Exploring the attitudes of staff working within mental health settings toward clients who use cannabis

References

• Addington J, Duchak V. Reasons for substance use in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavia 1997; 96: 329–333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albery I, Heuston J, Watson J, Groves P, Durand M, Gossop M, et al. Measuring therapeutic attitudes among drug workers. Addictive Behaviors 2003; 28: 995–1005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreasson S, Allebeck P, Rydberg U. Cannabis and schizophrenia: A longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts. Lancet 1987; 2: 1483–1486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arsenault L, Cannon M, Witton J, Murray RM. Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: Examination of the evidence. British Journal of Psychiatry 2004; 184: 110–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernhardson G, Gunne L-M. Forty-six cases of psychosis in cannabis abusers. International Journal of Addiction 1972; 7: 9–16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cantwell R, Brewin J, Glazebrook C, Dalkin T, Fox R, Medley I, et al. Prevalence of substance misuse in first-episode psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 174: 150–153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degenhardt L. The link between cannabis and psychosis: Furthering the debate. Psychological Medicine 2003; 33: 3–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degenhardt L, Hall W. Cannabis and psychosis. Current Psychiatry Reports 2002; 4: 191–196
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Department of Health. The national service framework for mental health—Five years on. Department of Health, London 2004; 73
   Google Scholar
• Fergusson D, Horwood J, Ridder EM. Tests of causal linkages between cannabis use and psychotic symptoms. Addiction 2005; 100: 354–366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergusson D, Horwood J, Swain-Campbell N. Cannabis dependence and psychotic symptoms in young people. Psychological Medicine 2003; 33: 15–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler IL, Carr V, Carter NT, Lewin TJ. Patterns of current and lifetime substance use in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1998; 24: 443–455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham HL. Implementing integrated treatment for coexisting substance use and severe mental health problems in assertive outreach teams: Training issues. Drug and Alcohol Review 2004; 23: 463–470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham H, Maslin J, Copello A, Birchwood M, Mueser K, McGovern D, et al. Drug and alcohol problems amongst individuals with severe mental health problems in an inner city area of the UK. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2001; 36: 448–455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham H, Copello A, Birchwood M, Mueser K, Oxford J, McGovern D, et al. Cognitive-Behavioural Integrated Treatment (C-BIT): A treatment manual for substance misuse in people with severe mental health problems. Wiley, ChichesterUK 2004
   Google Scholar
• Graham HL, Copello A, Birchwood MJ, Orford J, McGovern D, Georgiou G, et al. Co-existing severe mental health and substance use problems: Developing integrated services in the UK. Psychiatric Bulletin 2003; 27: 183–186
   Google Scholar
• Graham HL, Copello A, Birchwood MJ, Orford J, McGovern D, Mueser K, et al. A preliminary evaluation of integrated treatment for co-existing substance use & severe mental-health problems: Impact on teams & service users. Journal of Mental Health 2006; 15(5)577–591
   Google Scholar
• Green B, Kavanagh DJ, Young RM. On being stoned: The self reported effects of cannabis. Drug and Alcohol Review 2003; 22: 453–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green B, Kavanagh DJ, Young RM. Reasons for cannabis use in men with and without psychosis. Drug and Alcohol Review 2005; 23: 445–453
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall W. Cannabis use and psychosis. Drug and Alcohol Review 1998; 17: 433–444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall W, Degenhardt L. Cannabis use and psychosis: A review of clinical and epidemiological evidence. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 34: 26–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemming M, Morgan S, O’Halloran P. Assertive outreach: Implications for the development of the model in the United Kingdom. Journal of Mental Health 1999; 8: 141–147
   Google Scholar
• Johns A. Psychiatric effects of cannabis. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 178: 116–122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linszen DH, Dingemans PM, Lenior ME. Cannabis abuse and the course of recent-onset schizophrenic disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 1994; 51: 273–279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathers DC, Ghodse AH. Cannabis and psychotic illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 161: 648–653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menezes P, Johnson S, Thornicroft G, Marshall J, Prosser D, Bebbington P, et al. Drug and alcohol problems among individuals with severe mental illnesses in south London. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 168: 612–619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negrete J, Knap W, Douglas D, Bruce Smith W. Cannabis affects the severity of schizophrenic symptoms: Results of a clinical survey. Psychological Medicine 1986; 16: 515–520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orford J, Natera G, Copello A, Atkinson C, Mora J, Velleman R, et al. Coping with alcohol and drug problems: The experiences of family members in three contrasting cultures. Bruner-Routledge, London 2005
   Google Scholar
• Orford J, Hodgson R, Copello A, John B, Smith M, Black R, et al. The clients’ perspective on change during treatment for an alcohol problem: Qualitative analysis of follow-up interviews in the UK Alcohol Treatment Trial. Addiction 2006; 60–68, on behalf of the UKATT Research Team.101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier D, Farmer M, Rae D, Locke B, Keith S, Judd L, et al. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: Results from the epidemiological catchment area (ECA) study. Journal of the American Medical Association 1990; 264: 2511–2518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey JM, Tennant CC. Cannabis and mental health. British Medical Journal 2002; 325: 1183–1184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein LI, Santos AB. Assertive community treatment of persons with severe mental illness. Norton, New York 1998
   Google Scholar
• Stein LI, Test MA. Alternatives to mental hospital treatment: Conceptual model, treatment program and clinical evaluation. Archives of General Psychiatry 1980; 37: 392–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss A, Corbin J. Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Sage, Newbury Park, CA 1990
   Google Scholar
• Thornicroft G. Cannabis and psychosis: Is there evidence for an association?. British Journal of Psychiatry 1990; 157: 25–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turning Point. Dual diagnosis. Good practice handbook. Helping practitioners to plan, organise and deliver services for people with co-existing mental health and substance use needs. Turning Point, London 2007
   Google Scholar
• Van Os J, Bak M, Hanssen M, Bijl R, de Graaf R, Verdoux H. Cannabis use and psychosis: A longitudinal population based study. American Journal of Epidemiology 2002; 156: 319–327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson J, Maclaren W, Kerr S. Staff attitudes towards working with drug users: Development of the Drug Problem Perception Questionnaire. Addiction 2007; 102: 206–215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willig C. Introducing qualitative research in psychology: Adventures in theory and method. Open University Press, Philadelphia 2001
   Google Scholar