“Get off me”: Perceptions of disrespectful police behaviour among ethnic minority youth gang members

References

• Alpert, G.P., Kenney, D.J., & Dunham, R. (1997). Police pursuits and the use of force: Recognising and managing “The Pucker Factor” – A research note. Justice Quarterly, 14, 371–385. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0712-0_5
   Google Scholar
• Biernacki, P., & Waldorf, D. (1981). Snowball sampling: Problems and techniques of chain referral sampling. Sociological Methods & Research, 10, 141–163. doi: 10.1177/004912418101000205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, B., & Benedict, W. (2002). Perceptions of the police. Policing, 25, 543–580. doi: 10.1108/13639510210437032
   Google Scholar
• Browne, K. (2005). Snowball sampling: Using social networks to research non-heterosexual women. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8, 47–60. doi: 10.1080/1364557032000081663
   Google Scholar
• Brunson, R., & Miller, J. (2006). Gender, race, and urban policing: The experience of African American youths. Gender & Society, 20, 531–552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunson, R. (2007). Police don't like black people: African-American Young Men's accumulated police experiences. Criminology & Public Policy, 6, 71–101. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9133.2007.00423.x
   Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. 2nd ed. London: Sage Publications
   Google Scholar
• Cheurprakobkit, S. (2000). Police-citizen contact and police performance: Attitudinal differences between Hispanics and non-Hispanics. Journal of Criminal Justice, 28, 325–336. doi: 10.1016/S0047-2352(00)00042-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chevigny, P. (1995). Edge of the Knife: Police Violence in the Americas (No. 363.2097 C4). New York: New Press
   Google Scholar
• Crabtree, B., & Miller, W. (1999). A template approach to text analysis: Developing and using codebooks. In Crabtree, B. & Miller, W. (Eds.), Doing Qualitative Research (pp. 163–177). Newbury Park, CA: Sage
   Google Scholar
• Durán, R. (2008). Legitimated oppression: Inner-city Mexican American experiences with police gang enforcement. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 38, 143–168. doi: 10.1177/0891241607313057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigour using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5, 80–92. doi: 10.1177/160940690600500107
   Google Scholar
• Flanagan, T., & Vaughn, M. (1996). Public opinion about police abuse and force. In W. Geller and H. Toch (Eds.), Police Violence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
   Google Scholar
• Fratello, J., Rengifo, A., & Trone, J. (2013). Coming of age with stop and frisk: Experiences, self-perceptions, and public safety implications. Report. New York (NY): Vera Institute of Justice
   Google Scholar
• Fyfe, J.J. (1988). Police use of deadly force: Research and reform. Justice Quarterly, 5, 165–205. doi: 10.1080/07418828800089691
   Google Scholar
• Gau, J.M. (2013). Procedural justice and police legitimacy: A test of measurement and structure. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 39, 1–19. doi: 10.1007/s12103-013-9220-8
   Google Scholar
• Gau, J., & Brunson, R. (2007). Procedural injustice, Lost Legitimacy, and self-help: Young males' adaptations to perceived unfairness in urban policing tactics. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 31, 132–150. doi: 10.1177/1043986214568841
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geller, W.A., & Toch, H. (1996). Police Violence: Understanding and Controlling Police Abuse of Force. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
   Google Scholar
• Geller, A., Fagan, J., Tyler, T., & Link, B. (2014). Aggressive policing and the mental health of young urban men. American Journal of Public Health, 104, 2321–2327. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilgun, J. (2011). Reflexivity and Qualitative Research. Amazon Digital Services
   Google Scholar
• Hinds, L., & Murphy, K. (2007). Public satisfaction with police: Using procedural justice to improve police legitimacy. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 40, 27–42. doi: 10.1375/acri.40.1.27
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurst, Y.G., Frank, J., & Browning, S. (2000). The attitudes of juveniles toward the police: A comparison of black and white youth. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 23, 37–53. doi: 10.1108/13639510010314607
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurst, Y.G., & Frank, J. (2000). How kids view cops: The nature of juvenile attitudes toward the police. Journal of Criminal Justice, 28, 189–202. doi: 10.1016/S0047-2352(00)00035-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, C., & Webb, V. (2006). Policing Gangs in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
   Google Scholar
• Klein, M.W., & Maxson, C. (2006). Street Gang Patterns and Policies. Oxford: Oxford University Press
   Google Scholar
• Kleinig, J. (2014). Legitimate and illegitimate uses of police force. Criminal Justice Ethics, 33, 83–103. doi: 10.1080/0731129X.2014.941539
   Google Scholar
• Lasley, J. (1994). The impact of the Rodney King incident on citizen attitudes toward the police. Policing and Society, 3, 245–255. doi: 10.1080/10439463.1994.9964673
   Google Scholar
• Lee, C. (2004). ‘But I thought he had a gun’-race and police use of deadly force. Hastings Race and Poverty Law Journal, 2, 1–51
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J., Steinberg, L., & Piquero, A. (2010). Ethnic identity and attitudes toward the police among African American juvenile offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 781–789. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke, H.G. (1996). The colour of law and the issue of colour: Race and the abuse of police power. In W. Geller and H. Toch (Eds.), Police Violence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
   Google Scholar
• Lopez, C.E. (2010). Disorderly (mis) Conduct: The Problem with “Contempt of Cop” Arrests. Issue Brief. Washington, DC: American Constitution Society
   Google Scholar
• Mastrofski, S.D., Reisig, M.D., & McCluskey, J.D. (2002). Police disrespect toward the public: An encounter-based analysis. Criminology, 40, 515–551. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00965.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell, J.A. (2005). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, K., & Cherney, A. (2011). Fostering cooperation with the police: How do ethnic minorities in Australia respond to procedural justice-based policing? Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 44, 235–257. doi: 10.1177/0004865811405260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, K., & Cherney, A. (2012). Understanding cooperation with police in a diverse society. British Journal of Criminology, 52, 181–201. doi: 10.1093/bjc/azr065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, K. (2009). Public satisfaction with police: The importance of procedural justice and police performance in police–citizen encounters. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 40, 159–178. doi: 10.1375/acri.42.2.159
   Google Scholar
• Nichols, A. (2010). Dance ponnaya, dance! police abuses against transgender sex workers in Sri Lanka. Feminist Criminology, 5, 195–222. doi: 10.1177/1557085110366226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novich, M. (2015). Perceptions of police legitimacy among sex workers in Sri Lanka. In Kruttschnitt, C., & Bijleveld, C. (Eds.), Women’s imprisonment: An international perspective (pp. 109–125). London: Routledge
   Google Scholar
• Papachristos, A., Meares, T., & Fagan, J. (2012). Why do criminals obey the law? The influence of legitimacy and social networks on active gun owners. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 102, 397–440. doi: 0091-4169/12/10202-0397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisig, M.D., & Parks, R.B. (2000). Experience, quality of life, and neighbourhood context: A hierarchical analysis of satisfaction with the police. Justice Quarterly, 17, 607–629. doi: 10.1080/07418820000094681
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rios, V.M. (2011). Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys. New York: New York UP
   Google Scholar
• Silverman, D. (2006). Interpreting Qualitative Data: Methods for Analysing Talk, Text and Interaction. London. Sage Publications
   Google Scholar
• Slocum, L., Rengifo, A., & Carbone-Lopez, K. (2012). Specifying the strain-violence link: The role of emotions in women's descriptions of violent incidents. Victims & Offenders, 7, 1–29. doi: 10.1080/15564886.2011.629775
   Google Scholar
• Smith, E. (2008). Pitfalls and promises: The use of secondary data analysis in educational research. British Journal of Educational Studies, 56, 323–339. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8527.2008.00405.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer, E. (1999). The New York City Police Department’s “Stop and Frisk” Practices. Office of the New York State Attorney General. Retrieved from: www.oag.state.ny.us/press/reports/stop_frisk/stop_frisk.html
   Google Scholar
• Sunshine, J., & Tyler, T.R. (2003). The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing. Law & Society Review, 37, 513–547. doi: 10.1111/1540-5893.3703002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, C.W., & Hyman, J.M. (1977). Perceptions of crime, fear of victimisation, and public perceptions of police performance. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 5, 305–317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toch, H. (1996). The violence-prone police officer. In W. Geller and H. Toch (Eds.), Police Violence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
   Google Scholar
• Tyler, T.R. (2006). Why People Obey the Law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
   Google Scholar
• Tyler, T.R. (2003). Procedural justice, legitimacy, and the effective rule of law. In M.H. Tonry (Eds.), Crime and Justice: Review of Research. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
   Google Scholar
• Tyler, T.R., & Huo, Y.J. (2002). Trust in the Law: Encouraging Public Cooperation with the Police and Courts (Russell Sage Foundation Series on Trust). Russell: Sage Foundation Publications
   Google Scholar
• Tyler, T., & Wakslak, C. (2004). Profiling and police legitimacy: Procedural justice, attributions of motive, and acceptance of police authority. Criminology, 42, 253–281. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00520.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, P.Y. (2011). Perceptions of police disrespect during vehicle stops: A race-based analysis. Crime & Delinquency, 57, 356–376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzer, R. (2000). Racialized policing: Residents’ perceptions in three neighborhoods. Law & Society Review, 57, 356–376. doi: 10.1177/0011128708316177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzer, R., & Tuch, S.A. (2004). Race and perceptions of police misconduct. Social Problems, 51, 305–326. doi: 10.1525/sp.2004.51.3.305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, M., & Moore, S. (2009). As officers face heated words, their tactics vary. NY Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/25/us/25cop.html?hpw&_r=0
   Google Scholar
• Yoshino, E.R. (2008). California's criminal gang enhancements: Lessons from interviews with practitioners. Southern California Review of Law & Social Justice, 18, 117
   Google Scholar