References
- Kao JH, Chen DS. Global control of hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2:395–403.
- Chen DS. From hepatitis to hepatoma: lessons from type B viral hepatitis. Science. 1993;262:369–370.
- Fantuzzi G. Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:911–919.
- Manolakopoulos S, Bethanis S, Liapi C, et al. An assessment of serum leptin levels in patients with chronic viral hepatitis: a prospective study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2007;7:17.
- Abate N, Chandalia M, Snell PG, et al. Adipose tissue metabolites and insulin resistance in nondiabetic Asian Indian men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:2750–2755.
- Oncul O, Top C, Cavaslu T. Correlation of serum leptin with insulin sensitivity in patients with chronic hepatitis-C infection. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:937.
- Tungtrongchitr R, Treeprasertsuk S, Ei NN, et al. Serum leptin concentrations in chronic hepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006. 1. 24(3):507–512.
- Bethanis S. Leptin in the field of hepatic fibrosis: a pivotal or incidental player? Dig Dis Sci. 2006;51(51):1685–1696.
- Hui JM, Sud A, Farrell GC, et al. Insulin resistance is associated with chronic hepatitis C and virus infection fibrosis progression. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:1695–1704.
- Moucari R, Asselah T, Cazals-Hatem D, et al. Insulin resistance in chronic hepatitis C: association with genotypes 1 and 4, serum HCV RNA level, and liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:416–423.
- American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(Suppl 1):s5–s10.
- Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004. JAMA. 2006;295:1549–1555.
- Shintani Y, Fujie H, Miyoshi H, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection and diabetes (direct involvement of the virus in the development of insulin resistance). Gastroenterology. 2004;126:840–848.
- Fattovich G, Covolo L, Pasino M, et al.; For Italian Hepatitis C Cohort Study Collaborative Group. The homeostasis model assessment of the insulin resistance score is not predictive of a sustained virological response in chronic hepatitis C patients. Liver Int. 2011;31:66–74.
- Bedossa P, Poynard T. An algorithm for the grading of activity in chronic hepatitis C. The METAVIR cooperative study group. Hepatology. 1996;24:289–293.
- Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2005;41:1313–1321.
- Lee J, Kim MY, Kang SH, et al. The gamma-glutamyl transferase to platelet ratio and the FIB-4 score are noninvasive markers to determine the severity of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B infection. Br J Biomed Sci. 2018;75;128–132.
- Wong VW, Wong GL, Yu J, et al. Interaction of adipokines and hepatitis B virus on histological liver injury in the Chinese. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:132–138.
- Wang C, Hsu C, Liu C, et al. Association of chronic hepatitis B virus infection with insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23:779–782.
- Kumar M, Choudhury A, Manglik N, et al. Insulin resistance in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Am J Gastro-Enterol. 2009;104:76–82.
- Wang CC, Hsu CS, Liu CJ, et al. Association of chronic hepatitis B virus infection with insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23:779–782.
- Lee JG, Lee S, Kim YJ, et al. Association of chronic viral hepatitis B with insulin resistance. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:6120–6126.
- Comlekci A, Akpinar H, Yesil S, et al. Serum leptin levels in patients with liver cirrhosis and chronic viral hepatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2003;38(7):779–786.
- Zografos TA, Rigopoulou EI, Liaskos C, et al. Alterations of leptin duringIFN-α therapy in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2006;44:848–855.
- Greco AV, Mingrone G, Favuzzi A, et al. Serum leptin levels in post-hepatitis cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2000;33:33–37.
- Segal KR, Landt M, Klein S. Relationship between insulin sensitivity and plasma leptin concentration in lean and obese men. Diabetes. 1996;45:988–991.
- Zuo H, Shi Z, Yuan B, et al. Association between serum leptin concentrations and insulin resistance: a population-based study from China. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54615.
- Bolukbas FF, Bolukbas C, Horoz M, et al. Child-Pugh classification dependent alterations in serum leptin among cirrhotic patients: a case controlled study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2004;23:4–23.
- Adinolfi LE, Gambardella M, Andreana A, et al. Steatosis accelerates the progression of liver damage of chronic hepatitis C patients and correlates with specific HCV genotype and visceral obesity. Hepatology. 2001;33:1358–1364.
- Petta S, Cammà C, Di Marco V, et al. Insulin resistance and diabetes increase fibrosis in the liver of patients with genotype 1 HCV infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:1136–1144.
- Potter JJ, Womack L, Mezey E. Transdifferentiation of rat hepatic stellate cells results in leptin expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998;244:178–182.