Liposome-mediated delivery of antiviral agents to human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells

References

• Ashkenazi, A., Smith, D. H., Marsters, S. A., Riddle, L., Gregory, T. J., Ho, D. D. and Capon, D. J., 1991, Resistance of primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to soluble CD4 is independent of CD4-rgp120 binding affinity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 88, 7056–7060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashorn, P., McQuade, T. J., Thaisrivongs, S., Tomasselli, A. G., Tarpley, W. G. and Moss, B., 1990, An inhibitor of the protease blocks maturation of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses and spread of infection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 87, 7472–7476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balzarini, J., Karlsson, A., Pé rez-Pé rez, M.-J., Camarasa, M.-J. and De Clercq, E., 1993, Knocking-out concentrations of HIV-1-specific inhibitors completely suppress HIV-1 infection and prevent the emergence of drug-resistant virus. Virology, 196, 576–585.
   Google Scholar
• Balzarini, J., Perno, C.-F., Schols, D. and De Clercq, E., 1991, Activity of acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues against human immunodeficiency virus in monocyte/macrophages and peripheral blood lymphocytes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 178, 329–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridges, S. H. and Sarver, N., 1995, Gene therapy and immune restoration for HIV disease. Lancet, 345, 427–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brighty, D. W., Rosenberg, M., Chen, I. S. Y. and Ivey-Hoyle, M., 1991, Envelope proteins from clinical isolates of human immuno-deficiency virus type 1 that are refractory to neutralization by soluble CD4 possess high affinity for the CD4 receptor. Proceed-ings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 88, 7802-7805.
   Google Scholar
• Cantin, E. M. and Woolf, T. M., 1993, Antisense oligonucleotides as antiviral agents: prospects and problems. Trends in Microbiology, 1, 270–276.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng, P. W., 1996, Receptor ligand-facilitated gene transfer: Enhancement of liposome-mediated gene transfer and expression by transferrin. Human Gene Therapy, 7, 275–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, C.-J., Dijkstra, J., Lai, M.-Z., Hong, K. and Szoka, F. C., 1990, Efficiency of cytoplasmic delivery by pH-sensitive liposomes to cells in culture. Pharmaceutical Research, 7, 824–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor, J. and Huang, L., 1985, Efficient cytoplasmic delivery of a fluorescent dye by pH-sensitive liposomes. Journal of Cell Biology, 101, 582–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor, J., Yatvin, M. B. and Huang, L., 1984, pH-sensitive liposomes: Acid-induced liposome fusion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 81, 1715–1718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daar, E. S., Li, X. L., Moudgil, T. and Ho, D. D., 1990, High concentrations of recombinant soluble CD4 are required to neutralize primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 87, 6574–6578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Clercq, E., 1995, Antiviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus infections. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 8, 200–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deen, K. C., McDougal, J. S., Inacker, R., Folena-Wasserman, G., Arthos, J., Rosenberg, J., Maddon, P. J., Axel, R. and Sweet, R., 1988, A soluble form of CD4 (T4) protein inhibits AIDS virus infection. Nature, 331, 82–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DüzgünesŞ, N. and Felgner, P. L., 1993, Intracellular delivery of nucleic acids and transcription factors by cationic liposomes. Methods in Enzymology, 221, 303–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DüzgünesŞ, N., Flasher, D., Pretzer, E., Konopka, K., Slepushkin, V. A., Steffan, G., Salem, I. I., Reddy, M. V. and Gangadharam, P. R. J., 1995, Liposome-mediated therapy of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 and mycobacterium infections. Journal of Liposome Research, 5, 669–691.
