References
- Agosti, V., & Levin, F.R. (2004). Predictors of treatment contact among individuals with cannabis dependence. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 30, 121–127. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1081/ADA-120029869
- Aharonovich, E., Liu, X., Samet, S., Nunes, E., Waxman, R., & Hasin, D. (2005). Postdischarge cannabis use and its relationship to cocaine, alcohol, and heroin use: A prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1507–1514. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1507
- Best, D., Gossop, M., Greenwood, J., Marsden, J., Lehmann, P., & Strang, J. (1999). Cannabis use in relation to illicit drug use and health problems among opiate misusers in treatment. Drug and Alcohol Review, 18, 31–38. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/09595239996734
- Budney, A.J., Bickel, W.K., & Amass, L. (1998). Marijuana use and treatment outcome among opioid-dependent patients. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 93, 493–503. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9344935.x
- Chauchard, E., Goncharov, O., Krupitsky, E., & Gorelick, D.A. (2014). Cannabis withdrawal in patients with and without opioid dependence. Substance Abuse, 35, 230–234. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2014.898605
- Cookson, C., Strang, J., Ratschen, E., Sutherland, G., Finch, E., & McNeill, A. (2014). Smoking and its treatment in addiction services: Clients’ and staff behaviour and attitudes. BMC Health Services Research, 14, 304. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-304
- Dennis, M., Babor, T.F., Roebuck, M.C., & Donaldson, J. (2002). Changing the focus: The case for recognizing and treating cannabis use disorders. Addiction, 97(Suppl. 1), 4–15. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.97.s01.10.x
- Department of Health (England) and the Devolved Administrations. (2007). Drug Misuse and Dependence: UK Guidelines on Clinical Management. Retrieved from http://www.nta.nhs.uk/uploads/clinical_guidelines_2007.pdf
- Di Forti, M., Sallis, H., Allegri, F., Trotta, A., Ferraro, L., Stilo, S.A., … Murray, R.M. (2014). Daily use, especially of high-potency cannabis, drives the earlier onset of psychosis in cannabis users. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40, 1–9. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt181
- Duff, C. (2016). Natures, cultures and bodies of cannabis. The Sage handbook of drug & alcohol studies. Volume 1: Social science approaches (August) (pp. 677–691).
- Epstein, D.H., & Preston, K.L. (2003). Does cannabis use predict poor outcome for heroin-dependent patients on maintenance treatment? Past findings and more evidence against. Addiction, 98, 269–279. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00310.x
- Freeman, T.P., Morgan, C.J.A., Hindocha, C., Schafer, G., Das, R.K., & Curran, H.V. (2014). Just say “know”: How do cannabinoid concentrations influence users’ estimates of cannabis potency and the amount they roll in joints? Addiction, 109, 1686–1694. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12634
- Freeman, T.P., & Winstock, A.R. (2015). Examining the profile of high-potency cannabis and its association with severity of cannabis dependence. Psychological Medicine, 45, 3181–3189. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001178
- Gossop, M., Darke, S., Griffiths, P., Hando, J., Powis, B., Hall, W., & Strang, J. (2006). The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS): Psychometric properties of the SDS in English and Australian samples of heroin, cocaine and amphetamine users. Addiction, 90, 607–614. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.9056072.x
- Hasin, D.S., Kerridge, B.T., Saha, T.D., Huang, B., Pickering, R., Smith, S.M., … Grant, B.F. (2016). Prevalence and correlates of DSM-5 Cannabis Use Disorder, 2012–2013: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions–III. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 588–599. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15070907
- Hesse, M., & Thylstrup, B. (2013). Time-course of the DSM-5 cannabis withdrawal symptoms in poly-substance abusers. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 258–221. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-258
- Home Office. (2015). Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2014/15 Crime Survey for England and Wales (July). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/462885/drug-misuse-1415.pdf
- Independent Expert Working Group. (2017). Clinical Guidelines on Drug Misuse and Dependence Update 2017. Drug Misuse and Dependence: UK Guidelines on Clinical Management (pp. 1–311).
- Martin, G., Copeland, J., Gates, P., & Gilmour, S. (2006). The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) in an adolescent population of cannabis users: Reliability, validity and diagnostic cut-off. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 83, 90–93. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.10.014
- McBride, A. (1995). Cannabis use in a drug and alcohol clinic population. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 39, 29–32. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(95)01132-I
- Mojarrad, M., Samet, J.H., Cheng, D.M., Winter, M.R., & Saitz, R. (2014). Marijuana use and achievement of abstinence from alcohol and other drugs among people with substance dependence: A prospective cohort study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 142, 91–97. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.006
- Monaghan, M., Hamilton, I., Lloyd, C., & Paton, K. (2016). Cannabis matters? Treatment responses to increasing cannabis presentations in addiction services in England. Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 23, 54–61. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2015.1090398
- Montanari, L., Guarita, B., Mounteney, J., Zipfel, N., & Simon, R. (2017). Cannabis use among people entering drug treatment in Europe: A growing phenomenon? European Addiction Research, 23, 113–121. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1159/000475810
- Montanari, L., Taylor, C., & Griffiths, P. (2008). Cannabis users in drug treatment in Europe: An analysis from treatment demand data. In A cannabis reader: Global issues and local experiences (pp. 261–276). Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.
- National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. (2008). Drug Misuse: Psychosocial Interventions. Drug misuse: Psychosocial interventions. London. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21834194
- Nirenberg, T.D., Cellucci, T., Liepman, M.R., Swift, R.M., & Sirota, A.D. (1996). Cannabis versus other illicit drug use among methadone maintenance patients. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 10, 222–227. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.10.4.222
- Public Health England. (2016). Adult substance misuse statistics from the National Drug Treatment Monitoring System (NDTMS). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/462885/drug-misuse-1415.pdf
- Reiman, A. (2009). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs. Harm Reduction Journal, 6, 35. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-6-35
- Saxon, A.J., Calsyn, D.A., Greenberg, D., Blaes, P., Haver, V.M., & Stanton, V. (1993). Urine screening for marijuana among methadone-maintained patients. American Journal on Addictions, 2, 207–211. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.1993.tb00421.x
- Schettino, J., Leuschner, F., Tossmann, H.-P., & Hoch, E. (2015). Treatment of cannabis-related disorders in Europe. Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union.
- Subbaraman, M.S. (2014). Can cannabis be considered a substitute medication for alcohol?. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 49, 292–298. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agt182
- Swift, W., Copeland, J., & Hall, W. (1998). Choosing a diagnostic cut-off for cannabis dependence. Addiction, 93, 1681–1692. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.931116816.x
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2014). World Drug Report 2014. New York. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr2014/World_Drug_Report_2014_web.pdf
- van der Pol, P., Liebregts, N., de Graaf, R., Korf, D.J., van den Brink, W., & van Laar, M. (2013). Facilitators and barriers in treatment seeking for cannabis dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 133, 776–780. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.08.011
- Wasserman, D.A., Weinstein, M.G., Havassy, B.E., & Hall, S.M. (1998). Factors associated with lapses to heroin use during methadone maintenance. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 52, 183–192. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716(98)00092-1
- Weizman, T., Gelkopf, M., Melamed, Y., Adelson, M., & Bleich, A. (2004). Cannabis abuse is not a risk factor for treatment outcome in methadone maintenance treatment: A 1-year prospective study in an Israeli clinic. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38, 42–46. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01296.x
- Zielinski, L., Bhatt, M., Eisen, R.B., Perera, S., Bhatnagar, N., MacKillop, J., … Samaan, Z. (2016). Association between cannabis use and treatment outcomes in patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment: A systematic review protocol. Systematic Reviews, 5, 139. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0317-2
- Zielinski, L., Bhatt, M., Sanger, N., Plater, C., Worster, A., Varenbut, M., … Samaan, Z. (2017). Association between cannabis use and methadone maintenance treatment outcomes: An investigation into sex differences. Biology of Sex Differences, 8, 8. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-017-0130-1