Strategic Supplementation of Crossbred Steers Fed Forages from Cereal-Legume Cropping Systems with Cowpea Hay

References

• Abate , T. , Sherington , J. and Mohamed-Saleem , M. A. 1994 . Integration of forage and food crops sequentially on Vertisols under rain fed conditions in the mid-altitude Ethiopian Highlands . Expt. Agric , 30 : 291 – 298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abate , T. , Tekalign , M. and Getinet , G. 1992a . Integration of forage legumes into cereal cropping systems in Vertisols of the Ethiopian highlands . Trop. Agric , 69 : 68 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abate , T. , Airaksinen , H. and Mohamed-Saleem , M. A. 1992b . Effect of seedbed method and time of harvest on the yield and nutritive value of some forage crops grown on Vertisol at Debre Zeit, Ethiopia . Agric. Sci. Finland , 1 : 491 – 497 .
   Google Scholar
• Abule , E. 1994 . Performance of crossbred calves fed teff (Eragrostis tef) straw supplemented with graded levels of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and dolichos lablab (Lablab purpureus) hay , M.Sc. Thesis 141 Ethiopia : Alemaya University of Agriculture .
   Google Scholar
• AOAC. 1984 . Official methods of analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. , 15th ed. Washington , D.C.
   Google Scholar
• Bonsi , M. L.K. , Osuji , P. O. , Nsahlai , L. V. and Tuah , A. K. 1994 . Graded levels of Sesbania sesban. Leucaena leucocephala as supplements to teff straw fed to Ethiopian Menz sheep . Anim. Prod. , 59 : 235 – 244 .
   Google Scholar
• Borens , F. and Poppi , D. P. 1986 . Feeding value of tagasaste . New Zealand J. Agric. Sci. , 20 : 149 – 151 .
   Google Scholar
• Butterworth , M. H. and Mosi , A. 1986 . The intake and digestibility by sheep of oat straw and maize stover offered different levels of noug (Guizota abyssinica) meal . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 16 : 99 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campling , R. C. and Lean , I. I. 1983 . “ Food characteristics that limit voluntary intake ” . In Nutritional physiology of farm animals , Edited by: Rook , J. A.F. and Thomas , P. C. 457 – 475 . New York : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Chemlab Instrument . 1980 . Continuous flow analysis method sheet , Hornchurch , Essex : Chemlab Instrument . No. CW2-075-01
   Google Scholar
• Crosse , S. , Umunna , N. N. , Osuji , P. O. , Khalili , H. , Azage , T. and Abate , T. Comparative yield and feeding value of forages from two cereal-legume based cropping systems. 2. Milk production by crossbred (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) cows . Tropical Agriculture , (unpublished) (submitted)
   Google Scholar
• Goering , H. K. and Van Soest , P. J. 1970 . Forage fibre analyses . Agricultural handbook, United States Department of Agriculture, No. , 379 : 1 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Jutzi , S. C. , Haque , I. and Abate , T. The production of animal feed in the Ethiopian highlands: potentials and limitations . Proceedings of the first National Livestock Conference . February 11–13 , Addis Ababa . Addis Ababa , , Ethiopia : IAR .
   Google Scholar
• Kearl , L. C. 1982 . Nutrient requirement of ruminants in developing countries , 381 Logan , Utah : International feedstuffs institute. Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University .
   Google Scholar
• Khalili , H. , Osuji , P. O. , Umunna , N. N. and Crosse , S. 1994 . The effect of forage type (maize-lablab or oat-vetch) and level of supplementation (wheat-middlings) on food intake, diet apparent digestibility, purine excretion and milk production of crossbred (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) cows . Anim. Prod. , 58 : 321 – 328 .
   Google Scholar
• Khalili , H. and Varvikko , T. 1992 . The effect of replacement of concentrate mix by wilted sesbania (Sesbania sesban) forage on diet digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk production in Friesian x Zebu (Boran) crossbred cows fed low quality native hay . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 36 : 275 – 286 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald , P. , Edwards , R. A. and Greenhalgh , J. F.D. 1988 . Animal Nutrition, , 4th ed. , London : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• McMeniman , N. P. , Elliot , R. and Ash , A. J. 1988 . Supplementation of rice straw with crop by-products. 1. Legume straw supplementation . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 19 : 43 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosi , A. K. and Butterworth , M. H. 1985 . The voluntary intake and digestibility of combinations of cereal crop residues and legume hay for sheep . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 12 : 241 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NRC. 1984 . Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals. No. 6. Nutrient Requirement of Beef Cattle , Washington , DC : National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. NAS-NRC. .
   Google Scholar
• Oldham , J. D. 1984 . Protein-energy interrelationships in dairy cows . J. Dairy Sci. , 67 : 1090 – 1114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ørskov , E. R. and McDonald , I. 1979 . The estimation of the protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage . J. Agric. Sci. Camb. , 92 : 499 – 503 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy , S. K. and Reddy , M. R. 1989 . Utilization of wheat straw/berseem hay and poultry droppings in the development of complete feeds for crossbred bull . Indian J. Anim. Sci. , 59 : 981 – 985 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy , N. M. , Reddy , G. V.N. and Reddy , M. R. 1987 . Utilization of sunflower straw and subabul meal in complete diets for crossbred bulls . Indian J. Anim. Sci. , 57 : 980 – 985 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva , A. T. and Orskov , E. R. 1988 . The effect of five different supplements on the degradation of straw in sheep given untreated barley straw . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 19 : 277 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , T. , Manyuchi , B. and Mikayiri , S. Legume supplementation of maize stover . Proc. 1st Joint Workshop . December 5–9 1988 , Lilongwe , Malawi. Utilization of Research Results on Forage and Agricultural By-Product Materials as Animal Feed Resource in Africa , Edited by: Dzowela , B. H. , Said , A. N. , Wendemagegnehu , Asrat and Kategile , J. K. pp. 302 – 320 . Addis Ababa : PANESA/ARNAB, ILCA .
   Google Scholar
• SAS. 1987 . SAS User's Guide , Cary , North Carolina : SAS Institute Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Umunna , N. N. , Osuji , P. O. , Khalili , H. , Nsahlai , I. V. and Crosse , S. 1995 . Comparative feeding value of forages from two cereal-legume based cropping systems for beef production from crossbred (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) steers and subsequent performance of underfed and realimented steers . Anim. Prod. , 61 : 35 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Soest , P. J. 1982 . Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant , Corvallis, Oregon , , USA : O and B Books .
   Google Scholar
• Vanzant , E. S. and Cochran , R. C. 1994 . Performance and forage utilization by beef cattle receiving increasing amounts of alfalfa hay as a supplement to low-quality, tallgrass-prairie forage . J. Anim. Sci. , 72 : 1059 – 1067 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar