References
- Adams , H. R. , Parker , J. L. and Methew , B. P. 1977 . The influence of ketamine on inotropic and chronotropic responsiveness of heart muscle . J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therep. , 201 : 171 – 173 .
- Aithal , H. P. , Amarpal , Pratap K. and Singh , G. R. 1996 . Clinical effects of epidurally administered ketamine and xylazine in goats . Small Ruminant Res. , 24 : 55 – 64 .
- Campbell , B. , Klavano , P. A. and Richardson , P. 1979 . Haemodynamic effects of xyiazme in the calf . Amer. J. Vet. Res. , 40 : 1177 – 1180 .
- Dripps , R. D. , Echenhoff , J. E. and Vandem , L. D. 1988 . Extradural block with bupivacaine. The influence of dose, volume concentration and patient characteristics . Brit. J. Anaesth. , 61 : 324 – 333 .
- Gebhardt , B. 1994 . Pharmacology and clinical results with peridural and intrathecal administration of ketamine . Anaesthesist. , 43 ( Suppl. 2 ) : S34 – 40 .
- Grubb , T. L. , Riebold , T. W. and Huber , M. J. 1992 . Comparison of lidocaine, xylazine and xylazine/lidocaine for caudal epidural analgesia in horses . J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc , 201 : 1187 – 1190 .
- St. Jean , G. , Skarda , R. T. , Muir , W. W. and Hoffsis , G. F. 1990 . Caudal epidural analgesia induced by xylazine administration in cows . Amer. J. Vet. Res. , 51 : 1232 – 1236 .
- Kinjavdekar , P. , Singh , G. R. , Amarpal , Pawde A.M. and Aithal , H. P. 1999 . Effects of subarachnoid xylazine and medetomidine on haemodynamics and ECG in goats . J. Vet. Med. A. , 46 : 271 – 275 .
- Kinjavdekar , P. , Pawde , A. M. , Amarpal , Gupta O.P. , Aithal , H. P. and Pratap , K. 2003 . Medetomidine and ketamine anaesthesia in buffalo calves . Buffalo J. , 19 : 349 – 356 .
- Knight , A. P. 1980 . Xylazine . J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc , 176 : 454 – 455 .
- LeBlanc , P. H. , Caron , J. P. , Patterson , J. S. , Brown , M. and Matta , M. A. 1988 . Epidural injection of xylazine for perineal analgesia in horses . J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc , 193 : 1405 – 1408 .
- Ossipov , M. H. , Harris , S. , Lloyd , P. , Messineo , Lin E.B.S. and Bagley , J. 1990 . Antinociceptive interaction between opioids and medetomidine: systemic activity and spinal synergy . Anaesthesiol. , 73 : 1227 – 1235 .
- Pawde , A. M. , Amarpal , Singh G.R. and Kumar , Naveen . 1996 . Clinicophysiological effects of medetomidine in female goats . Small Ruminant Res. , 20 : 95 – 98 .
- Rings , D. M. and Muir , W. W. 1982 . Cardiopulmonary effects of intramuscular xylazine ketamine in calves . Can. J. Comp. Med. , 46 : 386 – 389 .
- Snedecor , G. W. and Cochran , W. G. 1967 . Statistical Methods, , 6th ed. , New Delhi : Oxford and IBH Publishing Company .
- Tilley , L. P. 1985 . Essentials of Canine and Feline Electrocardiography, , 2nd Edn. , Philadelphia : Lea and Febiger .
- Traber , D. L. and Wilson , R. D. 1969 . Involvement of the sympathetic nervous system in the pressor response to ketamine . Anaesth. Analg. (Cleve) , 48 : 248 – 252 .
- Venugopalan , C. S. , Holmes , E. P. , Fucci , V. , Keefe , T. J. and Crawford , M. P. 1994 . Cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine in heart worm infected and non-infected dogs . Amer. J. Vet. Res. , 55 : 1148 – 1152 .