Revisiting intrathecal neurolysis for refractory cancer pain: A case series

References

• Carrow DC, Spruyt O, Hardy J. Defining refractory pain in cancer for clinicians and researchers. J Palliative Med 2012;15(1):5–6. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2011.0326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnegan C, Saravanakumar K, Sharma M, Nash TP, Corcoran GD, Hugel H. The role of epidural phenol in patients at the end of life. Palliative Med 2008;22:777–8. doi: 10.1177/0269216308094319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatnagar S, Gupta M. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for interventional pain management in cancer pain. Indian J Palliative Care 2015;21(2):137–47. doi: 10.4103/0973-1075.156466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patt RB, Reddy S. Spinal neurolysis for cancer pain: indications and recent results. Ann Acad Med 1994;23(2):216–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chambers WA. Nerve blocks in palliative care. Br J Anaesth 2008;101(1):95–100. doi: 10.1093/bja/aen105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slatkin NE, Rhiner M. Phenol saddle blocks for intractable pain at end of life: Report of four cases and literature review. Am J Hospice Palliative Care 2003;20(1):62–6. doi: 10.1177/104990910302000114
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hughes JT. Thrombosis of the posterior spinal arteries: a complication of an intrathecal injection of phenol. Neurology 1970;20:659. doi: 10.1212/WNL.20.7.659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Amours RH, Ferrante FM. Subarachnoid and epidural neurolysis. Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manage 1997;1(1):32–7. doi: 10.1016/S1084-208X(06)80008-X
   Google Scholar
• Candido K, Stevens R. Intrathecal neurolytic blocks for the relief of cancer pain. Best Practice Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2003;17(3):407–28. doi: 10.1016/S1521-6896(03)00016-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mintzer B, Devarajan J. Central neuroaxial neurolysis. In: T.R. Deer, M.S. Leong, A. Buvanendran, PS Kim, SJ Panchal, (eds.) Treatment of chronic pain by interventional approaches: The American academy of pain medicine textbook on patient management. 1st edition. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2015. p. 245–52.
   Google Scholar
• Stovner J, Endresen R. Intrathecal phenol for cancer pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1972;16:17–21. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1972.tb00562.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ischia S, Luzzani A, Ischia A, Magon F, Toscano D. Subarachnoid neurolytic block (L5-S1) and unilateral percutaneous cervical cordotomy in the treatment of pain secondary to pelvic malignant disease. Pain 1984;20:139–49. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(84)90095-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker PW, Palla S, Pei BL, Kaur G, Zhang K, Hanohano J, Munsell M, Bruera E. Switching from methadone to a different opioid: what is the equianalgesic dose ratio? J Palliative Med 2008;11(8):1103–8. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2007.0285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood KM. The use of phenol as a neurolytic agent: a review. Pain 1978;5:205–29. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(78)90009-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson F. Neurolytic and other locally-acting drugs in the management of pain. Pharmacol Ther 1981;12(3):599–611. doi: 10.1016/0163-7258(81)90101-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher RM. Relief of pain in incurable cancer. Lancet 1955;265:18–20. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(55)93213-X
   Google Scholar
• Brown AS. Treatment of intractable pain by subarachnoid injection of carbolic acid. Lancet 1958;272:975–8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(58)90472-0
   Google Scholar
• Smith M. Histological findings following intrathecal injections of phenol solutions for relief of pain. Br J Anaesth 1964;36:387–406. doi: 10.1093/bja/36.7.387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansebout RR, Cosgrove JBR. Effects of intrathecal phenol in man. A histological study. Neurology 1966;16(3):277–82. doi: 10.1212/WNL.16.3.277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Superville-Sovak B, Rasminsky M, Finlayson MH. Complications of phenol neurolysis. Arch Neurol 1975;32:226–8. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1975.00490460042004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nathan PW, Scott TG. Intrathecal phenol for intractable pain: safety and dangers of the method. Lancet 1958;271:76–80. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(58)92570-4
   Google Scholar
• Swerdlow M. Intrathecal neurolysis. Anaesthesia 1978;33:733–40. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1978.tb08472.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winnie AP, Waldman SD. Interventional pain management. 1st edition. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Swerdlow M. Neurolytic blocks of the neuroaxis. In: RB Patt, (ed.) Cancer Pain. 1st edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1993. p. 343–58.
   Google Scholar
• Lifshitz S, Debacker LJ, Buchsbaum HJ. Subarachnoid phenol block for pain relief in gynaecologic malignancy. Obstetrics Gynaecol 1976;48(3):316–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon RA, Goel SB. Intrathecal phenol block in treatment of intractable pain of malignant disease. Can Anaesth’ Soc J 1963;10(4):357–63. doi: 10.1007/BF03001988
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robertson DH. Transsacral neurolytic nerve block: an alternative approach to intractable perineal pain. Br J Anaesth 1983;55:873–5. doi: 10.1093/bja/55.9.873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagaro T, Amakawa K, Yamauchi Y, Tabo E, Kimura S, Arai T. Percutaneous cervical cordotomy and subarachnoid phenol block using fluoroscopy in pain control of costopleural syndrome. Pain 1994;58:325–30. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(94)90126-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson HA, Mark VH, White JC. Further experiences with intrathecal neurolysis for the relief of pain. J Chron Dis 1964;17:1055–9. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(64)90115-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mark VH, White JC, Zervas NT, Ervin FR, Richardson EP. Intrathecal use of phenol for the relief of chronic severe pain. N Engl J Med 1962;267(12):589–93. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196209202671202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valley MA, Raja SN. Relief of intractable pain from metastatic multiple myeloma using epidural phenol injections. J Pain Symptom Manage 1992;7(3):179–81. doi: 10.1016/S0885-3924(06)80011-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Totoki T, Kato T, Nomoto Y, Kurakazu M, Kanaseki T. Anterior spinal artery syndrome – a complication of cervical intrathecal phenol injection. Pain 1979;6:99–104. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(79)90144-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patt RB, Wu CL, Reddy S, Perkins FM, Isaacson S. The incidence of postdural puncture headache following intrathecal neurolysis with large caliber needles. Reg Anesth 1994;19(25):2S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonica JJ. Management of pain with regional analgesia. Postgraduate Med J 1984;60:897–904. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.60.710.897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar