611
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Of executive preferences and societal constraints: The domestic politics of the transatlantic GMO disputeFootnote1

Pages 506-529 | Published online: 12 Nov 2010

REFERENCES

  • Allee , T. 2003 . “ ‘Legal Incentives and Domestic Rewards: The Selection of Trade Disputes for GATT/WTO Dispute Resolution’ ” . University of Illinois, 9 October . Unpublished paper
  • Alter , K. J. 2003 . ‘Resolving or Exacerbating Disputes? The WTO's New Dispute Resolution System’ . International Affairs , 79 ( 4 ) : 783 – 800 .
  • Ames , G. C. W. 2001 . ‘Bananas, Beef and Biotechnology: Three Contentious US-EU Trade Disputes’ . Review of Agricultural Economics , 23 ( 1 ) : 214 – 22 .
  • Amicus Coalition . 2004 . “ ’Information Submitted to the Panel by Non-Parties‘ ” . European Communities – Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products (DS291, DS292, DS293) . 27 May. <http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/PublicInterestAmicus_2.pdf > (accessed 7 July 2008)
  • Barroso , J. M. 2009 . Political Guidelines for the Next Commission Brussels 3 September, Brussels: European Commission
  • Baucus , M. 2003 . “ ‘Opening Statement’ ” . 108 – 39 . Senate Finance Committee Hearing on the Administration's Trade Agenda, S. Hrg . 5 March
  • Baumgartner , F. R. and Leech , B. L. 1998 . Basic Interests: The Importance of Groups in Politics and Political Science , Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press .
  • Bayard , T. O. and Elliott , K. A. 1994 . Reciprocity and Retaliation in US Trade Policy , Institute for International Economics, September .
  • Bernauer , T. 2003 . Genes, Trade and Regulation: The Seeds of Conflict in Food Biotechnology , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • Bernauer , T. and Aerni , P. 2008 . “ ‘Trade Conflict Over Genetically Modified Organisms’ ” . In Handbook on Trade and the Environment , Edited by: Gallagher , K. 14 Cheltenham: Edward Elgar . Ch.
  • Bhagwati , J. 1990 . ‘Departures from Multilateralism: Regionalism and Aggressive Unilateralism’ . The Economic Journal , 100 ( December ) : 1304 – 17 .
  • Bio . 2003 . BIO Statement on European Vote on Biotech Foods , Washington , DC : Biotechnology Industry Organization . <http://www.bio.org/news/pressreleases/newsitem.asp?id=2003_0702_01> (accessed 28 January 2009)
  • Blunt , R. , Goodlatte , B. , Gutknecht , G. , Hayes , R. , Hastert , J. D. , Jenkins , B. , Lucas , F. , Moran , J. , Pombo , R. and Wolf , F. 2003 . “ ‘Letter to President Bush’ ” . Serial No. 108-1, 26 March: 84–6 29 January, Review of Artificial Barriers to US Agricultural Trade and Foreign Food Assistance, Hearing of the House of Representatives Committee on Agriculture .
  • Bown , C. P. 2005 . ‘Trade Remedies and World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement: Why Are So Few Challenged’ . Journal of Legal Studies , 34 (June) : 515 – 55 .
  • Busch , M. L. and Howse , R. 2003 . “ ‘A (Genetically Modified) Food Fight: Canada's WTO Challenge to Europe's Ban on GM Products’ ” . In Commentary 186 , Toronto : C. D. Howe Institute .
  • Busch , M. L. and Reinhardt , E. 2002 . “ ‘Testing International Trade Law: Empirical Studies of GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement’ ” . In The Political Economy of International Trade Law, Cambridge University Press Edited by: Kennedy , D. L. M. and Southwick , J. D. 457 – 81 .
  • COCERAL, EuropaBio, FEFAC, FEDIOL . 2007 . Reference and Key Message Document: Commission Report ‘Economic Impact of Unapproved GMOs on EU Feed Imports and Livestock Production’ , 17 July .
  • Commission . 1998 . Proposal for a European Parliament and Council Directive Amending Directive 90/220/EEC on the Deliberate Release into the Environment of Genetically Modified Organisms , COM (1998) 85 final, 23 February .
  • Commission . 2002 . “ ‘Life sciences and biotechnology – A strategy for Europe’ ” . COM(2002) 27 .
  • Commission . 2008 . “ ‘European Commission Discusses How Best to Move Forward on the Authorization of Pending GMO Applications’ ” . No. 44/08 Washington , DC : Delegation of the European Commission to the USA . 7 May
  • Commission . 2009a . Summary Record of the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health Held in Brussels on 16th February 2009 , DG SANCO .
