268
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Accumulated social vulnerability and experiences of psycho-trauma among women living with albinism in Tanzania

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 400-421 | Received 10 Nov 2020, Accepted 23 Apr 2022, Published online: 09 May 2022

References

  • Abdi, C. 2007. “Convergence of Civil War and the Religious Right: Re-Imagining Somali Women.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 33 (1): 183–207. doi:10.1086/518393.
  • Ackley, C. 2010. “The Fetishization of Albinos in Tanzania”. http://www.underthesamesun.com/sites/default/files/The%20Fetishization%20of%20Albnos%20in%20Tanzania.pdf
  • Action for Albinism. n.d. “Africa Albinism Alliance.” https://actiononalbinism.org/en/page/sot9mh1v1c8n7lmw20y2mlsor
  • African Union. n.d. “Implementation Matrix of the Plan of Action to End Attacks and Other Human Rights Violations Targeting Persons with Albinism in Africa (2021–2031).” https://actiononalbinism.org/uploaded_documents/16270537974156ddw0tvbef7.pdf
  • Alum, A., M. Gomez, and E. Ruiz. 2009. Hocus Pocus, Witchcraft, and Murder: The Plight of Tanzanian Albinos. Chicago, IL: Northwestern University of Law.
  • Allen, , .K. 2010. Oppression Through Omission: The Human Rights Case of Persons with Albinism in Uganda [Unpublished Master Thesis]. Beloit, WI: Beloit College; Brattleboro, VT, USA: School for International Training (SIT); p. 1–25.
  • American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Amone-P’Olak, K. 2005. “Psychological Impact of War and Sexual Abuse on Adolescent Girls in Northern Uganda. Intervention.” International Journal of Mental Health, Psychosocial Work & Counselling in Areas of Armed Conflict 3 (1): 33–45.
  • Baker, C., P. Lund, R. Nyathi, and J. Taylor. 2010. “The Myths Surrounding People with Albinism in South Africa and Zimbabwe.” Journal of African Cultural Studies 22 (2): 169–118. doi:10.1080/13696815.2010.491412.
  • Basic Demographic and Socioeconomic Profile Report Tanzania Mainland. 2014. National Bureau of Statistics Ministry of Finance Dar es Salaam and Office of Chief Government Statistician Ministry of State, President Office, State House and Good Governance
  • Burke, J. 2019. Expanding Perspectives on Human Rights in Africa. 1st ed. New York, London: Routledge.
  • Burke, J., T. J. Kaijage, and J. John-Langba. 2014. ““Media Analysis of Albino Killings in Tanzania”: A Social Work and Human Rights Perspective.” Ethics and Social Welfare 8 (2): 117–134. doi:10.1080/17496535.2014.895398.
  • Connell, M. A. 2011. “Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Coping Strategies, among former South African National Servicemen”. Johannesburg.
  • Creswell, J. W. 2013. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches . 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Cruz-Inigo, A. E., B. Ladizinski, and A. Sethi. 2011. “Albinism in Africa: Stigma, slaughter and awareness campaigns.” Dermatologic Clinics 29 (1): 79–87. doi:10.1016/j.det.2010.08.015.
  • Dave-Odigie, C. P. 2010. “Albino Killings in Tanzania: Implications for Security.” Peace Studies Journal 3 (1): 68–75.
  • Engstrand-Neacsu, A, and A. Wynter. 2009. Through Albino Eyes: The Plight of Albino People in Africa’s Great Lakes Region and a Red Cross Response. Advocacy report of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. https://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/general/177800-Albinos-Report-EN.pdf
  • Franklin, A., P. Lund, C. Bradbury-Jones, and J. Taylor. 2018. “Children with Albinism in African Regions: Their Rights to ‘being’ and ‘doing’.” BMC International Health and Human Rights 18 (1): 2. doi:10.1186/s12914-018-0144-8.
  • Goffman, E. 1997. “Selections from Stigma. In Davis LJ, (Ed.), The Disability Studies Reader, p. 131–140 New York: Routledge.
  • Harder, V. S., V. N. Mutiso, L. I. Khasakhala, H. M. Burke, and D. M. Ndetei. 2012. “Multiple Traumas, Postelection Violence, and Posttraumatic Stress among Impoverished Kenyan Youth.” Journal of Traumatic Stress 25 (1): 64–70. doi:10.1002/jts.21660.
  • Harrington, C. M. 2000. “The Americans with Disabilities Act: The New Definition of Disability Post: Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc.” Marquette Law Review 84 (1): 6.
  • Hong, E. S., H. Zeeb, and M. H. Repacholi. 2006. “Albinism in Africa as a Public Health Issue.” BMC Public Health 6: 212. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-212.
  • Human Rights Watch. 2019. “It Felt Like a Punishment. Growing Up with Albinism in Tanzania.” https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/02/09/it-felt-punishment-growing-albinism-tanzania
  • Igreja, V., W. Kleijn, and A. Richters. 2006. “When the War Was over, Little Changed: Women’s Posttraumatic Suffering after the War in Mozambique.” The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 194 (7): 502–509. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000228505.36302.a3.
  • Ikuomola, A. D. 2015. “‘We Thought we Will Be Safe Here’: Narratives of Tanzanian Albinos in Kenya and South-Africa.” African Research Review 9 (4): 37. doi:10.4314/afrrev.v9i4.4.
  • Kinyanda, E., S. Musisi, C. Biryabarema, I. Ezati, H. Oboke, R. Ojiambo-Ochieng, J. Were-Oguttu, J. Levin, H. Grosskurth, and J. Walugembe. 2010. “War Related Sexual Violence and It’s Medical and Psychological Consequences as seen in Kitgum, Northern Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study.” BMC International Health and Human Rights 10 (1): 28. doi:10.1186/1472-698X-10-28.
  • Kvam, H. M., and H. S. Braathen. 2008. “I Thought … Maybe This is my Chance” Sexual Abuse against Girls and Women with Disabilities in Malawi.” Sexual Abuse 20 (1): 5–24. doi:10.1177/1079063208314817.
  • Lando, J., S. M. Williams, B. Williams, and S. Sturgis. 2006. “A Logic Model for the Integration of Mental Health into Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.” Preventing Chronic Disease 3 (2): A61. PMID: 16539802; PMCID: PMC1563949.
  • Larson, S. 2011. “Magic, Mutilation, and Murder: A Case for Granting Asylum to Tanzanian Nationals with Albinism.” Pace International Law Review Online Companion 3 (1):1–29.
  • Lund, P. M. 2005. “Oculocutaneous Albinism in Southern Africa: Population Structure, Health and Genetic Care.” Annals of Human Biology 32 (2): 168–173. doi:10.1080/03014460500075423.
  • Lund, P. M., and R. Gaigher. 2002. “A Health Intervention Programme for Children with Albinism at a Special School in South Africa.” Health Education Research 17 (3): 365–372. doi:10.1093/her/17.3.365.
  • Magobe, T. R. 2008. “Superstitious Albino Killings in Tanzania Must Stop”. http://www.groundreport.com/Opinion/Superstitious-Albino-Killings-in-Tanzania-MustSto/2860945
  • Masanja, M. M., M. M. Imori, and Ismail J. Kaudunde. 2020. “Lifelong Agony among People with Albinism: Tales from Lake Zone in Tanzania.” Journal of Social and Political Sciences 3 (2): 329–337. doi:10.31014/aior.1991.03.02.172.
  • Masanja, M. M., Z. S. K. Mvena, and K. A. Kayunze. 2014. “Albinism: Awareness, Attitudes and Level of Albinos’ Predicament in Sukumaland, Tanzania.” Asian Journal of Applied Science and Engineering 9 (3): 14–27. doi:10.15590/ajase/.
  • Myers, H. F., G. E. Wyatt, J. B. Ullman, T. B. Loeb, D. Chin, N. Prause, M. Zhang, J. K. Williams, G. M. Slavich, and H. Liu. 2015. “Cumulative Burden of Lifetime Adversities: Trauma and Mental Health in Low-SES African Americans and Latino/as.” Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy 7 (3): 243–251. doi:10.1037/a0039077.
  • Nkrumah, B. 2018. “The Hunted: UDHR and Africans with Albinism.” doi:10.1111/imig.12521.
  • Nyamu, I. K. 2014. “A Research Paper Presented by; In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Obtaining the Degree of Major: Social Policy for Development (SPD) Members of the Examining Committee ”: The Hague, The Netherlands, December 2014.
  • Onyut, L. P., F. Neuner, V. Ertl, E. Schauer, M. Odenwald, and T. Elbert. 2009. “Trauma, Poverty and Mental Health among Somali and Rwandese Refugees Living in an African Refugee settlement - An Epidemiological Study.” Conflict and Health 3 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/1752-1505-3-6.
  • Pence, B. W., K. Shirey, K. Whetten, B. Agala, D. Itemba, J. Adams, R. Whetten, J. Yao, and J. Shao. 2012. “Prevalence of Psychological Trauma and Association with Current Health and Functioning in a Sample of HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Tanzanian Adults.” PLoS One. 7 (5): e36304. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036304.
  • Pham, P. N., H. M. Weinstein, and T. Longman. 2004. “Trauma and PTSD Symptoms in Rwanda: Implications for Attitudes toward Justice and Reconciliation.” JAMA 292 (5): 602–612. doi:10.1001/jama.292.5.602.
  • Pooe-Monyemore, M. B. J., T. R. Mavundla, and A. Christianson. 2012. “The Experience of People with Oculocutaneous Albinism.” Health SA Gesondheid 17 (1): 1–8. doi:10.4102/hsag.v17i1.592.
  • Salewi, D. H. 2011. “The Killing of Persons with Albinism in Tanzania”: A Social-Legal Inquiry Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa) Faculty of Law, Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria.
  • Sandelowski, M. 2000. “Focus on Research Methods-Whatever Happened to Qualitative Description?” Research in Nursing & Health 23 (4): 334–340. doi:10.1002/1098-240X(200008)23:4<334::AID-NUR9>3.0.CO;2-G.
  • Smigelsky, M., J. Aten, S. Gerberich, M. Sanders, R. Post, K. Hook, & D. Boan. 2012. “Cost of Trauma in Sub-Saharan Africa: Review of Origins, Estimation Methods, and Interventions.” Humanitarian Disaster Institute : 1–99.
  • Taback, N., P. Robin, and K. Ben. 2008. “Sexual Violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.” JAMA 300 (6): 653–654.
  • Tambala-Kaliati, T. 2020. “Lived Experiences of Persons with Albinism in Lilongwe District, Malawi.” University of Ghana. http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh
  • Thorne, S. 2008. Interpretive Description. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, Inc.
  • Thorne, S., S. R. Kirkham, and K. O’Flynn-Magee. 2004. “The Analytic Challenge in Interpretive Description.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 3 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1177/160940690400300101.
  • Thuku, M. 2011. “Myths, Discrimination, and the Call for Special Rights for Persons with Albinism in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Intercultural Human Rights Law Review 5: 1–24.
  • Totten, S. 2009b. “The Darfur Genocide: The Mass Rape of Black African Girls and Women.” In Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide, edited by S. Totten, 137–168. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
  • Tuli, A. M., R. K. Valenzuela, E. Kamugisha, and M. H. Brilliant. 2012. “Albinism and Disease Causing Pathogens in Tanzania: Are Alleles That Are Associated with OCA2 Being Maintained by Balancing Selection?” Medical Hypotheses 79 (6): 875–878. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2012.09.013.
  • UNICEF Tanzania. 2011. “Children and Women in Tanzania”, 1, 1–202.
  • United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. (n.d.) https://albinism.ohchr.org/human-rights-dimension-of-albinism.html. Retrieved from https://albinism.ohchr.org
  • Uromi, M. S. 2014. “Violence against Persons with Albinism and Older Women: tackling Witchcraft Accusations in Tanzania.” International Journal of Education and Research 2 (6): 323–338.
  • Williams, S., D. Williams, D. Stein, S. Seedat, P. Jackson, and H. Moomal. 2007. “Multiple Traumatic Events and Psychological Distress: The South African Stress and Health Study.” Journal of Traumatic Stress 20 (5): 845–855. doi:http://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20252.Multiple.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). 2011. World Report on Disability - Summary. World Report on Disability 2011, WHO/NMH/VIP/11.01, 1–23. http://www.who.int/disabilities/world_report/2011/report/en/
  • Yohani, S. C. 2014. “Considering Gender Relations and Culture in the Psychosocial Adaptation of Individuals and Communities Affected by Sexualized Violence in African Conflicts.” In Sexual Violence in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies: International Agendas and African Contexts, edited by D. Buss, J. Lebert, B. Rutherford, D. Sharkey, and O. Aginam, 111–127. New York: Routledge.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.