   Google Scholar
• DüzgünesŞ, N., Straubinger, R. M., Baldwin, P. A., Friend, D. S. and Papahadjopoulos, D., 1985, Proton-induced fusion of oleic acid-phosphatidylethanolamine liposomes. Biochemistry, 24, 3091–3098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DüzgünesŞ, N., Straubinger, R. M. and Papahadjopoulos, D., 1983, pH-dependent membrane fusion. Journal of Cell Biology, 97, 178a (Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• Ellens, H., Bentz, J. and Szoka, F. C., 1985, H+ and Ca2+-induced fusion and destabilization of liposomes. Biochemistry, 24, 3099–3106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Embretson, J., Zupancic, M., Ribas, J. L., Burke, A., Racz, P., Tenner-Racz, K. and Haase, A. T., 1993, Massive covert infection of helper T lymphocytes and macrophages by HIV during the incubation period of AIDS. Nature, 362, 359–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felgner, P. L., Tsai, Y. J., Sukhu, L., Wheeler, C. J., Manthorpe, M., Marshall, J. and Cheng, S. H., 1995, Improved cationic lipid formulations for in vivo gene therapy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 772, 126–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, R. A., Bertonis, J. M., Meier, W., Johnson, V. A., Costopoulos, D. S., Liu, T., Tizard, R., Walker, B. D., Hirsch, M. S., Schooley, R. T. and Flavell, R. A., 1988, HIV infection is blocked in vitro by recombinant soluble CD4. Nature, 331, 76-78.
   Google Scholar
• Flasher, D., Konopka, K., Chamow, S. M., Dazin, P., Ashkenazi, A., Pretzer, E. and DüzgünesŞ, N., 1994, Liposome targeting to human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cells via recombinant soluble CD4 and CD4 immunoadhesin (CD4-IgG). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1194, 185–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gartner, S., Markovits, P., Markovitz, D. M., Kaplan, M. H., Gallo, R. C. and Popovic, M., 1986, The role of mononuclear phagocytes in HTLV-III/LAV infection. Science, 33, 215–219.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, G. S., Maxwell, F., Long, C. J., Rosen, C. A., Glode, L. M. and Maxwell, I. H., 1991, Activation of a diphtheria toxin A gene by expression of human immunodeficiency virus-1 tat and rev proteins in transfected cells. Human Gene Therapy, 2, 53–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch, M. S. and D’Aquila, R. T., 1993, Therapy for human immunodeficiency virus infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 328, 1686–1695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, S. K., Lee, K.-D., Hong, K., Friend, D. S. and Papahadjo-poulos, D., 1992, Microscopic localization of sterically stabilized liposomes in colon carcinoma-bearing mice. Cancer Research, 52, 5135–5143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hufert, F. T., Schmitz, J., Schreiber, M., Schmitz, H., Raàcz, P. and von Laer, D. D., 1993, Human Kupffer cells infected with HIV-1 in vivo. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 6, 772–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huff, J. R., 1991, HIV protease: A novel chemotherapeutic target for AIDS. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 34, 2305–2314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussey, R. E., Richardson, N. E., Kowalski, M., Brown, N. R., Chang, H. C., Siliciano, R. F., Dorfman, T., Walker, B., Sodroski, J. and Reinherz, E. L., 1988, A soluble CD4 protein selectively inhibits HIV replication and syncytium formation. Nature, 331, 78–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, M. I. and Hoth, D. F., 1993, Present status and future prospects for HIV therapies. Science, 260, 1286–1293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kageyama, S., Anderson, B. D., Hoesterey, B. L., Hayashi, H., Kiso, Y., Flora, K. P. and Mitsuya, H., 1994, Protein binding of human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor KNI-272 and alteration of its in vitro antiretroviral activity in the presence of high concentrations of proteins. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemother-apy, 38, 1107–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, A. H., Manchester, M. and Swanstrom, R., 1994, The activity of the protease of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is initiated at the membrane of infected cells before the release of viral proteins and is required for release to occur with maximum efficiency. Journal of Virology, 68, 6782–6786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay, J. and Dunn, B. M., 1990, Viral proteinases: Weakness in strength. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1048, 1–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempf, D. J., Marsh, K. C., Denissen, J. F., McDonald, E., Vasavanonda, S., Flentge, C. A., Green, B. E., Fino, L., Park, C. H., Kong, X.-P., Wideburg, N. E., Saldivar, A., Ruiz, L., Kati, W. M., Sham, H. L., Robins, T., Stewart, K. D., Hsu, A., Plattner, J. J., Leonard, J. M. and Norbeck, D. W., 1995, ABT-538 is a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus protease and has high oral bioavailability in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 92, 2484–2488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, P. E., Moss, B. and Berger, E. A., 1993, Primary HIV-1 isolates refractory to neutralization by soluble CD4 are potently inhibited by CD4-Pseudomonas exotoxin. Virology, 192, 375-379.