  • Commission . 2009b . President Barroso Unveils His New Team , IP/09/1837, 27 November .
  • Commission . 2010a . ‘Commission Decision of 2 March 2010 Concerning the Placing on the Market … of a Potato Product (Solanum tuberosum L. line EH920527-1) Genetically Modified for Enhanced Content of the Amylopectin Component of Starch’ . Official Journal , L53 (4 March) : 11 – 14 . 2010/135/EU
  • Commission . 2010b . Commission Announces Upcoming Proposal on Choice of Member States to Cultivate or Not GMO's and Approves 5 Decisions on GMO's , IP/10/222, 2 March .
  • Conybeare , J. A. C. 1987 . Trade Wars: The Theory and Practice of International Commercial Rivalry , Columbia University Press .
  • Council . 1999 . “ 2194th Council Meeting – Environment – Luxembourg, 24/25 June 1999 ” . 9406/99 .
  • Council . 2005 . 2670th Council Meeting – Environment – Luxembourg, 24 June 2005 , 10074/05 .
  • Council . 2006 . 2773rd Council Meeting – Environment – Brussels, 18 December 2006 , 15151/06 .
  • Council . 2007 . 2785th Council Meeting – Environment – Brussels, 20 February 2007 , 6272/07 .
  • Council . 2008 . 2912nd Council Meeting – Environment – Brussels, 4 December 2008 , 16585/08. Provisional version .
  • Council . 2009a . 2928th Council Meeting – Environment – Brussels, 2 March 2009 , 7042/09 REV 1 .
  • Council . 2009b . 2953rd Council Meeting – Environment – Brussels, 25 June 2009 , 11259/09 .
  • Dai , X. 2005 . ‘Why Comply? The Domestic Constituency Mechanism’ . International Organization , 59 : 363 – 98 .
  • Dai , X. 2006 . ‘The Conditional Nature of Democratic Compliance’ . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 50 ( 5 ) : 690 – 713 .
  • Davis , C. L. 2003 . Food Fights Over Free Trade: How International Institutions Promote Agricultural Trade Liberalization , Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press .
  • Devereaux , C. , Lawrence , R. Z. and Watkins , M. D. 2006 . Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation: Vol. 2: Resolving Disputes , Washington , DC : Institute for International Economics .
  • EFSA . 2008 . EFSA Journal , 851 : 1 – 27 . Request from the European Commission to Review Scientific Studies Related to the Impact on the Environment of the Cultivation of Maize Bt11 and 1507: Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms, Question No. EFSA-Q-2008-679 (adopted 29 October)
  • EFSA . 2009 . [Draft] Guidance on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Plants <http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/consultations/call/gmo100305a-ax1.pdf> (accessed 12 March 2010)
  • ESA . 2008 . European Commission's Orientation on GMOs Confirms Existing Rules and Procedures – But Fails to Show Leadership on the Future of Policy , Brussels : European Seed Association .
  • EuropaBio . 2007 . Commissioner Dimas’ Rejection of Two GM Maize Products Would Undermine the EU's Safety Assessment Process , Brussels : EuropaBio . 27 November
  • FAS . 2007 . “ ‘EU-27 Biotechnology Annual Agricultural Biotechnology Report’ ” . GAIN Report E47044, US Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service, 6 May .
  • FAS . 2009 . “ ‘EU-27 Agricultural Biotechnology Annual 2009’ ” . GAIN Report E49052, US Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service, 24 July .
  • FoEE . 2007 . Too Close for Comfort: The Relatioship between the Biotech Industry and the European Commission , Brussels : Friends of the Earth Europe .
  • Gawande , K. and Hansen , W. L. 1999 . ‘Retaliation, Bargaining and the Pursuit of “Free and Fair” Trade’ . International Organization , 53 ( 1 ) : 117 – 59 .
  • Grassley , C. E. 2003 . “ ‘Opening Statement’ ” . 108 – 39 . Senate Finance Committee Hearing on the Administration's Trade Agenda, S. Hrg . 5 March
  • Green 10 . 2009 . Off Target: European Commission 2004–2009 Environmental Progress Report and Lessons for the Next Commission , Brussels : Green 10 .
  • Greenpeace . 2003 . The US assault on biosafety – Renewed Aggression by a Rogue State <http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/the-us-war-on-biosafety-rene.pdf> (accessed 8 July 2008)
  • Grossman , G. M. and Helpman , E. 1995 . ‘Trade Wars and Trade Talks’ . Journal of Political Economy , 103 ( 4 ) : 1995 – 708 . 675
  • Guzman , A. T. 2004–05 . ‘Food Fears: Health and Safety at the WTO’ . Virginia Journal of International Law , 45 : 1 – 39 .
  • Hammitt , J. K. , Wiener , J. B. , Swedlow , B. , Kall , D. and Zhou , Z. 2005 . ‘Precautionary regulation in Europe and the United States: A quantitative comparison’ . Risk Analysis , 25 ( 5 ) : 1215 – 28 .
  • Hansen , M. K. 2000 . “ ‘Testimony before the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions on “The Future of Food: Biotechnology and Consumer Confidence”’ ” . 26 September (Research Associate, Consumer Policy Institute, Consumers Union) .
  • Harkin , T. , Grassley , C. and Baucus , M. 2002 . “ ‘Letter to President Bush’ ” . 20 December, <http://www.italy.usembassy.gov/policy/topics/biotech/Archive2002.asp> (accessed 29 January 2009)
  • Hastert , J. D. 2003 . “ ‘Statement’ ” . Review of Artificial Barriers to US Agricultural Trade and Foreign Food Assistance, Hearing of the House of Representatives Committee on Agriculture, Serial No. 108–1 . 26 March
  • IATP . 2002 . “ ‘US Groups Feel it is Time to Challenge EU GM Food Ban’ ” . 13 November, <www.tradeobservatory.org/headlines.cfm?refID=17829> (accessed 8 December 2008)
  • Joachim , G. 2003 . “ ‘Statement’ ” . Review of Artificial Barriers to US Agricultural Trade and Foreign Food Assistance, Hearing of the House of Representatives Committee on Agriculture, Serial No. 108–1, 26 March .
  • Kahler , M. 2000 . ‘Conclusion: The Causes and Consequences of Legalization’ . International Organization , 54 ( 3 ) : 661 – 83 .
  • Keohane , R. O. , Moravcsik , A. and Slaughter , A.-M. 2000 . ‘Legalized Dispute Resolution: Interstate and Transnational’ . International Organization , 54 ( 3 ) : 457 – 88 .
  • Mandelson , P. 2007 . “ ‘Biotechnology and the EU’ ” . speech to the European Biotechnolgoy Day, Brussels, 14 June. Speech/07/397 .
  • Martin , L. L. 2008 . ‘Book Review: Xinyuan Dai, International Institutions and National Policies’ . Review of International Organizations , 3 : 201 – 6 .
  • McGartiy , T. O. and Hansen , P. I. 2001 . Breeding Distrust: An Assessment and Recommendations for Improving the Regulation of Plant Derived Genetically Modified Foods , A Report prepared for the Food Policy Institute of the Consumer Federation of America, 11 January .
  • Moore , K. A. and Winham , G. 2002 . ‘Let's Not Escalate the “Frankenfood” War’ . Christian Science Monitor , 20 December : 13
  • Moravcsik , A. 1993 . “ ‘Introduction: Integrating International and Domestic Theories of International Bargaining’ ” . In Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics , Edited by: Evans , P. B. , Jacobson , H. K. and Putnam , R. D. 3 – 42 . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press .
  • Odell , J. S. 1993 . “ ‘International Threats and Internal Politics: Brazil, the European Community and the United States, 1985–1987’ ” . In Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics , Edited by: Evans , P. B. , Jacobson , H. K. and Putnam , R. D. 233 – 64 . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press .
  • Pollack , M. A. 2003 . “ ‘The Political Economy of Transatlantic Trade Disptutes’ ” . In Transatlantic Economic Disputes: The EU, the US and the WTO , Edited by: Petersmann , E.-U. and Pollack , M. A. 65 – 118 . Oxford: Oxford University Press .
  • Pollack , M. A. and Shaffer , G. 2009 . When Cooperation Fails: The International Law and Politics of Genetically Modified Foods , Oxford: Oxford University Press .
  • Porter , T. 2005 . “ ‘The United State in International Trade Politics: Liberal Leader or Heavy-Handed Hegemon?’ ” . In The Politics of International Trade in the Twenty-First Century: Actors, Issues and Regional Dynamics , Edited by: Kelly , D. and Grant , W. 204 – 33 . London: Palgrave .
  • Putnam , R. D. 1998 . ‘Diplomacy and domestic politics: The logic of two-level games’ . International Organization , 42 ( 3 ) 8
  • Riss , J. 2007 . “ ‘Letter to European Commissioners from Environmental NGOs, Farmers’ ” . Organisations and Consumer Co-operatives Concerning the Commission's Decision on the Cultivation of Two New GM Maize Varieties in the EU’, 22 November, Brussels: on behalf of Coordination Paysanne Europeene, European Environmental Bureau, Euro Coop, Friends of the Earth Europe, GM Freeze, Greenpeace, IFOAM, Save our Seeds .
  • Schoppa , L. J. 1993 . ‘Two-Level Games and Bargaining Outcomes: Why gaiatsu Succeeds in Japan in Some Cases But Not Others’ . International Organization , 47 ( 3 ) : 353 – 86 .
  • Shaffer , G. 2003 . Defending Interests: Public-Private Partnerships in WTO Litigation , Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press .
  • Sherman , R. 2002 . ‘Targeting Democracies: Regime Type and America's “Aggressively Unilateral” Trade Policy’ . Social Science Quarterly , 83 ( 4 ) : 1063 – 78 .
  • Stallman , B. 2003 . “ ‘Statement’ ” . Review of Artificial Barriers to US Agricultural Trade and Foreign Food Assistance, Hearing of the House of Representatives Committee on Agriculture, Serial No. 108–1, 26 March .
  • Taylor , C. O’N. 2007 . ‘Impossible Cases: Lessons from the First Decade of WTO Dispute Settlement’ . University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law , 28 ( 2 ) : 309 – 447 .
  • Tierberghien , Y. 2009 . ‘Competitive Governance and the Quest for Legitimacy in the EU: The Battle Over the Regualtion of GMOs Since the mid-1990s’ . Journal of European Integration , 31 ( 3 ) : 389 – 407 .
  • US . 2010 . Statements by the United States at the March 19, 2010 DSB Meeting <http://geneva.usmission.gov/2010/03/22/march-19-dsb-meeting/> (accessed 31 March 2010)
  • USTR . 1996 . 1996 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers , Washington , DC : United States Trade Representative .
  • USTR . 1997 . 1997 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers , Washington , DC : United States Trade Representative .
  • USTR . 1998 . 1998 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers , Washington , DC : United States Trade Representative .
  • USTR . 2004 . European Communities – Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products (WT/DS291, 292, and 293): Executive Summary of the First Submission of the United States 30 April
  • USTR . 2008 . WTO Dispute Settlement Proceedings Regarding Measures of the European Communities Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products , 4288 – 90 . Federal Register, 73/16, 24 January .
  • Vig , N. J. and Faure , M. G. 2004 . “ ‘Introduction’ ” . In Green Giants: Environmental Policies of the United States and the European Union , Edited by: Vig , N. J. and Faure , M. G. 1 – 14 . Cambridge , MA : The MIT Press .
  • Vogel , D. 2003 . ‘The Hare and the Tortoise Revisited: The New Politics of Consumer and Environmental Regulation in Europe’ . British Journal of Political Science , 33 : 557 – 80 .
  • Wilkinson , R. 2002 . ‘Global Monitor: The World Trade Organization’ . New Political Economy , 7 ( 1 ) : 129 – 41 .
  • Winham , G. R. 2009 . ‘The GMO Panel: Applications of WTO Law to Trade in Agricultural Biotech Products’ . Journal of European Integration , 31 ( 3 ) : 409 – 49 .
  • WTO . 2006 . “ ‘European Communities – Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products: Reports of the Panel’ ” . WT/DS291/R, WT/DS292/R, WT/DS293/R, 29 September .
  • Yoder , F. and Jacoby , D. 2003 . “ ‘Letter to President Bush on Behalf of the National Corn Growers Association and the US Grains Council’ ” . 29 January, Review of Artificial Barriers to US Agricultural Trade and Foreign Food Assistance, Hearing of the House of Representatives Committee on Agriculture, Serial No. 108-1, 26 March: 92 .
  • Young , A. R. 2001 . Trading Up or Trading Blows? US Politics and Transatlantic Trade in Genetically Modified Food , RSC Working Paper 2001/30 Florence : European University Institute .
  • Young , A. R. 2003 . ‘Political Transfer and “Trading Up”: Transatlantic Trade in Genetically Modified Food and US Politics’ . World Politics , 55 ( 4 ) : 457 – 84 .
  • Young , A. R. and Holmes , P. 2006 . “ ‘Protection or Protectionism? EU Food Safety Rules and the WTO’ ” . In What's the Beef? The Contested Governance of European Food Safety , Edited by: Ansell , C. and Vogel , D. 281 – 305 . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press .
  • Zeng , K. 2002 . ‘Trade Structure and the Effectiveness of America's “Aggressively Unilateral” Trade Policy’ . International Studies Quarterly , 46 : 93 – 115 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.