The not-so Great Game: political economy of changing US energy policy in the Caspian Sea

References

• Abilov, S., Mahmudlu, C., & Abdullayev, N. (2020). Contested waters: Implications of the 2018 convention on the legal status of the Caspian Sea and the future of the trans-Caspian Pipeline. Insight Turkey, (04), 229–250. https://doi.org/10.25253/99.2020224.13
   Google Scholar
• Adams, J. S. (1998). Pipelines and pipedreams: Can Russia continue to dominate Caspian basin energy? Problems of Post-Communism, 45(5), 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.1998.11655804
   Google Scholar
• Adams, J. S. (2002). Russia’s gas diplomacy. Problems of Post-Communism, 49(3), 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2002.11655985
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aminjonov, F. (2018). Central Asian gas exports dependency: Swapping Russian patronage for Chinese. The RUSI Journal, 163(2), 66–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2018.1470392
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anceschi, L. (2017). Turkmenistan and the virtual politics of Eurasian energy: The case of the TAPI pipeline project. Central Asian Survey, 36(4), 409–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2017.1391747
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anievas, A. (2011). The international political economy of appeasement: The social sources of British foreign policy during the 1930s. Review of International Studies, 37(2), 601–629. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210510000513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austvik, O. G. (2016). The Energy Union and security-of-gas supply. Energy Policy, 96, 372–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.06.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bang, G. (2010). Energy security and climate change concerns: Triggers for energy policy change in the United States? Energy Policy, 38(4), 1645–1653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.01.045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baev, P. K. (2004). Assessing Russia's cards: Three petty games in Central Asia. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 17(2), 269–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/0955757042000245898
   Google Scholar
• Bantekas, I. (2011). Bilateral delimitation of the Caspian Sea and the exclusion of third parties. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 26(1), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1163/157180811X541396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bashirov, G. (2017). US Foreign Policy toward Azerbaijan, 1991–2015 [FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations]. 3191.
   Google Scholar
• Bashirov, G. (2018). Islamic discourses in Azerbaijan: The securitization of ‘non-traditional religious movements. Central Asian Survey, 37(1), 31–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2017.1418735
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bashirov, G. (2019). Energy, security and democracy: The shifting US policy in Azerbaijan. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 32(6), 771–798. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2019.1624689
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bashirov, G. (2020). The politics of the Hijab in post-Soviet Azerbaijan. Nationalities Papers, 48(2), 357–372. https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2018.81
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bashirov, G. (2021). New extractivism and failed development in Azerbaijan. Third World Quarterly, 42(8), 1829–1848. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2021.1926968
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayulgen, O. (2003). Facing the dilemma of global capitalism: The case of Azerbaijan. Central Asian Survey, 22(2-3), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/0263493032000157735
   Google Scholar
• Bindemann, K. (1999). Production-sharing agreements: an economic analysis. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Blackwill, R. D., & O’Sullivan, L. (2014). America's energy edge: The geopolitical consequences of the shale revolution. Foreign Affairs, 93, 102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, M. (2014). How Hillary Clinton’s State Department sold fracking to the world. The Guardian, 10.
   Google Scholar
• Blank, S. (1999). Every shark east of Suez: Great power interests, policies and tactics in the Transcaspian energy wars. Central Asian Survey, 18(2), 149–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634939995669
   Google Scholar
• Blank, S. (2013). Azerbaijan's security and US interests: Time for a reassessment. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Boersma, T., & Johnson, C. (2018). US energy diplomacy. Columbia University, SIPA Center on Global Energy Policy working paper.
   Google Scholar
• Boersma, T., & Losz, A. (2018). The new international political economy of natural gas. In Handbook of the International Political Economy of Energy and Natural Resources. Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• BP. (2019). BP statistical review of World Energy 2019. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bressand, A. (2013). The role of markets and investment in global energy. In A. Goldthau (Ed.), The handbook of global energy policy (pp. 15–29). Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Brune, N. E. (2015). The impact of the US shale boom on Africa. Journal of International Affairs, 69(1), 101–120.
   Google Scholar
• Brzezinski, Z. (1998). The grand chessboard. Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Cain, M. J. G., Ibrahimov, R., & Bilgin, F. (2012). Linking the Caspian to Europe: Repercussions of the Trans-Anatolian pipeline. Rethink Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, X., & Fazilov, F. (2018). Re-centering Central Asia: China’s “New great game” in the old Eurasian Heartland. Palgrave Communications, 4(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0125-5
   Google Scholar
• Chester, L. (2010). Conceptualising energy security and making explicit its polysemic nature. Energy Policy, 38(2), 887–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.10.039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claes, D. H. (2018). The politics of oil-producer cooperation. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Clinton, B. (1998). A national security strategy for a new century. The White House.
   Google Scholar
• CNN Money. (2012). 10 most expensive energy projects in the world. https://money.cnn.com/gallery/news/economy/2012/08/27/expensive-energy-projects/10.html
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, A. (1996). The new “Great Game”: Oil politics in the Caucasus and Central Asia [online]. Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 1065, Washington, 25 January. Available from: https://www.heritage.org/research/reports/1996/01/bg1065nbsp-the-new-great-game
   Google Scholar
• Collins, N., & Bekenova, K. (2017). Fuelling the new great game: Kazakhstan, energy policy and the EU. Asia Europe Journal, 15(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-016-0451-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornell, S. E., Starr, F., & Tsereteli, M. (2015). A western strategy for the South Caucasus. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Crude Accountability. (2009). Turkmenistan’s crude awakening oil, gas and environment in the South Caspian.
   Google Scholar
• Crude Accountability. (2016). The Kashagan Oil Bubble: The Case of an Offshore Field Development in Kazakhstan.
   Google Scholar
• Denison, M. (2012). Game over? Shifting energy geopolitics in Central Asia. Central Asia Policy Brief, 5.
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, D. H., & McClelland, M. (2013). Shale gas and the revival of American power: Debunking decline? International Affairs, 89(6), 1411–1428. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, M. (2003). The New Great Game and the new great gamers: Disciples of Kipling and Mackinder. Central Asian Survey, 22(1), 83–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/0263493032000108644
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, S. (2021). Biden position on Nord Stream 2 gas link unchanged amid Merkel, Putin calls. SPGlobal. https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/natural-gas/012721-biden-position-on-nord-stream-2-gas-link-unchanged-amid-merkel-putin-calls
   Google Scholar
• Energy Information Agency. (2015). Annual Energy Review 2015. https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/0383(2015).pdf
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2006). Memorandum of understanding on energy. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_06_1516
   Google Scholar
• Frieden, J. A., & Lake, D. (2002). International Political Economy: Perspectives on global power and wealth. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gas & Oil. (1997). First drilling in Caspian Karabakh finds gas. http://www.gasandoil.com/news/1997/11/cnr74618
   Google Scholar
• Gilpin, R. (1987 [2016]). The political economy of international relations. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gleason, G. (2010). Natural gas and authoritarianism in Turkmenistan. Caspian Energy Politics: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, 22, 78–90.
   Google Scholar
• Goldman, M. I. (2008). Petrostate: Putin, power, and the new Russia. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goldthau, A., & Sitter, N. (2015). Soft power with a hard edge: EU policy tools and energy security. Review of International Political Economy, 22(5), 941–965. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2015.1008547
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guliyev, F. (2020). Trump's “America first” energy policy, contingency and the reconfiguration of the global energy order. Energy Policy, 140, 111435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock, K. J., & Vivoda, V. (2014). International political economy: A field born of the OPEC crisis returns to its energy roots. Energy Research & Social Science, 1, 206–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2014.03.017
   Google Scholar
• Helm, D. (Ed.). (2007). The new energy paradigm. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Huda, M. S., & Ali, S. H. (2017). Energy diplomacy in South Asia: Beyond the security paradigm in accessing the TAPI pipeline project. Energy Research & Social Science, 34, 202–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.07.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe, A. M., & Soligo, R. (2007). The international oil companies. Baker Institute for Public Policy.
   Google Scholar
• Jaffe, A. M., & Soligo, R. (2004). Re‐evaluating US strategic priorities in the Caspian Region: Balancing energy resource initiatives with terrorism containment. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 17(2), 255–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/0955757042000245889
   Google Scholar
• Kalyuzhnova, Y., Jaffe, A., Lynch, D. & Sickles, R. (Eds.) (2001). Energy in the Caspian region: Present and future. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Keating, M. F., Kuzemko, C., Belyi, A. V., & Goldthau, A. (2012). Introduction: Bringing energy into international political economy. In Dynamics of energy governance in Europe and Russia (pp. 1–19). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kern, F., Kuzemko, C., & Mitchell, C. (2014). Measuring and explaining policy paradigm change: The case of UK energy policy. Policy & Politics, 42(4), 513–530. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557312X655765
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klare, M. T. (2009). Rising powers, shrinking planet: The new geopolitics of energy. Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kleveman, L. (2004). Oil and the new 'great game. Nation, 278(6), 11–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruyt, B., van Vuuren, D. P., de Vries, H. J., & Groenenberg, H. (2009). Indicators for energy security. Energy Policy, 37(6), 2166–2181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.02.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucera, J. (2008). US diplomats set their sights on Turkmenistan's Berdymukhamedov. Eurasianet http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav012908a.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Kuzemko, C., Keating, M. F., & Goldthau, A. (2018). Nexus-thinking in international political economy: What energy and natural resource scholarship can offer international political economy. In Handbook of the international political economy of energy and natural resources. Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Kuzemko, C., Lawrence, A., & Watson, M. (2019). New directions in the international political economy of energy. Review of International Political Economy, 26(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2018.1553796
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning, R., & Jaffe, A. (1998). The myth of the Caspian 'great game': The real geopolitics of energy. Survival, 40(4), 112–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/713660015
   Google Scholar
• Marketos, T. (2009). Eastern Caspian Sea energy geopolitics: A litmus test for the US-Russia-China struggle for the geostrategic control of Eurasia. Caucasian Review of International Affairs, 3(1), 2–19.
   Google Scholar
• Milner, H. V., & Tingley, D. H. (2011). Who supports global economic engagement? The sources of preferences in American foreign economic policy. International Organization, 65(1), 37–68. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818310000317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitrova, T., & Boersma, T. (2018). The impact of US LNG on Russian Natural Gas Export Policy. Center on Global Energy Policy, December, 17.
   Google Scholar
• Morin, J. F., & Paquin, J. (2018). Foreign policy analysis: A toolbox. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Morse, E. L. (1999). A new political economy of oil? Journal of International Affairs, 53(1), 1–29.
   Google Scholar
• Morse, E. L., & Jaffe, A. M. (2005). OPEC in confrontation with globalization. In Energy and security: Toward a new foreign policy strategy, 65–96. Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Nichol, J. (2012). Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia: Political developments and implications for US interests. Library of Congress Washington DC Congressional Research Service.
   Google Scholar
• O’Byrne, D. (2018). European Investment Bank Approves $1 Billion Funding for TANAP Gas Pipeline. Eurasianet, https://eurasianet.org/european-investmentbank-approves-1-billion-funding-for-tanap-gas-pipeline
   Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan, M. L. (2013). The entanglement of energy, grand strategy, and international security. The Handbook of Global Energy Policy, 30, 47.
   Google Scholar
• Obama, B. (2010). National security strategy of the United States 2010. Diane Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• O’Hara, S. (2004). Great game or grubby game? The struggle for control of the Caspian. Geopolitics, 9(1), 138–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650040412331307862
   Google Scholar
• Patnaik, A. (2016). Central Asia: Geopolitics, security and stability. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Peyrouse, S. (2015). Turkmenistan: Strategies of power, dilemmas of development: Strategies of power, dilemmas of development. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pirani, S. (2018). Let’s not exaggerate–Southern Gas Corridor prospects to 2030. The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Prontera, A. (2017a). Forms of state and European energy security: Diplomacy and pipelines in Southeastern Europe. European Security, 26(2), 273–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2017.1313233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prontera, A. (2017b). The new politics of energy security in the European Union and beyond: States, markets, institutions. Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Prontera, A. (2018). The new politics of energy security and the rise of the catalytic state in southern Europe. Journal of Public Policy, 38(4), 511–551. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X1700006X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasizade, A. (2005). The great game of Caspian energy: Ambitions and realities. Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, 7(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14613190000036669
   Google Scholar
• Ratner, M., Belkin, P., Nichol, J., & Woehrel, S. (2013). Europe’s energy security: Options and challenges to natural gas supply diversification. Congressional Research Service.
   Google Scholar
• Reuters. (2020). https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-india-lng/petronet-lng-to-sign-2-5-billion-u-s-gas-deal-during-trumps-india-visit-idUSKBN1ZX0AK
   Google Scholar
• Rodrigues, P., Urdinez, F., & de Oliveira, A. (2019). Measuring international engagement: Systemic and domestic factors in Brazilian foreign policy from 1998 to 2014. Foreign Policy Analysis, 15(3), 370–391. https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orz010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, M. S. (2007). The Caspian pipeline deal and Russia’s energy strategy in Central Asia. https://idsa.in/idsastrategiccomments/TheCaspianPipelineDealandRussiasEnergy%20StrategyinCentralAsia_MSRoy_110607
   Google Scholar
• S&P Global. (2019). Kazakhstan's Kashagan oil output surges to 422,000 b/d in Q3. https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/oil/111419-kazakhstans-kashagan-output-hits-400000-b-d-in-early-sep-eni
   Google Scholar
• Sartori, N. (2014). Geopolitical implications of the US unconventional energy revolution. The International Spectator, 49(2), 66–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2014.906955
   Google Scholar
• Shaffer, B. (2010). Caspian energy phase II: Beyond 2005. Energy Policy, 38(11), 7209–7215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.07.051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer, B. (2011). Energy politics. University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shiriyev, Z. (2013). Nato and the South Caucasus: The impact of the northern distribution network. Northern distribution network: Redefining Partnerships within NATO and Beyond (pp. 135–168). Latvian Institute of International Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Srinivasan, S. L. (2018). Foreign direct investment in the oil and gas sector of turkmenistan. In D. L. Burghart & T. Sabonis-Helf (Eds.), Central Asia in the Era of sovereignty. The return of tamerlane? (pp. 453–486). Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Starr, S. F. (1997). Power failure: American policy in the Caspian. The National Interest, 47, 20–31.
   Google Scholar
• Starr, F. (2013). The Pipeline That Could Keep the Peace in Afghanistan. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324576304579072761923326266
   Google Scholar
• Stoddard, E. (2013). Reconsidering the ontological foundations of international energy affairs: Realist geopolitics, market liberalism and a politico-economic alternative. European Security, 22(4), 437–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2013.775122
   Google Scholar
• Stokes, D., & Raphael, S. (2010). Global energy security and American hegemony. JHU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stulberg, A. N. (2005). Moving beyond the Great Game: The geoeconomics of Russia’s influence in the Caspian energy bonanza. Geopolitics, 10(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650040590907785
   Google Scholar
• Talbott, S. (1997). A farewell to Flashman: American policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia. Presentation at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, I. (2014). Chinese interest in Nigeria's oil and the American context. Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, 48(3), 391–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2014.971833
   Google Scholar
• The Electronic Times. (2002). ExxonMobil to plug Azerbaijan well. http://mailman.lbo-talk.org/2002/2002-March/005219.html
   Google Scholar
• TodayAZ. (2006). Exxon Mobil leaves Azerbaijan. http://www.today.az/news/business/33146.html
   Google Scholar
• Trend. (2009). Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan sign documents on Trans-Caspian project and new pipeline. http://en.trend.az/business/economy/1552005.html
   Google Scholar
• Trump, D. J. (2017). National security strategy of the United States of America. Washington, DC: Executive Office of The President.
   Google Scholar
• Tsereteli, M. (2009). The impact of the Russia-Georgia war on the South Caucasus transportation corridor. The Jamestown Foundation, 3.
   Google Scholar
• Tuomi, O. (1998). The new geopolitics: The world system and Northern Europe seen from a modern geopolitical perspective. Finnish Defence Studies, vol. 11. Helsinki: National Defence College.
   Google Scholar
• Upstream. (2003). Azerbaijan exodus grows. https://www.upstreamonline.com/online/azerbaijan-exodus-grows/1-1-1050718
   Google Scholar
• US Congress. (2012). Senate report no. 112-42, 15–17. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CPRT-112SPRT77221/html/CPRT-112SPRT77221.htm
   Google Scholar
• US Department of State (1997). Caspian Region Energy Development Report (As Required by HR 3610), undated report attached to letter from Barbara Larkin, Assistant Secretary for Legislative Affairs, to Senator Robert Byrd.
   Google Scholar
• US Department of State. (2007). U.S. government assistance to and cooperative activities with Eurasia. FY2006 Annual Report.
   Google Scholar
• US Department of State. (2010a). Energy governance and capacity initiative. https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/264507.pdf
   Google Scholar
• US Department of State. (2010b). Global shale gas initiative. https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2010/08/146161.htm
   Google Scholar
• US Department of State. (2018). 2018 investment climate statements: Turkmenistan. https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-investment-climate-statements/turkmenistan/
   Google Scholar
• US Department of State. (2020a). United States strategy for Central Asia 2019–2025. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/FINAL-CEN-Strategy-Glossy-2-10-2020-508.pdf
   Google Scholar
• US Department of State. (2020b). https://www.state.gov/agreement-for-bringing-peace-to-afghanistan/
   Google Scholar
• Van de Graaf, T., & Bradshaw, M. (2018). Stranded wealth: Rethinking the politics of oil in an age of abundance. International Affairs, 94(6), 1309–1328. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiy197
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Graaf, T., Sovacool, B. K., Ghosh, A., Kern, F., & Klare, M. T. (2016). States, markets, and institutions: Integrating international political economy and global energy politics. In The Palgrave handbook of the international political economy of energy (pp. 3–44). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Westphal, K., Overhaus, M., & Steinberg, G. (2014). The US shale revolution and the Arab Gulf States: the economic and political impact of changing energy markets.
   Google Scholar
• Yergin, D. (2013). Energy vision 2013-energy transitions: Past and future. In World Economic Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Youngs, R. (2009). Energy security: Europe's new foreign policy challenge. Routledge.
   Google Scholar