Gastrointestinal Tracts of Herbivores, Particularly the Ruminant: Anatomy, Physiology and Microbial Digestion of Plants

References

• Balch , C. C. and Campling , R. C. 1962 . Regulations of voluntary food intake in ruminants . Nutr. Abst. Rev. , 32 : 669 – 686 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bauchop , T. 1977 . “ Foregut fermentation ” . In Microbial Ecology of the Gut , Edited by: Clarke , R. T. J. and Bauchop , T. 223 – 250 . New York, NY : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bjorndal , K. A. 1997 . “ Fermentation in reptiles and amphibians ” . In Gastrointestinal Microbiology , Edited by: Mackie , R. I. and White , B. A. Vol. 1 , 199 – 230 . New York, NY : Chapman & Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Bruorton , M. R. , Davis , C. L. and Perrin , M. R. 1991 . Gut microflora of vervet and samango monkeys in relation to diet . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 57 : 573 – 578 .
   Google Scholar
• Church , D. C. 1969 . Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Ruminants , Corvallis, OR : O.S.U. Book Stores Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Church , D. C. 1976 . Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Ruminants, , Second Edition , Vol. I , Corvallis, OR : O.S.U. Book Stores, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Church , D. C. 1988 . “ Salivary function and production ” . In The Ruminant Animal, Digestive Physiology and Nutrition , Edited by: Church , D. C. 117 – 124 . Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Clarke , R. T.J. 1977 . “ The gut and its micro-organisms ” . In Microbial Ecology of the Gut , Edited by: Clarke , R. T.J. and Bauchop , T. 36 – 71 . New York, NY : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Clements , K. D. 1997 . “ Fermentation and gastrointestinal microorganisms in fishes ” . In Gastrointestinal Microbiology , Edited by: Mackie , R. I. and White , B. A. Vol. 1 , 156 – 198 . New York, NY : Chapman & Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , M. E. 1964 . Cellulolytic bacteria isolated from the large intestine of the horse . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 27 : 373 – 378 .
   Google Scholar
• Dehority , B. A. 1977 . Cellulolytic cocci isolated from the cecum of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) . Appl. Environ. Microbiol , 33 : 1278 – 1283 .
   Google Scholar
• Dehority , B. A. 1986 . Protozoa of the digestive tract of herbivorous mammals . Insect. Sci. Applic , 7 : 279 – 296 .
   Google Scholar
• Dehority , B. A. 1996 . A new family of entodiniomorph protozoa from the marsupial forestomach, with a description of a new genus and five new species . J. Eukaryo. Microbiol. , 43 : 285 – 295 .
   Google Scholar
• Dehority , B. A. 1997 . “ Foregut fermentation ” . In Gastrointestinal Microbiology , Edited by: Mackie , R. I. and White , B. A. Vol. 1 , 39 – 83 . New York, NY : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Dogiel , V. A. 1926 . Sur quelques infusoires nouveaux habitant L'estomac du dromadaire (Camelus dromadarius) . Annls. Parasitol. , 4 : 241 – 271 .
   Google Scholar
• Dogiel , V. A. 1928 . La faune d'infusoires habitant l'estomac du buffle et du dromadaire . Ann. Parasitol. , 6 : 328 – 338 .
   Google Scholar
• Grajal , A. , Strahl , S. D. , Parra , R. , Dominguez , M. G. and Neher , A. 1989 . Foregut fermentation in the hoatzin, a neotropical leaf-eating bird . Science , 245 : 1236 – 1238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , E. R. 1952 . Investigations on the microbiology of cellulose utilization in domestic rabbits . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 7 : 350 – 357 .
   Google Scholar
• Hofmann , R. R. 1988 . “ Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract ” . In The Ruminant Animal, Digestive Physiology and Nutrition , Edited by: Church , D. C. 14 – 43 . Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Hooper , A. P. and Welch , J. G. 1985 . Effects of particle size and forage composition on functional specific gravity . J. Dairy Sci. , 68 : 1181 – 1188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hume , I. D. 1997 . “ Fermentation in the hindgut of mammals ” . In Gastrointestinal Microbiology , Edited by: Mackie , R. I. and White , B. A. Vol. 1 , 84 – 115 . New York, NY : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Hume , I. D. and Warner , A. C.I. 1980 . “ Evolution of microbial digestion in mammals ” . In Digestive Physiology and Metabolism in Ruminants , Edited by: Ruckebusch , Y. and Thivend , P. 665 – 684 . Lancaster, , England : MTP Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hungate , R. E. 1966 . The Rumen and Its Microbes , New York, NY : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hungate , R. E. , Philips , G. D. , McGregor , A. , Hungate , D. P. and Buechner , H. K. 1959 . Microbial fermentation in certain mammals . Science , 130 : 1192 – 1194 .
   Google Scholar
• Kane , M. D. 1997 . “ Microbial fermentation in insect guts ” . In Gastrointestinal Microbiology , Edited by: Mackie , R. I. and White , B. A. Vol. 1 , 231 – 265 . New York, NY : Chapman & Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , S. M. and Dehority , B. A. 1985 . Microbiology and ration digestibility in the hindgut of the ovine . Appl. Environ. Microbiol , 50 : 356 – 363 .
   Google Scholar
• Mackie , R. I. and Wilkens , C. A. 1988 . Enumeration of anaerobic bacterial microflora of the equine gastrointestinal tract . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 54 : 2155 – 2160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann , S. O. and Ørskov , E. R. 1973 . The effect of rumen and post-rumen feeding of carbohydrates on the cecal microflora of sheep . J. Appl. Bact. , 36 : 475 – 484 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McBee , R. H. 1977 . “ Fermentation in the hindgut ” . In Microbial Ecology of the Gut , Edited by: Clarke , R. T. J. and Bauchop , T. 185 – 222 . New York, NY : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• McLeod , M. N. and Minson , D. J. 1988 . Large particle breakdown by cattle eating ryegrass and alfalfa . J. Anim. Sci. , 66 : 992 – 999 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moir , R. J. 1965 . “ The comparative physiology of ruminant-like animals ” . In Physiology of Digestion in the Ruminant , Edited by: Dougherty , R. W. 1 – 14 . Washington, DC : Butterworth, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Moir , R. J. 1968 . “ Ruminant digestion and evolution ” . In Handbook of Physiology , Edited by: Code , C. F. Vol. 5 , 2673 – 2694 . Washington, D.C. : American Physiological Society . Sect. 6
   Google Scholar
• Moore , B. E. and Dehority , B. A. 1993 . Effects of diet and hindgut defaunation on diet digestibiltiy and microbial concentrations in the cecum and colon of the horse . J. Anim. Sci. , 71 : 3350 – 3358 .
   Google Scholar
• Owens , F. N. and Goetsch , A. L. 1988 . “ Ruminal fermentation ” . In The Ruminant Animal, Digestive Physiology and Nutrition , Edited by: Church , D. C. 145 – 171 . Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Prigge , E. C. , Stuthers , B. A. and Jacquemet , N. A. 1990 . Influence of forage diets on ruminal particle size, passage of digesta, feed intake and digestibility by steers . J. Anim. Sci. , 68 : 4352 – 4360 .
   Google Scholar
• Ruckebusch , Y. 1988 . “ Motility of the gastrointestinal tract ” . In The Ruminant Animal, Digestive Physiology and Nutrition , Edited by: Church , D. C. 64 – 107 . Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Schafer , J. B. , Konrad , R. , Kuhnigk , T. , Kämpfer , P. , Hertl , H. and König , H. 1996 . Hemicellulose-degrading bacteria and yeasts from the termite gut . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 80 : 471 – 478 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith , L. W. , Weinland , B. T. , Waldo , D. R. and Leffel , E. C. 1983 . Rate of plant cell wall particle size reduction in the rumen . J. Dairy Sci. , 66 : 2124 – 2136 .
   Google Scholar
• Thurston , J. P. and Grain , J. 1971 . Holotrich ciliates from the stomach of Hippopotamus amphibius with descriptions of two new genera and four new species . J. Protozool. , 18 : 133 – 141 .
   Google Scholar
• Thurston , J. P. and Noirot-Timothée , C. 1973 . Entodiniomorph ciliates from the stomach of Hippopotamus amphibius with descriptions of two new genera and three new species . J. Protozool. , 20 : 562 – 565 .
   Google Scholar
• Ulyatt , M. J. , Dellow , D. W. , Reid , C. S. and Bauchop , T. 1975 . “ Structure and function of the large intestine of ruminants ” . In Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant , Edited by: McDonald , I. W. and Warner , A. C. I. 119 – 133 . Armidale, N.S.W, , Australia : Univ. of New England Publishing Unit .
   Google Scholar
• Ulyatt , M. J. , Dellow , D. W. , John , A. , Reid , C. S.W. and Waghorn , G. C. 1986 . “ Contribution of chewing during eating and rumination to the clearance of digesta from the ruminoreticulum ” . In Control of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminants , Edited by: Milligan , L. P. , Grovum , W. L. and Dobson , A. 498 – 515 . Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-F ill .
   Google Scholar
• Vallenas , A. , Cummings , J. F. and Munnell , J. F. 1971 . A gross study of the compartmentalized stomach of two new-world camelids, the llama and guanaco . J. Morph. , 134 : 399 – 424 .
   Google Scholar
• Varma , A. , Kolli , B. K. , Paul , J. , Saxena , S. and König , H. 1994 . Lignocellulose degradation by microorganisms from termite hills and termite guts: A survey on the present state of art . FEMS Microbiology Reviews , 15 : 9 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Vispo , C. and Karasov , W. H. 1997 . “ The interaction of avian gut microbes and their host: an elusive symbiosis ” . In Gastrointestinal Microbiology , Edited by: Mackie , R. I. and White , B. A. Vol. 1 , 116 – 155 . New York, NY : Chapman & Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Welch , J. G. and Smith , A. M. 1968 . Influence of fasting on rumination activity in sheep . J. Anim. Sci. , 27 : 1734 – 1737 .
   Google Scholar
• Welch , J. G. and Smith , A. M. 1969a . Influence of forage quality on rumination time in sheep . J. Anim. Sci. , 28 : 813 – 818 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch , J. G. and Smith , A. M. 1969b . Effect of varying amounts of forage intake on rumination . J. Anim. Sci. , 28 : 827 – 830 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whistler , R. L. and Smart , C. L. 1953 . Polysaccharide Chemistry , New York, NY : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar