Ras-induced cellular events

References

• Adler, V., Pincus, M. R., Brandtrauf, P. W. and Ronai, Z., 1995, Complexes of p21ras with Jun N-terminal kinase and Jun proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA), 92, 10585–10589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, R. G. W., 1998, Cholesterol depletion of caveolae causes hyperactivation of ERK. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 67, 199–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbiser, J. L., Moses, M. A., Fernandez, C., Ghiso, N., Cao, Y., Klauber, N., Frank, D., Brownlee, M., Flynn, E., Parangi, S. and Byers, H. R., 1997, Oncogenic H-Ras stimulates tumor angiogenesis by two distinct pathways. Proceedings of the Na tional Academy of Science (USA), 94, 861–866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashby, M. N., 1998, CAAX converting enzymes. Current Opinions in Lipidology, 9, 99–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babia, T., Ayala, I., Valderrama, F., Mato, E., Bosch, M., Santaren, J. F., Renau-Piqueras, J., Kok, J. W., Thomson, T. M. and Egea, G., 1999, N-Ras induces alterations in Golgi complex architecture and in constitutive protein transport. Journal of Cellula r Science, 112, 477–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baharians, Z. and Schontal, A. H., 1999, Reduction of Ha-Ras-induced cellular transformation by elevated expression of protein phosphatase type 2A. Molecular Carcinoma, 24, 246–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barradas, M., Monjas, A., Diaz-Meco, M. T., Serrano, M. and Moscat, J., 1999, The downregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein Par-4 is critical for Ras-induced survival and tumor progrssion. E MBO Journal, 18, 6362–6369.
   Google Scholar
• Beaupre, D. M. and Kuzrock, R., 1999, RAS and leukemia: from basic mechanisms to gene-directed therapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 17, 1071–1079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogusti, M. S. and McCormick, F., 1993, Proteins regulating Ras and its relatives. Nature, 366, 643–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollag, G. and McCormick, F., 1991, Regulators and effectors of ras proteins. Annual Review of Cell Biology, 7, 601–632.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonni, A., Brunet, A., West, A. E., Datta, S. R., Takasu, M. A. and Greenberg, M. E., 1999, Cell survival promoted by the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway by transcription-dependent and independent mechanisms. Scie nce, 286, 1358–1362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booden, M. A., Baker, T. L., Solski, P. A., Der, C. J., Punke, S. G. and Buss, J. E., 1999, A non farnesylated H-Ras protein can be palmitoylated and trigger potent differentiation and transformation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 1423–1431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boriack-Sjodin, P. A, Margarit, S. M., Bar-Sagi, D. and Kuriyan, J., 1998, The structural basis of the activation of Ras by Sos. Nature, 394, 337–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boss, J. L., 1989, Ras oncogenes in human cancers: a review. Cancer Research, 49, 4682–4689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brtva, T. R., Drugan, J. K., Ghosh, S., Terrell, S. R, Campbell, S., Bell, R. M. and Der, C. J., 1995, Two distinct Raf domains mediate interaction with Ras. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 9809–9816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, S. L., Khosravi-Far, R., Rossman, K. L., Clark, G. J. and Der, C. J., 1998, Increasing complexity of ras signaling. Oncogene, 17, 1395–1413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey, P. J. and Seabra, M. C., 1996, Protein prenyltransferases. Journal of Biological Chemis try, 271, 5289–5292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerezo, A., Mart nez-A, C., Gomez, J. and Rebollo, A., 1999, IL-2 deprivation triggers apoptosis which is mediated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 activation and prevented by Bcl-2. Cell Death a nd Differentiatio n, 6, 87–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerezo, A., Mart nez-A, C., Lanzarot, D., Fischer, S., Franke, T. and Rebollo, A., 1998, Role ofAktand JNK2 in apoptosis induced by IL-4 deprivation. Molecua lr Biology of the Cell, 8, 3107–3118.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, C. Y. and Faller, D. V., 1996, Phosphorylation of Bcl-2 protein and association with p21ras in ras-induced apoptosis. