817
Views
36
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Papers

EAAT2 density at the astrocyte plasma membrane and Ca2 + -regulated exocytosis

, , , &
Pages 203-215 | Received 29 Aug 2007, Published online: 09 Jul 2009

References

  • Amara SG, Fontana AC. Excitatory amino acid transporters: keeping up with glutamate. Neurochem Int 2002; 41: 313–318
  • Bergles DE, Dzubay JA, Jahr CE. Glutamate transporter currents in bergmann glial cells follow the time course of extrasynaptic glutamate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 14821–14825
  • Betz WJ, Mao F, Smith CB. Activity-dependent fluorescent staining and destaining of living vertebrate motor nerve terminals. J Neurosci 1992; 12: 363–375
  • Bezzi P, Gundersen V, Galbete JL, Seifert G, Steinhauser C, Pilati E, Volterra A. Astrocytes contain a vesicular compartment that is competent for regulated exocytosis of glutamate. Nat Neurosci 2004; 7: 613–620
  • Blakely RD, Bauman AL. Biogenic amine transporters: regulation in flux. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2000; 10: 328–336
  • Burgoyne RD, Morgan A, Robinson I, Pender N, Cheek TR. Exocytosis in adrenal chromaffin cells. J Anat 1993; 183: 309–314
  • Burgoyne RD, Morgan A. Ca2+ and secretory dynamics. Trends Neurosci 1995; 18: 191–196
  • Calakos N, Scheller RH. Synaptic vesicle biogenesis, docking, and fusion: molecular description. Physiol Rev 1996; 76: 1–29
  • Chaudhry FA, Lehre KP, van Lookeren Campagne M, Ottersen OP, Danbolt NC, Storm-Mathisen J. Glutamate transporters in glial plasma membranes: highly differentiated localizations revealed by quantitative ultrastructural immunocytochemistry. Neuron 1995; 15: 711–720
  • Cheng C, Glover G, Banker G, Amara SG. A novel sorting motif in the glutamate transporter excitatory amino acid transporter 3 directs its targeting in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 10643–10652
  • Chowdhury HH, Kreft M, Zorec R. Rapid insulin-induced exocytosis in white rat adipocytes. Eur J Physiol 2002; 445: 352–356
  • Clark BA, Barbour B. Currents evoked in Bergmann glial cells by parallel fibre stimulation in rat cerebellar slices. J Physiol 1997; 502: 335–350
  • Cochilla AJ, Angleson JK, Betz WJ. Monitoring secretory membrane with FM1-43 fluorescence. Annu Rev Neurosci 1999; 22: 1–10
  • Danbolt NC. Glutamate uptake. Prog Neurobiol 2001; 65: 1–105
  • Dzubay JA, Jahr CE. The concentration of synaptically released glutamate outside of the climbing fiber-Purkinje cell synaptic cleft. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 5265–5274
  • Fournier KM, Gonzalez MI, Robinson MB. Rapid trafficking of the neuronal glutamate transporter, EAAC1: evidence for distinct trafficking pathways differentially regulated by protein kinase C and platelet-derived growth factor. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 34505–34513
  • González MI, Robinson MB. Neurotransmitter transporters: why dance with so many partners?. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2004; 4: 30–35
  • Gallo V, Chittajallu R. Unwrapping glial cells from the synapse: what lies inside?. Science 2001; 292: 872–873
  • Hepp R, Perraut M, Chasserot-Golaz S, Galli T, Aunis D, Langley K, Grant NJ. Cultured glial cells express the SNAP-25 analogue SNAP-23. Glia 1999; 27: 181–187
  • Huang YH, Bergles DE. Glutamate transporters bring competition to the synapse. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2004; 14: 346–352
  • Huggett JF, Mustafa A, O'Neal L, Mason DJ. The glutamate transporter GLAST-1 (EAAT-1) is expressed in the plasma membrane of osteocytes and is responsive to extracellular glutamate concentration. Biochem Soc Trans 2002; 30: 890–893
  • Jahn R, Sudhof TC. Membrane fusion and exocytosis. Annu Rev Biochem 1999; 68: 863–911
  • Karylowski O, Zeigerer A, Cohen A, McGraw TE. GLUT4 is retained by an intracellular cycle of vesicle formation and fusion with endosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15: 870–882
  • Kennedy PG, Lisak RP, Raff MC. Cell type-specific markers for human glial and neuronal cells in culture. Lab Invest 1980; 43: 342–351
  • Kilic G, Angelson JK, Cochilla AJ, Nussinovitch I, Betz WJ. Sustained stimulation of exocytosis triggers continuous membrane retrieval in rat pituitary somatotrophs. J Physiol (Lond. 2001; 532: 771–783
  • Kreft M, Stenovec M, Rupnik M, Grilc S, Kržan M, Potokar M, Pangršič T, Haydon PG, Zorec R. Properties of Ca(2 + )-dependent exocytosis in cultured astrocytes. Glia 2004; 46: 437–445
  • Kržan M, Stenovec M, Kreft M, Pangršič T, Grilc S, Haydon PG, Zorec R. Calcium-dependent exocytosis of atrial natriuretic peptide from astrocytes. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 1580–1583
  • Lakowicz JR. Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy. 2nd edn. Springer, New York 1999
  • Llopis J, McCaffery JM, Miyawaki A, Farquhar MG, Tsien RY. Measurement of cytosolic, mitochondrial, and Golgi pH in single living cells with green fluorescent proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 6803–6808
  • Magistretti PJ, Pellerin L. Astrocytes couple synaptic activity to glucose utilization in the brain. News Physiol Sci 1999; 14: 177–182
  • Marcaggi P, Billups D, Attwell D. The role of glial glutamate transporters in maintaining the independent operation of juvenile mouse cerebellar parallel fibre synapses. J Physiol 2003; 552: 89–107
  • Nicholls DG, Budd SL. Mitochondria and neuronal survival. Physiol Rev 2000; 80: 315–360
  • O'Kane RL, Martinez-Lopez I, DeJoseph MR, Vina JR, Hawkins RA. Na(+)-dependent glutamate transporters (EAAT1, EAAT2, and EAAT3) of the blood-brain barrier. A mechanism for glutamate removal. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 31891–31895
  • Ou-Yang Y, Kristian T, Mellergard P, Siesjo BK. The influence of pH on glutamate- and depolarization-induced increases of intracellular calcium concentration in cortical neurons in primary culture. Brain Res 1994; 646: 65–72
  • Pangršič T, Potokar M, Haydon PG, Zorec R, Kreft M. Astrocyte swelling leads to membrane unfolding, not membrane insertion. J Neurochem 2006; 99: 514–523
  • Pangršič T, Potokar M, Stenovec M, Kreft M, Fabbretti E, Nistri A, Pryazhnikov E, Khiroug L, Giniatullin R, Zorec R. Exocytotic release of ATP from cultured astrocytes. J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 28749–28758
  • Parpura V, Basarsky TA, Liu F, Jeftinija K, Jeftinija S, Haydon PG. Glutamate-mediated astrocyte–neuron signalling. Nature 1994; 369: 744–747
  • Parpura V, Fang Y, Basarsky T, Jahn R, Haydon PG. Expression of synaptobrevin II, cellubrevin and syntaxin but not SNAP-25 in cultured astrocytes. FEBS Lett 1995; 377: 489–492
  • Patterson GH, Knobel SM, Sharif WD, Kain SR, Piston DW. Use of the green fluorescent protein and its mutants in quantitative fluorescence microscopy. Biophys J 1997; 73: 2782–2790
  • Potokar M, Kreft M, Li L, Andersson JD, Pangršič T, Chowdhury HH, Pekny M, Zorec R. Cytoskeleton and vesicle mobility in astrocytes. Traffic 2007; 1: 12–20
  • Rizzoli S O, Richards DA, Betz WJ. Monitoring synaptic vesicle recycling in frog motor nerve terminals with FM dyes. J Neurocytol 2003; 32: 539–549
  • Robinson MB. Regulated trafficking of neurotransmitter transporters: common notes but different melodies. J Neurochem 2002; 80: 1–11
  • Rothstein JD, Martin L, Levey AI, Dykes-Hoberg M, Jin L, Wu D, Nash N, Kuncl RW. Localization of neuronal and glial glutamate transporters. Neuron 1994; 13: 713–725
  • Rothstein JD, Dykes-Hoberg M, Pardo CA, Bristol LA, Jin L, Kuncl RW, Kanai Y, Hediger MA, Wang Y, Schielke JP, Welty DF. Knockout of glutamate transporters reveals a major role for astroglial transport in excitotoxicity and clearance of glutamate. Neuron 1996; 16: 675–686
  • Rothstein JD, Patel S, Regan MR, Haenggeli C, Huang YH, Bergles DE, Jin L, Dykes Hoberg M, Vidensky S, Chung DS, Toan SV, Bruijn LI, Su ZZ, Gupta P, Fisher PB. Beta-lactam antibiotics offer neuroprotection by increasing glutamate transporter expression. Nature 2005; 433: 73–77
  • Rusakov DA, Kullmann DM. Extrasynaptic glutamate diffusion in the hippocampus: ultrastructural constraints, uptake, and receptor activation. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 3158–3570
  • Schote U, Seelig J. Interaction of the neuronal marker dye FM1-43 with lipid membranes. Thermodynamics and lipid ordering. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998; 1415: 135–146
  • Schwartz JP, Wilson DJ. Preparation and characterization of type 1 astrocytes cultured from adult rat cortex, cerebellum and striatum. Glia 1992; 5: 75–80
  • Smith CB, Betz WJ. Simultaneous independent measurement of endocytosis and exocytosis. Nature 1996; 380: 531–534
  • Vesce S, Bezzi P, Volterra A. The active role of astrocytes in synaptic transmission. Cell Mol Life Sci 1999; 56: 991–1000
  • Zeigerer A, McBrayer MK, McGraw TE. Insulin stimulation of GLUT4 exocytosis, but not its inhibition of endocytosis, is dependent on RabGAP AS160. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15: 4406–4415
  • Zhang Q, Fukuda M, Van Bockstaele E, Pascual O, Haydon PG. Synaptotagmin IV regulates glial glutamate release. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 9441–9446

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.