85
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Heat Production by Grazing Ewes with Low Forage Mass and Supplemental Grain

Pages 61-79 | Received 29 Sep 1997, Accepted 13 Jan 1998, Published online: 14 Nov 2011

References

  • Adam , I. , Young , B. A. , Nicol , A. M. and Degen , A. A. 1984 . Energy cost of eating in cattle given diets of different form . Anini. Prod. , 38 : 53 – 56 .
  • AOAC . 1984 . Official Methods of Analysis, , 14th edition , Washington , DC : Association of Official Analytical Chemists .
  • ARC . 1980 . The nutrient requirements of ruminant livestock , Farnham Royal , , U.K. : Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux .
  • Armstrong , D. G. and Blaxter , K. L. 1984 . “ Maintenance requirement: implications for its use in feed evaluation systems ” . In Herbivore Nutrition in the Subtropics and Tropics , Edited by: Gilchrist , F. M.C. and Mackie , R. I. 631 – 647 . Craighall , , South Africa : The Science Press .
  • Arnold , G. W. 1981 . “ Grazing behaviour ” . In Grazing Animals , Edited by: Morley , F. H.W. 79 – 104 . New York , NY : Elsevier .
  • Bransby , D. I. , Matches , A. G. and Krause , G. F. 1977 . Disk meter for rapid estimation of herbage yield in grazing trials . Agron. J. , 69 : 393 – 396 .
  • Burrin , D. G. , Ferrell , C. L. , Eisemann , J. H. and Britton , R. A. 1991 . Level of nutrition and splanchnic metabolite flux in young lambs . J. Anim. Sci. , 69 : 1082 – 1091 .
  • Coleman , S. W. , Forbes , T. D.A. and Stuth , J. W. 1989 . “ Measurements of the plant-animal interface in grazing research ” . In Grazing Research: Design, Methodology, and Analysis , Edited by: Marten , G. C. 37 – 62 . Madison , WI : Crop Sci. Soc. Am, Am. Soc. Agron. .
  • Consortium . 1988 . Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching , Champaign , IL : Consortium for Developing a Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching .
  • Eisemann , J. H. and Nienaber , J. A. 1990 . Tissue and whole-body oxygen uptake in fed and fasted steers . Br. J. Nutr. , 54 : 399 – 411 .
  • Ferrell , C. L. 1988 . Contribution of visceral organs to animals energy expenditures . J. Anim. Sci. , 66 ( Suppl. 3 ) : 23 – 34 .
  • Ferrell , C. L. , Britton , R. A. and Freetly , H. C. 1992 . “ Chronic catheterization of hepatic and portal veins of sheep ” . In Handbook of Methods for Study of Reproductive Physiology in Domestic Animals , Edited by: Dziuk , P. and Wheeler , M. Urbana , IL : University of Illinois . Section VIII A & F.
  • Galloway , D. L. Sr. , Goetsch , A. L. and Hallford , D. M. 1996 . Effects of supplementing moderate to low-quality grass hay with maize and(or) rumen undegradable protein on growth of wethers . Small Rum. Res. , 21 : 181 – 193 .
  • Goetsch , A. L. and Patil , A. R. 1997 . Relationships among splanchnic tissue energy consumption and net flux of nutrients, feed intake and digestibility in wethers consuming forage-based diets ad libitum . J. Appl. Anim. Res. , 11 : 1 – 18 .
  • McGraham , N. C. 1962 . Energy expenditure of grazing sheep . Nature , 196 : 289 – 290 .
  • Huntington , G. B. , Varga , G. A. , Glenn , B. P. and Waldo , D. R. 1988 . Net absorption and oxygen consumption by Holstein steers fed alfalfa or orchardgrass silage at two equalized intakes . J. Anini. Sci. , 66 : 1292 – 1302 .
  • Johnson , D. E. , Johnson , K. A. and Baldwin , R. L. 1990 . Changes in liver and gastrointestinal tract energy demands in response to physiological workload in ruminants . J. Nutr. , 120 : 649 – 655 .
  • Ketelaars , J. J.M.H. and Tolkamp , B. J. 1992 . Towards a new theory of feed intake regulation in ruminants. 3. Causes of differences in voluntary feed intake: in search of a physiological background . Livest. Prod. Sci. , 31 : 235 – 258 .
  • Ketelaars , J. J.M.H. and Tolkamp , B. J. 1996 . Oxygen efficiency and the control of energy flow in animals and humans . J. Anim. Sci. , 74 : 3036 – 3051 .
  • Krysl , L. J. and Hess , B. W. 1993 . Influence of supplementation on behavior of grazing cattle . J. Anim. Sci. , 71 : 2546 – 2555 .
  • Lachica , M. , Aguilera , J. F. and Prieto , C. 1997 . Energy expenditure related to the act of eating in Granadina goats given diets of different physical form . Br. J. Nutr. , 88 : 417 – 426 .
  • Leng , R. A. , Jessop , N. A. and Kanjanapruthipong , J. 1993 . “ Control of feed intake and the efficiency of utilisation of feed by ruminants ” . In Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia , Edited by: Farrell , D. J. 70 – 88 . Armidale , , Australia : University of New England .
  • Lobley , G. E. 1994 . “ Amino acid and protein metabolism in the whole body and individual tissues of ruminants ” . In Principles of Protein Nutrition of Ruminants , Edited by: Asplund , J. M. 147 – 178 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
  • McLean , J. A. 1972 . On the calculation of heat production from open-circuit calorimetric measurements . Br. J. Nutr. , 27 : 597 – 600 .
  • Morris , J. G. and Sanchez , M. D. Energy expenditure of grazing ruminants . Proc. Grazing Livestock Nutr. Conf. pp. 17 – 22 . Laramie : Univ. of Wyoming .
  • NRC . 1984 . Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, , 6th edition , Washington , DC : National Academy Press .
  • NRC . 1985 . Nutrient requirements of sheep, , 6th Edition , Washington , DC : National Academy Press .
  • NRC . 1996 . Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, , 7th edition , Washington , DC : National Academy Press .
  • Ørskov , E. R. and Ryle , M. 1990 . Energy Nutrition in Ruminants , New York , NY : Elsevier .
  • Osuji , P. O. 1974 . The physiology of eating and the energy expenditure of the ruminant at pasture . J. Range Manage. , 27 : 437 – 443 .
  • Osuji , P. O. , Gordon , J. G. and Webster , A. J.F. 1975 . Energy exchanges associated with eating and rumination in sheep given grass diets of different physical forms . Br. J. Nutr. , 34 : 59 – 71 .
  • Paterson , J. A. , Belyea , R. L. , Bowman , J. P. , Kerley , M. S. and Williams , J. E. 1994 . “ The impact of forage quality and supplementation regimen on ruminant animal intake and performance ” . In Forage Quality, Evaluation and Utilization , Edited by: Fahey , G. C. Jr. 59 – 114 . Madison , WI : Am. Soc. Agron., Crop. Sci. Soc. Am., Soil Sci. Soc. Am. .
  • Pethick , D. W. , Miller , C. B. and Harman , N. G. 1991 . Exercise in Merino sheep-the relationships between work intensity, endurance, anaerobic threshold and glucose metabolism . Aust. J. Agric. Res. , 42 : 599 – 620 .
  • Reynolds , C. K. , Tyrrell , H. F. and Reynolds , H. F. 1991 . Effects of diet forage-to-concentrate ratio and intake on energy metabolism in growing beef heifers: whole body energy and nitrogen balance and visceral heat production . J. Nutr. , 121 : 994 – 1003 .
  • Rompala , R. E. , Johnson , D. E. , Rumpier , W. V. , Phetteplace , H. W. , Specht , S. M. and Parker , C. F. 1991 . Energy utilization and organ mass of Targhee sheep selected for rate and efficiency of gain and receiving high and low planes of nutrition . J. Anim. Sci. , 69 : 1760 – 1766 .
  • Sahlu , T. , Jung , H. G. and Morris , J. G. 1989 . Influence of grazing pressure on energy cost of grazing by sheep on smooth bromegrass . J. Anim. Sci. , 67 : 2098 – 2105 .
  • SAS . 1990 . SAS/STAT User's Guide, , Version 6, 4th Edition , Vol. 2 , Cary , NC : SAS Institute Inc. .
  • Seal , C. J. and Reynolds , C. K. 1993 . Nutritional implications of gastrointestinal and liver metabolism in ruminants . Nutr. Res. Rev. , 6 : 185 – 208 .
  • Tolkamp , B. J. and Ketelaars , J. J.M.H. 1992 . Toward a new theory of feed intake regulation in ruminants. 2. Costs and benefits of feed consumption: an optimization approach . Livest. Prod. Sci. , 30 : 297 – 317 .
  • Tolkamp , B. J. and Ketelaars , J. J.M.H. 1994 . Efficiency of energy utilization in cattle given food ad libitum: predictions according to the ARC system and practical consequences . Anim. Prod. , 59 : 43 – 47 .
  • Webster , A. J.F. 1980 . “ Energy costs of digestion and metabolism in the gut ” . In Digestive Physiology and Metabolism m Ruminants , Edited by: Ruckebusch , Y. and Thivend , P. 469 – 484 . Westport , C.T. : AVI Publishing .
  • Webster , A. J.F. , Osuji , P. O. , White , F. and Ingram , J. F. 1975 . The influence of food intake on portal blood flow and heat production in the digestive tract of sheep . Br. J. Nutr. , 34 : 125 – 139 .
  • Williams , C. H. , David , D. J. and Iismaa , O. 1962 . The determination of chromic oxide in faeces samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometry . J. Agric. Sci (Camb.). , 59 : 381 – 385 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.