-tables-2007-final-30-6.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Welsh Government. (2022a). Net zero Wales. Retrieved September 2, 2022, from https://gov.wales/net-zero-wales
   Google Scholar
• Welsh Government. (2022b). Visits to tourist attractions. Retrieved March 16, 2023, from https://www.gov.wales/visits-tourist-attractions
   Google Scholar
• Wenkam, R. (1975). The Pacific tourist blight. Annals of Tourism Research, 3(2), 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(75)90023-7
   Google Scholar
• World Tourism Organization and International Transport Forum. (2019). Transport-related CO2 emissions of the tourism sector – Modelling results., UNWTO. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284416660
   Google Scholar
• Xu, C., Jones, C., & Munday, M. (2020). Tourism inward investment and regional economic development effects: Perspectives from tourism satellite accounts. Regional Studies, 54(9), 1226–1237. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1696954
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar