“It’s not only Somalis who chew” – Talking through and talking back to khat use discourses in Swedish–Somali organisations

References

• Alexander, B.K. (2000). The globalization of addiction. Addiction Research, 8, 501–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/16066350008998987.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsanusy, R., & El-Setouhy, M. (2013). Why would khat chewers quit? An in-depth, qualitative study on Saudi khat quitters. Substance Abuse, 34, 389–395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2013.783526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, D., Beckerleg, S., Hailu, D., & Klein, A. (2007). The khat controversy: Stimulating the debate on drugs. Oxford: Berg.
   Google Scholar
• Bacchi, C. (2009). Analysing policy: What’s the problem represented to be? Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Baumann, G. (1996). Contesting culture. Discourses of identity in multi-ethnic London. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, H.S. (1996). The epistemology of qualitative research. In Jessor, R., Colby, A., & Shweder, R.A. (Eds.), Ethnography and human development – Context and meaning in social enquiry (pp. 53–72) Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beckerleg, S. (2010). Ethnic identity and development – Khat and social change in Africa, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Carrier, N. (2007). Kenyan khat. The social life of a stimulant. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Carrier, N. (2009). A strange drug in a strange land. In Vandebroek, I., & Pieroni, A. (Eds.), Travelling cultures and plants – The ethnobiology and ethnopharmacy of human migrations (pp. 186–203). New York: Berghahn Books.
   Google Scholar
• Courtwright, D.T. (2007). The rise and fall and rise of cocaine in the United States. In Goodman, J., Lovejoy, P.E., & Sherratt, A. (Eds.), Consuming habits – Global and historical perspectives on how cultures define drugs (2nd ed., pp. 215–237). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Dare, P.A.S., & Derigne, L. (2010). Denial in alcohol and other drug use disorders: A critique of theory. Addiction Research and Theory, 18, 181–193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/16066350902770441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jonge, M., & van der Veen, C. (2010). Qat gebruik onder Somaliërs in Nederland – Studie naar de invloed van Qat op de sociaal-economische situatie en de gezondheid van Somaliërs. Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut.
   Google Scholar
• Duresso, S.W., Matthews, A.J., Ferguson, S.G., & Bruno, R. (2016). Is khat use disorder a valid diagnostic entity? Addiction, 111, 1666–1676. doi: 10.1111/add.13421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerson, R.M., Fretz, R., & Shaw, L.L. (2011). Writing ethnographic fieldnotes. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fadyl, J.K., Nicholls, D.A., & McPherson, K.M. (2012). Interrogating discourse: The application of Foucault’s methodological discussion to specific inquiry. Health, 17, 478–494. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459312464073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gezon, L.L. (2012). Drug effects – Khat in biocultural and socioeconomic perspective. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, T. (2004). The evolution of Swedish drug policy. Journal of Drug Issues, 34, 551–576. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204260403400305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of the Netherlands. (2012). Ban on khat. Retrieved December 20, 2016, Retrieved from https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2012/01/10/ban-on-khat
   Google Scholar
• Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18, 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05279903.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilig, M. (2015). The thirteenth step: Addiction in the age of brain science. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Helmer, J. (1975). Drugs and minority oppression. New York: The Seabury Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holstein, J.A., & Gubrium, J.F. (1995). The active interview. Qualitative research methods. Vol. 37. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Home Office. (2013). Written statement to Parliament. Khat. Retrieved December 20, 2016, Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/khat
   Google Scholar
• hooks, b. (2014). Talking back, thinking feminist, thinking black. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hänninen, V., & Koski-Jännes, A. (1999). Narratives of recovery from addictive behaviours. Addiction, 94, 1837–1848. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.941218379.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, R. (2008). Rethinking ethnicity. Arguments and explorations. 2nd ed. London: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Jørgensen, M., & Phillips, L. (2002). Discourse analysis as theory and method. London: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Kalix, P. (1988). Khat: A plant with amphetamine effects. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 5, 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/0740-5472(88)90005-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassim, S., & Al’Aabsi, M. (2016). Khat use is a neglected addictive behaviour. Letters to the Editor. Addiction, 111, 179–180. doi: 10.1111/add.13148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, J.G. (1987). The flower of paradise – The institutionalized use of the drug Qat in North Yemen. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, A. (2007). Khat and the creation of tradition in the Somali diaspora. In Fountain, J., & Korf, D.J. (Eds.), Drugs in society – European perspectives (pp. 51–61). Abingdon: Radcliffe Publishing Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, A., & Beckerleg, S. (2007). Building castles of spit: The role of khat in work, ritual and leisure. In Goodman, J., Lovejoy, P.E., & Sherratt, A. (Eds.), Consuming habits – Global and historical perspectives on how cultures define drugs (2nd ed., pp. 238–254). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kleist, N. (2007). Spaces of recognition – An analysis of Somali-Danish associational engagement and diasporic mobilization (PhD thesis). Copenhagen: Sociologisk Institut, University of Copenhagen
   Google Scholar
• Kleist, N. (2010). Negotiating respectable masculinity: Gender and recognition in the Somali diaspora. African Diaspora, 3, 185–206. https://doi.org/10.1163/187254610X526913.
   Google Scholar
• McHoul, A., & Grace, W. (1993). A Foucault primer. Discourse, power and the subject. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Musto, D.F. (1973/1999). The American disease – Origins of narcotics control. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ngeh, J. (2011). Conflict, marginalisation and transformation. African migrants in Sweden. Umeå: Department of Sociology, Umeå University.
   Google Scholar
• Nordgren, J. (2013). The moral entrepreneurship of anti khat campaigners in Sweden – a critical discourse analysis. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 13, 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1108/17459261311310817.
   Google Scholar
• Nordgren, J. (2014). “Han havde arbejdet for en gruppe terrorister” – Om växten kat som islamiseringsagent och yttre/inre hot i Danmark och Sverige’ [“He had worked for a group of terrorists” – The khat plant as Islamization agent and outer/inner threat in Denmark and Sweden]. Gränsløs. Tidskrift För Studier Av Öresundsregionens Historia, Kultur Och Samhällsliv, 3, 45–58.
   Google Scholar
• Nordgren, J. (2015). Targeting khat or targeting Somalis? A discourse analysis of project evaluations on khat abuse among Somali immigrants in Scandinavia. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 4, 375–394 https://doi.org/10.1515/nsad-2015-0038.
   Google Scholar
• Nordgren, J. (2017). Making drugs ethnic. Khat and minority drug use in Sweden (Doctoral dissertation). Malmö: Malmö University
   Google Scholar
• Osman, F., & Söderbäck, M. (2011). Perceptions of the use of khat among Somali immigrants living in Swedish society. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 39, 212–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494810384908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinarman, C. (1979). Moral entrepreneurs and political economy: Historical and ethnographic notes on the construction of the cocaine menace. Contemporary Crises, 3, 225–254. doi: 10.1007/BF00730860.
   Google Scholar
• Sandberg, S., & Pedersen, W. (2010). Cannabiskultur [Cannabis culture]. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Singer, M., & Page, B.J. (2014). The social value of drug addicts: Uses of the useless. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, S., & Williams, T. (2013). Khat (Catha edulis): A systematic review of evidence and literature pertaining to its harms to UK users and society. Drug Science, Policy and Law, 1, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050324513498332.
   Google Scholar
• Vesterberg, V. (2013). Ethnicized un/employability: Problematized Others and the shaping of advanced liberal subjects. Ephemera: Theory & Politics in Organization, 13, 737–757.
   Google Scholar
• Weir, S. (1985). Qat in Yemen. Consumption and social change. London: British Museum Publications Limited.
   Google Scholar