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271, 2376–2379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi, S., Kitanaka, C., Noguchi, K., Mochizuki, T., Nagashima, Y., Shirouzu, M., Fujita, H., Yoshida, M., Chen, W., Asai, A., Himeno, M., Yokoyama, S. and Kuchino, Y., 1999, Oncogenic Ras triggers cell suicide through the activation of a caspase-independent cell death program in human cancer cells. Oncogene, 18, 2281–2290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin, L., Tam, A., Pomerantz, J., Wong, M., Holash, J., Bardeesy, N., Shen, Q., O’Hagan, R., Pantginis, J., Zhou, H., Horner II, J. W., Cordon-Cardo, C., Yancopoulos, G. D. and DePinho, R. A., 1999, Essential role for oncogenic Ras in tumour maintenance. Nature, 400, 468–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choy, E., Chiu, V. K., Silletti, J., Feoktistov, M., Morimoto, T., Michaelson, D., Ivanov, I. E. and Philips, M. R., 1999, E ndomembrane trafficking of Ras: the CAAX motif targets proteins to the ER and Golgi. Cell, 98, 69–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang, T. H., Xu, X., Kaartinen, V., Heisterkamp, N., Groffen, J. and Bokoch, G. M., 1995, Abr and Bcr are multifunctional regulators of the Rho GTP-binding protein family. Proceedinga of the Na tionalAcademy of Sciences (USA), 92, 10282–10286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, S., 1992, Protein isoprenylation and methylation at carboxyl terminal cysteine residues. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 61, 355–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coats, S. G., Booden, M. A. and Buss, J. E., 1999, Transient palmitoylation supports H-Ras membrane binding but only partial biological activity. Biochemistry, 38, 12926–12934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, A. D. and Der, C. J., 1997, Farnesyl transferase inhibitors and cancer treatment: targeting simply Ras? Biochemica et Biophy-sica Acta, 1333, 51–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, Q., Choy, E., Chiu, V., Romano, J., Slivka, S. R., Steitz, S. A., Michaelis, S. and Philips, M. R., 1998, Mammalian prenylcys-teine carboxyl methyltransferase is in the ER. Journal of Biological Chemiste y, 273, 15030–15034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darley, R. L., Hoy, T. G., Baines, P., Padua, R. A. and Burnett, A. K., 1999,MutantN-Rasinduceserythroidlineagedysplasiainhuman CD34+ cells. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 185, 1337 1347.
   Google Scholar
• Datta, S. R., Dudek, H., Tao, X., Masters, S., Fu, H., Gotoh, Y. and Greenberg, E., 1997, Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery. Cell, 91, 231–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Peso, L., Gonzalez, M., Page, C., Herrera, R. and Nunez, G., 1997, IL-3-induced phosphorylation of BAD through the protein kinase Akt. Science, 278, 687–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz-Meco, M. T., Lozano, J., Municio, M. M., Berra, E., Frutos, S., Sanz, L. and Moscat, J., 1994, Evidence for the in vitro and in vivo interaction of Ras with protein kinase C zeta. Journal of Biological Chemis try, 269, 31706–31710.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Downward, J., 1997, Cell cycle: routine role for Ras. Current Biology, 7, R258–R260.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Downward, J., 1998, Ras signaling and apoptosis. Current Opinions in Gene tic Developments, 8, 49–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunphy, J. T. and Linder, M. E., 1998, Signalling functions of protein palmitoylation. Biochemica et Biophysica Acta, 1436, 245–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrhaedt, G. R., Leslie, K. B., Lee, F., Wieler, J. S. and Schrader, J. W., 1999, M-Ras, a widely expressed 29-kD homologue of p21 Ras: expression of constitutively active mutant results in factor-independent growth of an interleukin-3-dependent cell line. Blood, 94, 2433–2444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• English, J. M., Pearson, G., Hockenberry, T., Shivakumar, L., White, M. A. and Cobb, M. H., 1999, Contribution of the ERK5/MEK5 pathway to Ras/Raf signaling and growth control. Journal of Biological Chemis try, 274, 31588–31592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabian, J. R., Vojtek, A. B., Cooper, J. A. and Morrison, D. K., 1994, A single amino acid change in Raf1 inhibits Ras binding and alters Raf1 funtion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Scie nces (USA), 91, 5982–5989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanger, G. R., Johnson, N. J. and Johnson, G. L., 1997, MEK kinases are regulated by EGF and selectively interact with Rac/ cdc42. E MBO Journal, 16, 4961–4972.
   Google Scholar
• Feig, L. A., Urano, T. and Cantor, S., 1996, Evidence for Ras/Ral signaling cascade. Trends in Biochemical Scie nce, 21, 438 441.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferrari, G. and Greene, L. A., 1994, Proliferative inhibition by dominant negative Ras rescues naive and neuronally differentiated PC12 cells from apoptotic cell death. E MBO Journal, 13, 5922–5930.
   Google Scholar
• Franke, T. F., Kaplan, D. R. and Cantley, L. C., 1997, PI3K: Downstream AKTion blocks apoptosis. Cell, 88, 435–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadbut, A. P., Wu, L., Tang, D., Papageorge, A., Watson, J. A. and Galper, J. B., 1997, Induction of the cholesterol metabolic pathway regulates the farnesylation of Ras in embryonic chick heart cells: a new role for Ras in regulating the expression of muscarinic receptors and G proteins. E MBO Journal, 16, 7250–7260.
   Google Scholar
• Galaktionov, K., Chen, X. and Beach, D., 1996, Cdc25 cell-cycle phosphatase as a target of c-Myc. Nature, 382, 511–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs, J. B. and Oliff, A., 1997, The potential of farnesyltransferas e inhibitors as cancer chemotherapeutics. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 37, 143–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs, J. B., Marshall, M. S., Scolnick, E. M., Dixon, R. A. and Vogel, U. S., 1990, Modulation of guanine nucleotides bound to ras in NIH3T3 cells by oncogenes, growth factors, and the GTPase activating protein (GAP). Journal of Biological Chemistry, 265, 20437–20442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gille, H. and Downward, J., 1999, Multiple Ras effector pathways contribute to G1 cell cycle progression. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 22033–22040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goalstone, M. L., Leitner, J. W., Wall, K., Dolgonos, L., Rother, K. I., Accili, D. and Draznin, B., 1998, Effect of insulin on farnesyl-transferase. Specificity of insulin action and potentiation of nuclear effects of insulin-like growth factor 1, EGF and PDGF. Journal of Biological Chemis try, 273, 23892–23896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez, J., Mart nez-A., C., Fernandez, B., Garc a, A. and Rebollo, A., 1996, Critical role or Ras in proliferation and prevention of apoptosis mediated by IL-2. Journal of Immunology, 157, 2272–2281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez, J., Mart nez-A., C., Fernandez, B., Garc a, A. and Rebollo, A., 1997, Ras activation leads to cell proliferation or apoptotic cell detah upon IL-2-stimulation or lymphokine deprivation, respectively. E uropean Journal of Immunology, 27, 1610 1618.
   Google Scholar
• Gulbins, E., Bissonett, R. and Mahbouhi, A., 1995, Fas-induced apoptosis is mediated via ceramide-initiated Ras signaling pathway. Immunity, 2, 341–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guofang Qiu, S., Krishnan, S., El-Guendy, N. and Rangnekar, V. M., 1999, Negative regulation of Par-4 by oncogenic Ras is essential for cellular transformation. Oncogene, 18, 7115 7123.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, A., 1998, G proteins and small GTPases: Distant relatives keep in touch. Science, 280, 2074–2075.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Han, L. and Colicelli, J., 1995, A human protein selected for interference with Ras function interacts directly with Ras and competes with Raf1. Mole cular Cell Biology, 15, 1318–1323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock, J. F., Cadwallader, K. and Marshall, C. J., 1991, Methylation and proteolysis are essential for efficient membrane binding of prenylated p21K-Ras(B). E MBO Journa l, 10, 641 646.
   Google Scholar
• Hancock, J. F., Magee, A. I., Childs, J. E. and Marshall, C. J., 1989, All ras proteins are polyisoprenylated but only some are palmitoylated. Cell, 57, 1167–1177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitomi, M. and Stacey, D. W., 1999a, Cellular Ras and cyclin D1 are required during different cell cycle periods in cycling NIH 3T3 cells. Molecular Cell Biology, 19, 4623–4632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitomi, M. and Stacey, D. W. 1999b, Cyclin D1 production in cycling cells depends on ras in a cell-cycle-specific manner. Current Biology, 9, 1075–1084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, G. L., Goldstein, J. L., Brown, M. S., Rawson, T. E., Somers, T. C., McDowell, R. S., Crowley, C. W., Lucas, B. K., Levinson, A. D. and Marsters, J. C. Jr., 1993, Benzodiazepine peptido-mimetics: potent inhibitors of Ras farnesylation in animal cells. Science, 260, 1937–1942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarpe, M. B., Widmann, C., Knall, C., Schlesinger, T. K., Gibson, S., Yujiri, T., Fanger, G. R., Gelfand, E. W. and Johnson, G. L., 1998, Anti-apoptotic versus pro-apoptotic signal transduction: Checkpoints and stop signs along the road to death. Oncogene, 17, 1475–1482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, L., Greenboun, D., Cichowski, K., Mercer, K., Murphy, E., Schmitt, E., Bronston, R. T., Umanof, H., Edelman, W., Kucherlapati, R. and Jacks, T., 1997, K-ras is an essentia l gene in the mouse with partial functional overlapping with N-Ras. Genes and Development, 11, 2468–2481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerkhoff, E. and Rapp, U. R., 1998, High intensity Raf signals converts mitotic cell cycling into celular growth. Cancer Research, 58, 1636–1640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinoshita, T., Yokota, T., Arai, K. and Miyajima, A., 1995, Regulation of Bcl-2 expression by oncogenic Ras protein in hematopoietic cells. Oncogene, 10, 2207–2214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiyoi, H., Naoe, T., Nakano, Y., Minami, S., Miyawaki, S., Asou, N., Kuriyama, K., Jinnai, I., Shimazaki, C., Akiyama, H., Saito, K., Motoji, T., Omoto, E., Saito, H., Ohno, R. and Ueda, R., 1999, Prognostic implication of FLT3 and N-Ras gene mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood, 93, 3074–3080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koera, K., Nakamura, K., Nakao, K., Miyoshi, J., Tokoshima, K., Hatta, T., Otani, H., Aiba, A. and Katsiki, M., 1997, K-ras is essential for development of mouse embryo. Oncogene, 15, 1151–1159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konishi, H., Matsuzaki, H., Tanaka, M., Ono, Y., Tokunaga, C., Kuroda, S. and Sandkikawa, U., 1996, Activation of Rac protein kinase by heat shock and hyperosmolarity stress through a pathway independent of PI3K. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 93, 7639–7643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kouchi, H., Nakamura, K., Fushimi, K., Sakaguchi, M., Miyazaki, M., Ohe, T. and Namba, M., 1999, Manumycin A, inhibitor of ras farnesyltransferase, inhibits proliferation and migration of rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochemistry and Biophysics Research Communications, 264, 915–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krontiris, T. and Cooper, G. M., 1981, Transforming activity in human tumor DNAs. Proceedings of the National Aca demy of Sciences (USA), 78, 1181–1184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuriyama, M., Harada, N., Kuroda, S., Yamamoto, T., Nakafuku, M., Iwamatsu, A., Yamatoto, D., Prasad, R., Croce, C., Canaani, E. and Kaibuchi, K., 1996, Identification of AF-6 and canoe as putative targets for Ras. Journal of Biological Chemis try, 271, 607–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Largaespada, D. A., Brannan, C. I., Jenkins, N. A. and Copeland, N. G., 1996, Nf1 deficiency causes ras-mediated granulocyte/ macrophage colony stimulating factor hypersensitivity and chronic myeloid leukaemia. Nature Gene tics, 12, 137–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K. Y., Ladha, M. H., McMahon, C. and Ewen, M. E., 1999, The retinoblastoma protein is linked to the activation of Ras. Molecular Cell Biology, 19, 7724–7732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenczewski, J. M., Dominguez, L., Eder, A. M., King, L. B., Zacharchuk. C. M. and Aswell, J. D., 1997, Lack of a role for Jun kinase and AP1 in fas-induced apoptosis. Molecular Cell Biology, 17, 170–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, E. C., Quian, Y. and Blaskovich, M. A., 1995, Ras CAAX peptidomimetic FTI-277 selectively blocks oncogenic Ras signaling by inducing cytoplasmic accumulation of inactive Ras/Raf complexes. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 26802–26806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, E. C., Zhang, T. T., Knowles, D. B., Quian, Y., Hamilton, A. D. and Sebti, S. M., 1997, Inhition of the prenylation of K-Ras, but not H- or N-Ras, is highly resistant to CAAX peptidomi-metics and requires both a farnesyltransferase and a geranyl-geranyltransferase I inhibitor in human tumor cell lines. Oncogene, 15, 1283–1288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, M., Lintig, F. C., Liyanage, M., Shibata, M., Jorcyk, C., Ried, T., Boss, G. R. and Green, J., 1998, Amplification of Ki-Ras and elevation of MAP kinase activity during mammary tumor progression in C3(1)/SV40 Tag transgenic mice. Oncogene, 18, 2403–2411.
   Google Scholar
• Louahed, J., Grasso, L., De Smet, C., Van Roost, E., Wildmann, C., Nicolaides, N. C., Levitt, R. C. and Renauld, J. C., 1999, Interleukin-9-induced expression of M-Ras/R-Ras3 oncogene in T-helper clones. Blood, 94, 1701–1710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowy, D. R. and Wilumsen, B. M., 1993, Function and regulation of Ras. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 62, 851–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKenzie, K. L., Dolnikov, A., Millington, M., Shounan, Y. and Symonds, G., 1999, Mutant N-Ras induces myeloproliferative disorders and apoptosis in bone marrow repopulated mice. Blood, 93, 2043–2056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magee, T. and Marshall, C., 1999, Newinsights into the interaction of Ras with the plasma membrane. Cell, 98, 9–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marte, B. M. and Downward, J., 1997, PKB/Akt: Connecting PI3 kinase to cell survival and beyond. Trends in Biochemical Science, 22, 355–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick, F., 1996, Ras biology in atomic detail. Nature in Structural Biology, 3, 653–655.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCormick, F., 1998, Going for the GAPs. Current Biology, 8, R673–R674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeill, H. and Downward, J., 1999, Apoptosis: Ras to the rescue in the fly eye. Current Biology, 9, R176–R179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittnacht, S., Paterson, H., Olson, M. F. and Marshall, C. J., 1997, Ras signalling is required for inactivation of the tumor suppressor pRb cell-cycle control protein. Current Biology, 7, 219–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyauchi, J., Asada, M., Sasaki, M., Tsuneamatsu, Y., Kojima, S. and Mizutani, S., 1994, Mutations of the N-Ras gene in juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia. Blood, 83, 2248–2254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollner, S., Ferreira, P., Beck, K. and Pfeuffer, T., 1998, None-nzymatic palmitoylation at cys 3 causes extra-activation of the alpha subunit of the stimulatory GTP-binding protein Gs. E uropean Journal of Biochemis try, 257, 236–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nalca, A., Guofang Qiu, S., El-Guendy, N., Krishnan, S. and Rangnekar, V. M., 1999, Oncogenic ras sensitizes cells to apoptosis by Par-4. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 29976–29983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro, P., Valverde, A. M., Benito, M. and Lorenzo, M., 1999, Activated Ha-ras induces apoptosis by association with phos-phorylated Bcl-2 in a Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase-independent manner. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 18857–18863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada, T., Hu, C. D., Jin, T. G., Kariya, K., Yamawaki-Kataoka, Y. and Kataoka, T., 1999, The strength of interaction at the Raf cysteine-rich domain is a critical determinant of response of Raf to Ras family small GTPases. Molecular Cell Biology, 19, 6057–6064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okumura, K., Shirasawa, S., Nishioka, M. and Sasazuki, T., 1999, Activated K-Ras suppresses 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced activation of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathway in human colon cancer cells. Cancer Research, 59, 2445–2450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osada, M., Tolkacheva, T., Li, W., Chan, T. O., Tsichlis, P. N., Saez, R., Kimmelman, A. C. and Chan, A. M., 1999, Differential roles of Akt, Rac, and Ral in R-Ras-mediated cellular transformation, adhesion, and survival. Molecular Cell Biology, 19, 6333–6344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peli, J., Schroter, M., Rudaz, C., Hahne, M., Meyer, C., Reichmann, E. and Tschopp, J., 1999, Oncogenic Ras inhibits Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis by downregulating the expression of Fas. E MBO Journal, 18, 1824-1831.
   Google Scholar
• Pendergast, G. C., Davide, J. P., de Solms, S. J., Giuliani, E. A., Graham, S. L., Gibbs, J. B., Oliff, A. and Kohl, N. E., 1994, Farnesyltransferase inhibition causes morphological reversion of ras-transformed cells by a complex mechanism that involves regulation of the actin cytoeskeleton. Molecular Cell Biology, 14, 4193–4202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Sala, D. and Rebollo, A., 1999, Novel aspects of Ras proteins biology: regulation and implications. Cell Death and Differentia -tion, 6, 722–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrin, D., Halazy, S. and Hill, B. T., 1996, Inhibitors of the Ras signal transduction pathway as potential antitumour agents. Journal of E nzyme Inhibition, 11, 77–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perucho, M., Goldfarb, M., Shimizu, K., Lama, C., Fogh, J. and Wigler, M., 1981, Human-tumor-derived cell lines contain common and different transforming genes. Cell, 27, 467–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quian, Y., Sebti, S. M. and Hamilton, A. D., 1997, Farnesyltransfer-ase as a target for anticancer drug design. Biopolymers, 43, 25–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quilliam, L. A., Castro, A. F., Rogers-Graham, K. S., Martin, C. B., Der, C. J. and Bi, C., 1999, M-Ras/R-Ras3, a transforming Ras protein regulated by Sos1, GRF1, and p120 Ras GTPase-activating protein, interacts with the putative Ras effector AF6. Journal of Biological Chemis try, 274, 23850–23857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebollo, A. and Mart nez-A, C., 1999, Ras proteins: recent advances and new functions. Blood, 94, 1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebollo, A., Perez-Sala, D. and Mart nez-A, C., 1999, Bcl-2 differentially targets K-, N- and H-Ras to mitochondria in IL-2 suplemented cells: Implications in prevention of apoptosis. Oncogene, 18, 4930–4939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiss, Y., Goldstein, J. L., Seabra, M. C., Casey, P. J. and Brown, M. S., 1990, Inhibition of purified p21ras farnesyl protein transfer-ase by Cys-AAX tetrapeptides. Cell, 62, 81–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romano, J. D., Schmidt, W. K. and Michaelis, S., 1998, The S. cerevisia e prenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase Ste 14p is in the ER membrane. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 9, 2231 2247.
   Google Scholar
• Romero, F., Mart nez-A, C., Camonis, J. and Rebollo, A., 1999, Aiolos transcription factor controls cell death in T cells by regulating Bcl-2 expression and its cellular localization. E MBO Journal, 18, 3719–3730.
   Google Scholar
• Rowinsky, E. K., Windle, J. J. and Von Hoff, D. D., 1999, Ras protein farnesyltransferase: a strategic target for anticancer therapeutic development. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 17, 3631–3652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, S., Luetterforst, R., Harding, A., Apolloni, A., Etheridge, M., Stang, E., Rolls, B., Hancock, J. F. and Parton, R. G., 1999, Dominant-negative caveolin inhibits H-Ras function by disrupting cholesterol-rich plasma membrane domains. Na ture in Cell Biology, 1, 98–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio, I., Wittig, U., Meyer, C., Heinze, R., Kadereit, D., Waldmann, H., Downward, J. and Wetzker, R., 1999, Farnesylation of Ras is important for the interaction with phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma. E uropean Journal of Biochemistry, 266, 70–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, M., Lange-Carter, C. and Johnson, G. L., 1995, Direct interaction between Ras and the kinase domain of mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MEKK1). Journal of Biological Chemis try, 270, 11757–11760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Garcia, I. and Martin-Zanca, D., 1997, Regulation of Bcl-2 gene expression by BCR-ABL is mediated by Ras. Journal of Mole cular Biology, 267, 225–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satoh, T., Endo, M., Nakafuku, M., Nakamura, S. and Kaziro, Y., 1990, Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates formation of active p21 ras-GTP complex in Swiss mouse 3T3 cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 87, 5993–5997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satoh, T., Fantl, W. J., Escobedo, J. A., Williams, L. T. and Kaziro, Y., 1993, Platelet-derived growth factor receptor mediates activation of ras through different signaling pathways in different cell types. Molecular Cell Biology, 13, 3706–3713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyers, C. L. and Denny, C. T., 1994, Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: Tel-a-kinase what Ets all about. Cell, 77, 171–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sears, R., Leone, G., DeGregori, J. and Nevins, J. R., 1999, Ras enhances Myc protein stability. Mole cular Cell, 3, 169–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serrano, M., Lian, A. W., McCurrach, M. E., Beach, D. and Lowe, S. W., 1997, Oncogenic Ras provokes premature senescence associated with accumulation of p53 and p16ink4A. Cell, 88, 593–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shib, C. and Weinberg, R. A., 1982, Isolation of transforming sequence from a human bladder carcinoma cell line. Cell, 29, 161–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu, K., Kuroda, S. and Matsuda, S., 1994, Synergistic activation by Ras and 14-3-3 protein of a MAPKKK named Ras-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase stimulator. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 22917–22920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons, K. and Ikonen, E., 1997, Functional rafts in cell membranes. Nature, 387, 569–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skorski, T., Kanakaraj, P., Ku, D. H., Nieborowska-Skorska, M., Canaani, E., Zon, G., Perussia, B. and Calabretta, B., 1994, Negative regulation of p120GAP GTPase promoting activity by p210Bcr/Abl: Implication of ras-dependent Philadelphia chromosome positive cell growth. Journal of Experimental Me dicine, 179, 1855–1865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturgill, T. W., Ray, L. B., Erikson, E. and Maller, J. L., 1998, Insulin-stimulated MAP-2 kinase phosphorylates and activates riboso-mal protein S6 kinase II. Nature, 334, 715–718.
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka, Y., Minami, Y., Mine, S., Hirano, H., Hu, C. D., Fujimoto, H., Fujii, K., Saito, K., Tsukada, J., van Kooyk, Y., Figdor, C. G., Kataoka, T. and Eto, S., 1999, H-Ras signals to cytoskeletal machinery in induction of integrin-mediated adhesion of T cells. Journal of Immunology, 163, 6209–6216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Therrien, M., Chang, H. C., Solomon, N., Karin, F. D., Wassarman, D. A. and Rubin, G. M., 1995, KSR, a novel protein kinase required for Ras signal transduction. Cell, 83, 879–888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thissen, J. A., Gross, J. M., Subramanian, K., Meyer, T. and Casey, P. J., 1997, Prenylation-dependent association of Ki-Ras with microtubules. Evidence for a role in subcellular trafficking. Journal of Biological Chemis try, 272, 30362–30370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vavvas, D., Li, X., Avruch, J. and Zhang, X. F., 1998, Identifica tion of Nore 1 as a potential ras effector. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273, 5439–5442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veit, M. and Schmidt, M. F., 1998, Membrane targeting via protein palmitoylation. Methods in Molecular Biology, 88, 227–239.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Veit, M., Sachs, K., Heckelmann, M., Maretzki, D., Hofmann, K. P. and Schmidt, M. F., 1998, Palmitoylation of rhodopsin with S-protein acyltransferase: enzyme catalyzed reaction versus autocatalytic acylation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1349, 90–98.
   Google Scholar
• Vetter, I. R., Linnemann, T., Wohlgemuth, S., Geyer, M., Kalbitzer, H. R., Herrmann, C. and Wittinghofer, A., 1999, Structural and biochemical analysis of Ras-effector signaling via RalGDS. FEBS Letters, 451, 175–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voice, J. K., Klemle, R. L., Le, A. and Jackson, J. H., 1999, Four human Ras homologs differ in their abilities to activate Raf-1, induce transformation, and stimulate cell motility. Journal of Biological Chemis try, 274, 17164–17170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X., Flynn, A. F., Waskiewicz, A. J., Webb, B. L., Vries, R. G., Baines, I. A., Cooper, J. A. and Proud, C. G., 1998, The phosphorylation of the eucaryotic initiation factor IF4E in response to phorbol esters, cell stress and cytokines is mediated by distinct MAP kinase pathway. Journal of Biologica l Chemis try, 273, 9373–9377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waskiewicz, A. J., Flynn, A. F., Pround, C. G. and Cooper, J. A., 1997, Mitogen-activated protein kinases activate the serine/ threonine kinases Mnk1 and Mnk2. E MBO Journal, 16, 1909 1920.
   Google Scholar
• Watari, Y., Kariya, K., Shibatohge, M., Liao, Y., Hu, C. D., Goshima, M., Tamada, M., Kikuchi, A. and Kataoka, T., 1998, Identification of Ce-AF6, a novel C. elegans protein, as a putative Ras effector. Gene, 224, 53–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weijzen, S., Velders, M. P. and Kast, W. M., 1999, Modulation of the immune response and tumor growth by activated Ras. Leukemia, 13, 502–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wennstrom, S. and Downward, J., 1999, Role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in activation of ras and mitogen-activated protein kinase by epidermal growth factor. Molecular Cell Biology, 19, 4279 4288.
   Google Scholar
• Whyte, D. B., Kirschmeier, P., Hockenberry, T. N., Nunez-Oliva, I., James, L., Catino, J. J., Bishop, W. R. and Pai, J. K., 1997, K-Ras and N-Ras are geranylgeranylated in cells treated with farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors. Journal of Biologica l Chemis try, 272, 14459–14464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler, D. G., Johnson, J. C., Cooper, J. A. and Vojtek, A. B., 1997, Identification and characterization of mutations in H-Ras that selectively decrease binding to cRaf-1. Journal of Biologica l Chemis try, 272, 24402–24409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolthuis, R. M. F. and Bos, J. L. B., 1999, Ras caught in another affair: the exchange factors for Ral. Current Opinions in Genetic Developments, 9, 112–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, D., Parry, D., Cherwinski, H., Bosch, E., Lee, E. and McMahon, M., 1997, Ras induced proliferation or cell cyle arrest is determinded by the level of Raf activity with arrest mediated by p21cip. Mole cular Cell Biology, 17, 5598–5611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, Z., Dickens, M., Raingeaud, J., Davis, R. J. and Greenberg, M. E., 1995, Opposing effects of ERK and JNK-p38 MAP kinases on apoptosis. Science, 270, 1326–1331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, T., Harada, N., Kawano, Y., Taya, S. and Kaibuchi, K., 1999, In vivo interaction of AF-6 with activated Ras and ZO-1. Biochemis try and Biophysics Research Communica tions, 259, 103–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, G. Z. and Ziff, E. B., 1995, NGF regulates the PC12 cell cycle machinery through specific inhibition of cdk kinases-and induction of cyclin D1. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 6200 6212.
   Google Scholar
• Yan J., Roy, S., Apolloni, A., Lane, A. and Hancock, J. F., 1998, Ras isoforms vary in their ability to activate Raf-1 and PI3 kinase. Journal of Biological Chemis try, 273, 24052–24056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, Z., Deng, X., Chen, M., Xu, Y., Ahram, M., Sloane, B. F. and Friedman, E., 1997, Oncogenic K-Ras, but not oncogenic H-Ras, upregulates CEA expression and disrupts basolateral polarity in colon epithelial cells. Journal of Biological Chemis try, 272, 27902–27907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao, R. and Cooper, G. M., 1995, Regulation of the Ras signaling pathway by GTPase-activating protein in PC12 cells. Onco-gene, 11, 1607–1614.
   Google Scholar
• You Lee, K., Ladha, M. H., McMahon, C. and Ewen, M. E., 1999, The Retinoblastoma Protein is linked to the activation of Ras. Mole cular Cell Biology, 19, 7724–7732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, F. L. and Casey, P. J., 1996, Protein prenylation: molecular mechanisms and fuctional consequences. Annual Review in Biochemis try, 65, 241–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Yao, B., Delikat, S., Bayoumy, S., Lin, X. H., Basu, S., McGinley, M., Chan-Hui, P. Y., Lichenstein, H. and Kolesnick, R., 1997, Kinase suppressor of Ras is ceramide-activated protein kinase. Cell, 89, 63 72.
   Google Scholar