   Google Scholar
• Konopka, K., DüzgünesŞ, N., Rossi, J. and Lee, N. S., 1998, Receptor ligand-facilitated cationic liposome delivery of anti-HIV-1 Rev binding aptamer and ribozyme DNAs. Journal of Drug Targeting, 5, 247–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konopka, K., Harrison, G. S., Felgner, P. L. and DüzgünesŞ, N., 1997, Cationic liposome-mediated expression of HIV-regulated lucifer-ase and diphtheria toxin A genes in HeLa cells infected with or expressing HIV. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1356, 185–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konopka, K., Pretzer, E., Plowman, B. and DüzgünesŞ, N., 1993, Long-term noncytopathic productive infection of the human monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1IIIB). Virology, 193, 877–887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasic, D. D. and Templeton, N. S., 1996, Liposomes in gene therapy. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 20, 221–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, R. J. and Huang, L., 1996, Folate-targeted, anionic liposome-entrapped polylysine-condensed DNA for tumor cell-specific gene transfer. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271, 8481–8487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S.-W., Gallardo, H. F., Gilboa, E. and Smith, C., 1994, Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in human cells by a potent Rev response element decoy comprised of the 13-nucleotide minimal Rev-binding domain. Journal of Virology, 68, 8254–8264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, J. A., 1993, Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Microbiological Reviews, 57, 183–289.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lisziewicz, J., Sun, D., Weichold, F. F., Thierry, A. R., Lusso, P., Tang, J., Gallo, R. C. and Agrawal, S., 1994, Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide phosphorothioate complementary to Gag mRNA blocks replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in human peripheral blood cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 91, 7942–7946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, D., Zhou, F. and Huang, L., 1989, Characterization of plasma-stabilized liposomes composed of dioleoylphosphatidylethanola-mine and oleic acid. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 162, 326–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsukura, M., Zon, G., Shinozuka, K., Robert-Guroff, M., Shimada, T., Stein, C. A., Mitsuya, H., Wong-Staal, F., Cohen, J. S. and Broder, S., 1989, Regulation of viral expression of human immunodeficiency virus in vitro by an antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide against rev (art/trs) in chronically infected cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 86, 4244–4248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDougal, J. S., Maddon, P. J., Orloff, G., Clapham, P. R., Dalgleish, A. G., Jamal, S., Weiss, R. A. and Axel, R. A., 1991, Role of CD4 in the penetration of cells by HIV. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 300, 145–158.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meltzer, M. S., Skillman, D. R., Gomatos, P. J., Kalter, D. C. and Gendelman, H. E., 1990, Role of mononuclear phagocytes in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Annual Review of Immunology, 8, 169–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantaleo, G. and Fauci, A. S., 1995, New concepts in the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. Annual Review of Immu-nology, 13, 487–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantaleo, G., Graziosi, C., Demarest, J. F., Butini, L., Montroni, M., Fox, C. H., Orenstein, J. M., Kotler, D. P. and Fauci, A. S., 1993, HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease. Nature, 362, 355–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papahadjopoulos, D., Allen, T. M., Gabizon, A., Mayhew, E., Matthay, K., Huang, S. K., Lee, K.-D., Woodle, M. C., Lasic, D. D., Redemann, C. and Martin, F. J., 1991, Sterically stabilized liposomes: Improvements in pharmacokinetics and antitumor therapeutic efficacy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 88, 11460–11464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedroso de Lima, M. C., Simões, S., Pires, P., Gaspar, R., Slepushkin, V. and DüzgünesŞ, N., 1999, Gene delivery mediated by cationic liposomes: From biophysical aspects to enhancement of transfection. Molecular Membrane Biology, 16, 103–109.
   Google Scholar
• Pretzer, E., Flasher, D. and DüzgünesŞ, N., 1997, Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 replication in macrophages and H9 cells by free or liposome-encapsulated L-689,502, an inhibitor of the viral protease. Antiviral Research, 34, 1–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richman, D. D., 1996, HIV therapeutics. Science, 272, 1886-1889.
   Google Scholar
• Robins, T. and Plattner, J., 1993, HIV protease inhibitors: Their anti-HIV activity and potential role in treatment. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 6, 162–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ropert, C., Lavignon, M., Dubernet, C., Couvreur, P. and Malvy, C., 1992, Oligonucleotides encapsulated in pH sensitive liposomes are efficient toward Friend retrovirus. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 183, 879–885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi, J. J. and Sarver, N., 1992, Catalytic antisense RNA (ribozymes): Their potential and use as anti-HIV-1 therapeutic agents. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 312, 95–109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarver, N. and Rossi, J., 1993, Gene therapy: A bold direction for HIV-1 treatment. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 9, 483–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scanlon, K. J., Ohta, Y., Ishida, H., Kijima, H., Ohkawa, T., Kaminski, A., Tsai, J., Horng, G. and Kashani-Sabet, M., 1995, Oligonucleo-tide-mediated modulation of mammalian gene expression. FASEB Journal, 9, 1288–1296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simões, S., Slepushkin, V., Gaspar, R., Pedroso de Lima, M. C. and DüzgünesŞ, N., 1998, Gene delivery by negatively charged ternary complexes of DNA, cationic liposomes and transferrin or fusigenic peptides. Gene Therapy, 5, 955–964.
   Google Scholar
• Singhal, A. and Huang, L., 1994, Gene transfer in mammalian cells using liposomes as carriers. In Gene Therapeutics: Methods and Applications of Direct Gene Transfer, edited by J. A. Wolf (Boston: Birkhäuser), pp. 118–142.
   Google Scholar
• Slepushkin, V. A., Salem, I. I., Andreev, S. M., Dazin, P. and DüzgünesŞ, N., 1996, Targeting of liposomes to HIV-infected cells by peptides derived from the CD4 receptor. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 227, 827–833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slepushkin, V. A., Simões, S., Dazin, P., Newman, M. S., Guo, L. S., Pedroso de Lima, M. C. and DüzgünesŞ, N., 1997, Sterically stabilized pH-sensitive liposomes: Intracellular delivery of aqu-eous contents and prolonged circulation in vivo. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 2382–2388.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, D. H., Byrn, R. A., Marsters, S. A., Gregory, T., Groopman, J. E. and Capon, D. J., 1987, Blocking of HIV-1 infectivity by a soluble, secreted form of the CD4 antigen. Science, 238, 1704–1707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, C. A. and Cheng, Y. C., 1993, Antisense oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents-Is the bullet really magical. Science, 260, 1004–1012.
   Google Scholar
• Straubinger, R. M., DüzgünesŞ, N. and Papahadjopoulos, D., 1985, pH-sensitive liposomes mediate cytoplasmic delivery of encapsu-lated macromolecules. FEBS Letters, 179, 148–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, W. J., Fitzgerald, P. M. D., Holloway, M. K., Emini, E. A., Darke, P. L., McKeever, B. M., Schleif, W. A., Quintero, J. C., Zugay, J. A., Tucker, T. J., Schwering, J. E., Homnick, C. F., Nunberg, J., Springer, J. P. and Huff, J. R., 1992, Synthesis and antiviral activity of a series of HIV-1 protease inhibitors with functionality tethered to the P1 or P1’ phenyl substituents: X-ray crystal structure assisted design. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 35, 1685–1701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonkinson, J. L. and Stein, C. A., 1993, Antisense nucleic acids-prospects for antiviral intervention. Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy, 4, 193–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traunecker, A., Luke, W. and Karjalainen, K., 1988, Soluble CD4 molecules neutralize human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Nature, 331, 84–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuerk, C. and MacDougal-Waugh, S., 1997, In vitro evolution of functional nucleic acids: high-affinity RNA ligands of HIV-1 proteins. Gene, 137, 33–39.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, S., Tizard, R., DeMarinis, J., Pepinsky, R. B., Zullo, J., Schooley, R. and Fisher, R., 1992, Resistance of primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to neutralization by soluble CD4 is not due to lower affinity with the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 89, 1335–1339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, R. W. and Flanagan, W. M., 1997, Antisense technology and prospects for therapy of viral infections and cancer. Molecular Medicine Today, 3, 31–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar