The application of probiotics and flaxseed promotes metabolism of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in pigs

References

• Aïd S, Vancassel S, Poumès-Ballihaut C, Chalon S, Guesnet P, Lavialle M. 2003. Effect of a diet-induced n-3 PUFA depletion on cholinergic parameters in the rat hippocampus. J Lipid Res. 44:1545–1551. doi:10.1194/jlr.M300079-JLR200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bomba A, Nemcová R, Gancarčíková S, