Rumen Microbial Responses to Antinutritive Factors in Fodder Trees and Shrub Legumes

References

• Abia , R. and Fry , S. C. 2001 . Degradation and metabolism of 14C-labelled proanthocyanidin from carob (Ceratonia siliqua) pods in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat . J. Sci. Fd. Agric , 81 : 1156 – 1165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler , J. H. and Weitzkin-Neiman , G. 1970 . Demethylation of methyl-O-coumestrols by rumen microorganisms in vitro . Refuah Vet. , 27 : 51
   Google Scholar
• Aguwa , C. N. and Lawal , A. M. 1987 . Pharmacologic studies on the active principles of Calliandra portoricensis leaf extracts . J. Ethnopharmacol. , 22 : 63 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Ahn , J. H. , Robertson , B. M. , Elliott , R. , Gutteridge , R. C. and Ford , C. W. 1989 . Quality assessment of tropical browse legumes: tannin content and protein degradation . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 27 : 147 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison , M. J. , Cook , H. M. and Dawson , K. A. 1981 . Selection of oxalate-degrading rumen bacteria in continuous cultures . J. Anim. Sci. , 53 : 810 – 816 .
   Google Scholar
• Allison , M. J. , Daniel , S. L. and Cornick , M. A. 1995 . “ Oxalate-degrading bacteria ” . In Calcium oxalate in Biological Systems , Edited by: Khan , S. R. 131 – 168 . Boca Raton : CRC Press Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Allison , M. J. , Dawson , K. A. , Mayberry , W. R. and Foss , J. G. 1985 . Oxalobacter formigenes gen. nov., sp. nov.: oxalate-degrading anaerobes that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract . Arch. Microbiol. , 141 : 1 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison , M. J. , Hammond , A. C. and Jones , R. J. 1990 . Detection of rumen bacteria that degrade toxic dihydroxypyridine compounds produced from mimosine . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 56 : 590 – 594 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison , M. J. , Mayberry , W. R. , McSweeney , C. S. and Stahl , D. A. 1992 . Synergistes jonesii gen. nov., sp. nov., Pyridiniacum jonesii, gen. nov., sp. nov.: A rumen bacterium that degrades toxic pyridinediols . Syst. Appl. Microbiol. , 15 : 522 – 529 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison , M. J. and Reddy , C. A. 1984 . “ Adaptations of gastrointestinal bacteria in response to changes in dietary oxalate and nitrate ” . In Current Perspectives on Microbial Ecology , Edited by: Reddy , C. A. and Klug , M. J. 248 – 256 . Washington, DC : Amer. Soc. Microbiol .
   Google Scholar
• Andal , K. R. and Sulochana , N. 1986 . Chemical examination of the seeds of Sesbania grandiflora . Fitoterapia , 57 : 293 – 294 .
   Google Scholar
• Batterham , T. J. , Hart , N. K. , Lamberton , J. A. and Braden , A. W.H. 1965 . Metabolism of oestrogenic isoflavones in sheep . Nature , 206 : 509
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bell , E. A. 1973 . “ Aminonitriles and amino acids not derived from proteins ” . In Toxicants occurring naturally in foods , 153 – 169 . Washington, DC : National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• Bonsi , M. L.K. , Osuji , P. O. , Nsahlai , L. V. and Tuah , A. K. 1994 . Graded levels of Sesbania sesban. Leucaena leucocephala as supplements to teff straw given to Ethiopian Menz sheep . Anim. Prod. , 59 : 235 – 244 .
   Google Scholar
• Braden , A. W.H. , Hart , N. K. and Lamberton , J. A. 1967 . The oestrogenic activity and metabolism of certain isoflavones in sheep . Aust. J. Agric. Res. , 18 : 335 – 348 .
   Google Scholar
• Brewbaker , J. L. 1986 . “ Leguminous trees and shrubs for Southeast Asia and the South Pacific ” . In Forages in Southeast Asia and South Pacific Agriculture , Edited by: Blair , G. J. , Ivory , D. A. and Evans , T. R. 43 – 50 . Canberra : ACIAR .
   Google Scholar
• Brooker , J. D. , O'Donovan , L. A. , Skene , I. , Clarke , K. , Blackall , L. and Muslera , P. 1994 . Streptococcus caprinus sp. Nov, a tannin-resistant ruminal bacterium from feral goats . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. , 18 : 313 – 318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calle , J. , Rivera , A. and Joseph-Nathan , P. 1987 . Pinitol from the leaves of Gliricidia sepium . Planta Medica , 53 : 303
   Google Scholar
• Cheeke , P. R. and Shull , L. R. 1985 . “ Other plant toxins and poisonous plants-Fluoroacetate (1080) ” . In Natural Toxicants in Feeds and Poisonous Plants , 375 – 377 . Westport, Conn : AVI .
   Google Scholar
• Cheeke , P. R. 1988 . Toxicity and metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids . J. Anim. Sci. , 66 : 2343 – 2350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coley , P. D. , Bryant , J. P. and Chapin , F. S. 1985 . Resource availability and plant antiherbivore defence . Science , 230 : 895 – 899 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox , R. I. and Braden , A. W.H. 1974 . A new phyto-oestrogen metabolite in sheep . J. Reprod. Fertil , 36 : 490 – 493 .
   Google Scholar
• Craig , M. A. , Latham , C. J. , Blythe , L. L. , Schmotzer , W. B. and O'Connor , O. A. 1992 . Metabolism of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids from tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) in ovine rumen fluid under anaerobic conditions . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 58 : 2730 – 2736 .
   Google Scholar
• Culvenor , C. C.J. , Edjar , J. A. , Jago , M. V. , Outleridge , A. , Peterson , J. E. and Smith , L. W. 1976 . Hepato- and pneumotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and derivatives in relation to molecular structure . Chem. Biol. Interact. , 12 : 299 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham , G. M. , Mulham , W. E. , Milthorpe , P. L. and Leigh , J. H. 1981 . Plants of New South Wales , Sydney : NSW Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Daniel , S. L. , Cook , H. M. , Hartman , P. A. and Allison , M. J. 1989 . Enumeration of anaerobic oxalate-degrading bacteria in the ruminal contents of sheep . FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. , 62 : 329 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson , K. A. , Allison , M. J. and Hartman , P. A. 1980 . Isolation and some characteristics of anaerobic oxalate-degrading bacteria from the rumen . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 40 : 833 – 839 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson , K. A. and Allison , M. J. 1988 . “ Digestive disorders and nutritional toxicity ” . In The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem , Edited by: Hobson , P. N. 445 – 459 . London : Elsevier, Appl. Sci. .
   Google Scholar
• D'Mello , J. P.F. 1992 . Chemical constraints to the use of tropical legumes in animal nutrition . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 38 : 237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djogo , A. P.Y. , Siregar , M. E. and Gutteridge , R. C. Opportunities and Limitations in other MPT Genera . Proceedings of a workshop held in Bogor . January 24–29 1994 , Indonesia. Leucaena-Opportunities and Limitations , pp. 39 – 43 . ACIAR Proceedings No. 57
   Google Scholar
• Dzowela , B. H. 1994 . Acacia angustissima , 13 – 14 . A Central American tree that's going places . Agroforestry Today (July-September)
   Google Scholar
• Dzowela , B. H. , Hove , L. , Topps , J. H. and Mafongoya , P. L. 1995 . Nutritional and anti-nutritional characters and rumen degradability of dry matter and nitrogen for some multipurpose tree species with potential for agroforestry in Zimbabwe . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 55 : 207 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Dzowela , B. H. , Hove , L. , Maasdorp , B. V. and Mafongoya , P. L. 1997 . Recent work on the establishment, production and utilisation of multipurpose trees as a feed resource in Zimbabwe . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 69 : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , C. S. , Shah , A. J. , Adlard , M. W. and Rico Arce , M. L. 1993 . Non-protein amino acids in seeds of neotropical species of Acacia . Phytochemistry , 32 : 123 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Everist , S. L. 1969 . Use of fodder trees and shrubs Queensland Department of Primary Industry Advisory Leaflet No. 1024
   Google Scholar
• Fallon , R. D. 1992 . Evidence of a hydrolytic route for anaerobic cyanide degradation . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 58 : 3163 – 3164 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gartner , R. W.J. and Hurwood , I. S. 1976 . The tannin and oxalic acid content of Acacia aneura (mulga) and their possible effects on sulphur and calcium availability . Aust. Vet. J. , 52 : 194 – 196 .
   Google Scholar
• Gregg , K. 1995 . Engineering gut flora of ruminant livestock to reduce forage toxicity: progress and problems . Trends Biotechnol. , 13 : 418 – 421 .
   Google Scholar
• Gregg , K. , Allen , G. and Beard , C. 1996 . Rumen bacterial genetic manipulation: from potential to reality . Aust. J. Agric. Res. , 47 : 247 – 256 .
   Google Scholar
• Gregg , K. , Cooper , C. L. , Schafer , D. J. , Sharpé , H. , Beard , C. E. , Allen , G. and Xu , J. 1994 . Detoxification of the plant toxin fluoroacetate by a genetically modified rumen bacterium . Bio/Technology , 12 : 1361 – 1365 .
   Google Scholar
• Gregg , K. , Hamdorf , B. , Henderson , K. , Kopecny , J. and Wong , C. 1998 . Genetically modified ruminal bacteria protect sheep from fluoroacetate poisoning . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 64 : 3496 – 3498 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths , L. A. 1962 . On the co-occurrence of coumarin, O-coumaric acid and melilotic acid in Gliricidium sepium . J. Exp. Bot. , 13 : 169 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• Gutteridge , R. C. 1994 . “ Other species of multipurpose forage tree legume ” . In Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture , Edited by: Gutteridge , R. C. and Shelton , H. M. 98 – 99 . CAB International Wallingford .
   Google Scholar
• Gutteridge , R. C. and Rekib , A. 1995 . “ Opportunities and limitations in Sesbania ” . In Leucaena-Opportunities and Limitations Edited by: Shelton , H. M. , Piggin , C. M. and Brewbaker , J. L. 24 – 28 . ACIAR Proceedings No. 57
   Google Scholar
• Hall , N. , Boden , R. , Christian , C. S. , Condon , R. , Dale , F. , Hart , A. , Leigh , J. , Marshall , J. , McArthur , A. , Russel , V. and Turnbull , J. 1972 . The Use of Trees and Shrubs in the Dry Country of Australia , 558 Canberra : Australian Government Public Service .
   Google Scholar
• Hammond , A. C. , Allison , M. J. , Williams , M. J. , Prine , G. M. and Bates , D. B. 1989 . Prevention of leucaena toxicosis of cattle in Florida by ruminal inoculation with 3-hydroxy-4-(IH)-pyridone-degrading bacteria . Am. J. Vet. Res. , 50 : 2176 – 2180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson , J. and Lazier , J. R. Forage germplasm at the International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA): an essential resource for evaluation and selection . Proc. 26th International Grasslands Congress . Nice, France. pp. 256 – 266 .
   Google Scholar
• Hegarty , M. P. , Schinckel , P. G. and Court , R. D. 1964 . Reaction of sheep to the consumption of Leucaena glauca and to its toxic principle mimosine . Aust. J. Agric. Res. , 15 : 153 – 167 .
   Google Scholar
• Hodgson , R. E. and Knott , J. C. 1936 . The composition and apparent digestibility of the flat pea (Lathyrus silvestrus wagneri) . J. Dairy Sci. , 19 : 531 – 534 .
   Google Scholar
• Hove , L. , Topps , J. H. , Sibanda , S. and Ndlovu , L. R. 2001 . Nutrient intake and utilization by goats fed dried leaves of the shrub legumes Acacia angustissima, Calliandra calothyrsus. Leucaena leucocephala as supplements to native pasture hay . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 91 : 95 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston , G. A.R. 1971 . Neurotoxic amino acids in Neuropoisons; their pathophysiological actions , Edited by: Simpson , L. L. and Curtis , D. R. 179 – 205 . Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , R. J. 1981 . Does ruminal metabolism of mimosine explain the absence of Leucaena toxicity in Hawaii? . Aust. Vet. J. , 57 : 55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , R. J. , Ford , C. W. and Megarrity , R. G. 1985 . Conversion of 3,4-DHP to 2,3-DHP by rumen bacteria . Leucaena Res. Rep. , 6 : 3 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , R. J. and Lowry , J. B. 1984 . Australian goats detoxify the goitrogen 3-hydroxy-4(lH)pyridone (DHP) after rumen infusions from an Indonesian goat . Experientia , 40 : 1435 – 1436 .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , R. J. and Lowry , J. B. 1991 . “ Overcoming problems of fodder quality in agroforestry systems. Chapter 14 ” . In Applications of Biological Research in Asian Agroforestry , Morrilton, Arkansas, , USA : Winrock International, Institute for Agricultural Development .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , R. J. and Megarrity , R. G. 1983 . Comparable toxicity responses of goats fed Leucaena leucocephala in Australia and Hawaii . Aust. J. Agric. Res. , 34 : 781 – 790 .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , R. J. and Megarrity , R. G. 1986 . Successful transfer of DHP-degrading bacteria from Hawaiian goats to Australian ruminants to overcome the toxicity of Leucaena . Aust. Vet. J. , 63 : 259 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalyanaguranathan , P. , Sulochana , N. and Murugesh , N. 1985 . In vitro haemolytic effect of the flowers of Sesbania grandiflora . Fitoterapia , 56 : 188 – 189 .
   Google Scholar
• Kellerman , T. S. , Coetzer , J. A.W. and Naude , T. W. 1988 . Plant Poisonings and Toxicoses of Livestock in Southern Africa, Capetown , Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , R. W. and Lindsay , D. R. 1975 . Change with length of feeding period in the oestrogenic response of ovariectomized ewes to ingested coumestants . Aust. J. Agric. Res. , 26 : 305 – 311 .
   Google Scholar
• Khalili , H. and Varvikko , T. 1992 . Effect of replacement of concentrate mix by wilted Sesbania (Sesbania sesban) forage on diet digestibility, rumen fermentation and mild production in Friesian x Zebu (Boran) crossbred cows fed low quality native hay . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 36 : 275 – 286 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kholi , D. V. 1988 . A new saponin, Stigmasta-5, 24 (28)-diene-3beta-0-beta-D-galactopyranoside from the seeds of Sesbania sesban . Fitoterapia , 59 : 478 – 479 .
   Google Scholar
• Knowles , C. J. and Bunch , A. W. 1986 . Microbial cyanide metabolism . Adv. Microb. Physiol. , 27 : 73 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krumholz , L. R. and Bryant , M. P. 1986 . Eubacterium oxidoreducens sp. nov. requiring H2 or formate to degrade gallate, pyrogallol, phloroglucinol and quercetin . Arch. Microbiol. , 144 : 8 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar , R. 1991 . “ Anti-nutritional factors, potential risks of toxicity and methods to alleviate them ” . In Legume trees and other fodder trees as protein sources for livestock , Edited by: Speedy , A and P-Pugliese , L. Vol. 102 , 145 – 160 . FAO . Animal Production Health Paper
   Google Scholar
• Kumar , R. and Vaithiyanathan , S. 1990 . Occurrence, nutritional significance and effect on animal productivity of tannins in tree leaves . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol , 30 : 21 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanigan , G. W. 1976 . Peptococcus heliotrinreducens, sp. nov., a cytochrome-producing anaerobe which metabolises pyrrolizidine alkaloids . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 94 : 1 – 10 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larbi , A. , Ochang , J. , Hanson , J. and Lazier , J. R. 1992 . Agronomic evaluation of Neonatonia wightii, Stylosanthes scabra. S. guianesis accessions in-Ethiopia . Trop. Grassl. , 26 : 115 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Larbi , A. , Smith , J. W. , Kurdi , I. O. , Adekunle , I. O. , Raji , A. M. and Ladipo , D. O. 1998 . Chemical composition, rumen degradation and gas production characteristics of some multipurpose fodder trees and shrubs during wet and dry seasons in the humid tropics . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 72 : 81 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levrat , M. A. , Texier , M. D.O. , Regerat , F. , Demigne , C. and Remesy , C. 1993 . Comparison of the effects of condensed tannins in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep . Nutr. Res. , 13 : 427 – 433 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long , T. A. , Washko , J. B. and Palmer , W. L. 1977 . Flat pea hay promising as ruminant forage . Sci. Agric , 24 : 7
   Google Scholar
• Lowry , J. B. 1989 . “ Toxic factors and problems: methods of alleviating these in animals ” . In Shrubs and Tree Fodders for Farm Animals , Edited by: Devendra , C. 76 – 88 . Ottawa, , Canada : IDRC .
   Google Scholar
• Lowry , J. B. , Cook , N. and Wilson , R. D. 1984 . Flavonol glycosides distribution in cultivars and hybrids of Leucaena leucocephala . J. Sci. Fd. Agric , 35 : 401 – 407 .
   Google Scholar
• Lowry , J. B. and Kennedy , P. M. 1996 . Fermentation of flavonols by rumen organisms . Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. , 21 : 366
   Google Scholar
• Lowry , J. B. , McSweeney , C. S. and Palmer , B. 1996 . Changing perceptions of the effect of plant phenolics on nutrient supply in the ruminant . Aust. J. Agric. Res. , 47 : 829 – 842 .
   Google Scholar
• McSweeney , C. S. , Allison , M. J. and Mackie , R. I. 1993 . Amino acid utilization by the ruminal bacterium (Synergistes jonesii) strain 78-1 that degrades toxic pyridinediols . Arch. Microbiol. , 159 : 131 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McSweeney , C. S. and Mackie , R. I. 1996 . “ Gastrointestinal detoxification in foregut fermentors ” . In Gastrointestinal Microbiology , Edited by: Mackie , R. I. , White , B. A. and Issacson , R. E. Vol. 1 , 583 – 634 . New York : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• McSweeney , C. S. , Palmer , B. , Bunch , R. and Krause , D. O. 1999a . In vitro quality assessment of tannin-containing tropical shrub legumes: protein and fibre digestion . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 82 : 227 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McSweeney , C. S. , Palmer , B. , Bunch , R. and Krause , D. O. 1999b . Isolation and characterisation of proteolytic ruminal bacteria from sheep and goats fed the tannin-containing shrub legume Calliandra calothyrsus . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 65 : 3075 – 3083 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McSweeney , C. S. , Palmer , B. , McNeill , D. M. and Krause , D. O. 2001a . Microbial interactions with tanning polyphenolics: nutritional consequences for ruminants . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 91 : 83 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McSweeney , C. S. , Palmer , B. , Bunch , R. and Krause , D. O. 2001b . Effect of the tropical forage calliandra on microbial protein synthesis and ecology in the rumen . J. Appl. Microbiol. , 90 : 78 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maasdorp , B. V. , Muchenje , V. and Titterton , M. 1999 . Palatability and effect on dairy cow milk yield of dried fodder from forage trees Acacia boliviano, Calliandra calothyrsus. Leucaena leucocephala . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 77 : 49 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majak , W. and Cheng , K. J. 1984 . Cyanogenesis in bovine rumen fluid and pure cultures of rumen bacteria . J. Anim. Sci. , 59 : 784 – 790 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manidool , C. Utilization of tree legumes with crop residues as animal feeds in Thailand . Proceedings of an international workshop . Khon Kaen, Thailand. Relevance of Crop Residues as Animal Feeds in Developing Countries , pp. 249 – 269 .
   Google Scholar
• Marlier , M. , Dardenne , G. and Casimir , J. 1979 . 2S, 4R-carboxy-2-acetylamino-4-piperidine in the leaves of Calliandra haematocephala . Phytochem. , 18 : 479 – 481 .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , A. K. 1982 . The origin of urinary aromatic compounds excreted by ruminants. 2. The metabolism of phenolic cinnamic acids to benzoic acid . Brit. J. Nutr. , 47 : 155 – 164 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masama , E. , Topps , J. H. , Ngongoni , N. T. and Maasdorp , B. V. 1997 . Effects of supplementation with foliage from the tree legumes Acacia angustissima, Cajanus cajan, Calliandra calothyrsus. Leucaena leucocephala on feed intake, digestibility and nitrogen metabolism of sheep given maize stover ad libitum . Anim. Feed Sci. TechnoL , 69 : 233 – 240 .
   Google Scholar
• Moyer , J. L. , Hill , N. S. , Martin , S. A. and Agee , C. S. 1993 . Degradation of ergoline alkaloids during in vitro ruminal digestion of tall fescue forage . Crop Sci. , 33 : 264 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdiati , T. B. , McSweeney , C. S. and Lowry , J. B. 1992 . Metabolism in sheep of gallic acid, tannic acid and hydrolysable tannin from Terminalia oblongata . Aust. J. Agric. Res. , 43 : 1307 – 1319 .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , K. E. , Thonney , M. L. , Woolston , T. K. , Zinder , S. H. and Pell , A. N. 1998 . Phenotypic and phylogenetic characterization of ruminal tannin-tolerant bacteria . Appl. Environ. Microbial. , 64 : 3824 – 3830 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nherera , F. V. , Ndlovu , L. R. and Dzowela , B. H. 1998 . Utilisation of Leucaena diversifolia, L. esculenta, L. pallida. Calliandra calothyrsus as nitrogen supplements for growing goats fed maize stover . Anim. Feed Sci. TechnoL , 74 : 15 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson , A. , Hill , J. L. and Davies , H. L. 1967 . An in vitro study of formononetin and biochanin A metabolism in rumen fluid from sheep . Bioch. Biophys, Acta. , 148 : 92 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton , B. W. 1994a . “ Anti-nutritive and toxic factors in forage tree legumes ” . In Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture , Edited by: Gutteridge , R. C. and Shelton , H. M. 202 – 215 . Oxon, , UK : CAB International .
   Google Scholar
• Norton , B. W. 1994b . “ The nutritive value of tree legumes ” . In Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture , Edited by: Gutteridge , R. C. and Shelton , H. M. 177 – 191 . Oxon, , UK : CAB International .
   Google Scholar
• Norton , B. W. 1994c . “ Tree legumes as dietary supplements for ruminants ” . In Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture , Edited by: Gutteridge , R. C. and Shelton , H. M. 192 – 201 . Oxon, , UK : CAB International .
   Google Scholar
• Odenyo , A. A. , Osuji , P. O. , Karanfil , O. and Adinew , K. 1997 . Microbiological evaluation of Acacia angustissima as a protein supplement for sheep . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 65 : 99 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Odenyo , A. A. , Bishop , R. , Asefa , G. , Jamnadass , R. , Odongo , D. and Osuji , P. 2001 . Characterisation of tannin-tolerant bacterial isolates from East African ruminants . Anaerobe , 7 : 5 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Donovan , L. and Brooker , J. D. 2001 . Effect of hydrolysable and condensed tannins on growth, morphology and metabolism of Streptococcus gallolyticus (S. caprinus). Streptococcus bovis . Microbiology , 147 : 1025 – 1033 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osawa , R. and Walsh , T. P. 1993 . Visual reading method for detection of bacterial tannase . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 59 : 1251 – 1252 .
   Google Scholar
• Osuji , P. O. , Fernandez-Rivera , S. and Odenyo , A. Improving fibre utilization and protein supply in animals fed poor quality roughages: ILRI nutrition research and plans . Proceedings of a Workshop held at ILRI . March 13–18 1995 , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. pp. 264 Nairobi, , Kenya : International Livestock Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Paterson , R. T. and Clinch , N. J.L. 1993 . Use of Trees by Livestock 6: Cassia , 18 Chatham, , UK : Natural Resources Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Perez-Maldonado , R. A. and Norton , B. W. 1996 . Digestion of 14C-labelled condensed tannins from Desmodium intortum in sheep and goats . Brit. J. Nutr. , 76 : 501 – 513 .
   Google Scholar
• Quirk , M. F. , Bushell , J. J. , Jones , R. J. , Megarrity , R. G. and Butler , K. L. 1988 . Live-weight gains on leucaena and native grass pastures after dosing cattle with rumen bacteria capable of degrading DHP, a ruminal metabolite from leucaena . J. Agric. Sci. , 111 : 165 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen , M. A. , Foster , J. G. and Allison , M. J. Lathyrus sylvestris (flatpea) toxicity in sheep and ruminal metabolism of flatpea neurolathyrogens . Poisonous plants. Proc. Third Internat. Symp. Edited by: James , L. F. , Keeler , R. F. , Bailey , E. M. , Cheeke , P. R. and Hegarty , M. P. pp. 377 – 381 . Ames : Iowa State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen , M. A. , Allison , M. J. and Foster , J. G. 1993 . Flatpea intoxication in sheep and indications of ruminal adaptation . Vet. Hum. Toxicol. , 35 : 123 – 127 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rawat , M. S.M. , Negi , D. S. , Pant , G. and Panwar , M. S. 1989 . Spermicidal activity and chemical investigation of Albizia chinensis . Fitoterapia , 60 : 168 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Readel , K. , Seigler , D. , Hwang , K. , Keesey , J. and Seilheimer , S. 2001 . Tannins from mimosoid legumes of Texas and Mexico . Econ. Botany , 55 : 212 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• Reed , J. D. , Krueger , C. , Rodriguez , G. and Hanson , J. 2000 . “ Secondary plant compounds and forage evaluation ” . In Forage Evaluation in Ruminant Nutrition , Edited by: Givens , D. I. , Owen , E. , Axford , R. F.E. and Omed , H. M. 433 – 448 . Wallingford : CABI Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Reed , J. D. , Soller , H. and Woodward , A. 1990 . Fodder tree and stover diets for sheep: intake, growth, digestibility and effects of phenolics on nitrogen utilization . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 30 : 39 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , G. R. and Smith , R. M. 1968 . Reduction of heliotrine by a rumen microorganism . Aust. J. Biol. Sci. , 21 : 1277 – 1290 .
   Google Scholar
• Salkowski , A. A. and Penney , D. G. 1994 . Cyanide poisoning in animals and humans: a review . Vet. Human Toxicol. , 36 : 455 – 466 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shull , L. R. , Buckmaster , G. W. and Cheeke , P. R. 1976 . Factors influencing pyrrolizidine (Senecio) alkaloid metabolism: Species, liver sulfhydryls and rumen fermentation . J. Anim. Sci. , 43 : 1247 – 1253 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharrow , S. H. and Mosher , W. D. 1982 . Sheep as a biological control agent for tansy ragwort . J. Range Manage. , 35 : 480 – 482 .
   Google Scholar
• Shqueir , A. A. , Brown , D. L. , Taylor , S. J. , Rivkin , I. and Klasing , K. C. 1989 . Effects of solvent extractions, heat treatments and added cholesterol on Sesbania sesban toxicity in growing chicks . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 27 : 127 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Siaw , D. E.K.A. , Kahsay , B. and Tothill , J. C. Screening of two Sesbania species for fodder potential and response to phosphorous application on an acid soil in Ethiopia . Proceedings of the AFRNET Workshop . Sep. 9–14 1991 , Nairobi, Kenya. Collaborative Research on Sesbania in East and Southern Africa , Edited by: Kategile , J. A. and Adoutan , S. B. ILCA . 1991
   Google Scholar
• Skene , I. and Brooker , J. D. 1995 . Characterisation of the tannin acylhydrolase in the ruminal bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium . Anaerobe , 1 : 321 – 327 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , A. H. , Odenyo , A. A. , Osuji , P. O. , Wallig , M. A. , Kandil , F. E. , Seigler , D. S. and Mackie , R. I. 2001 . Evaluation of toxicity of Acacia angustissima in a rat bioassay . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 91 : 41 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Sotelo , A. , Lucas , B. , Blanc , F. and Giral , F. 1986 . Chemical composition of seeds of Gliricidia sepium . Nutrition Reports International , 34 : 315 – 322 .
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , J. L. and Simons , A. J. 1995 . “ Opportunities and Limitations in Gliricidia ” . In Leucaena-Opportunities and Limitations Edited by: Shelton , H. M. , Piggin , C. M. and Brewbaker , J. L. 35 – 43 . ACIAR Proceedings No. 57
   Google Scholar
• Swain , T. 1979 . “ Tannins and lignins ” . In Herbivores: Their Interaction with Secondary Plant Metabolites , Edited by: Rosenthal , G. A. and Janzen , J. H. 657 – 682 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Swick , R. A. , Cheeke , P. R. , Ramsdell , H. S. and Buhler , D. R. 1983 . Effect of sheep fermentation and methane inhibition on toxicity of Senecio jacobaea . J. Anim. Sci. , 56 : 645 – 654 .
   Google Scholar
• Tanner , J. C. , Reed , J. D. and Owen , E. 1990 . The nutritive value of fruits (pods with seeds) from Acacia sp. compared with extracted noug (Guizotia abyssinia) meal as supplement to maize stover for Ethiopian highland sheep . Anim. Prod. , 51 : 127 – 133 .
   Google Scholar
• Topps , J. H. 1992 . Potential, composition and use of legume shrubs and trees as fodders for livestock in the tropics . J. Agric. Sci. , 118 : 1 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachenheim , D. E. , Blythe , L. L. and Craig , A. M. 1992 . Characterisation of rumen bacterial pyrrolizidine alkaloid biotransformation in ruminants of various species . Vet. Hum. Toxicol. , 34 : 513 – 517 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiegand , R. O. , Reed , J. D. , Said , A. N. and Ummuna , V. N. 1995 . Proanthocyanidins and the use of Sesbania sesban. Sesbania goetzei as protein supplements . Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. , 56 : 207 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Westendorf , M. L. , Mitchell , G. E. , Tucker , R. E. , Bush , L. P. , Petroski , R. J. and Powell , R. G. 1993 . In vitro. in vivo ruminal and physiological responses to endophyte-infected tall fescue . J. Dairy Sci. , 76 : 555 – 563 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward , A. and Reed , J. D. 1989 . The influence of polyphenolics on the nutritive value of browse: A summary of research conducted at ILCA , 2 – 11 . Addis Ababa, , Ethiopia : ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa) . ILCA Bulletin 35
   Google Scholar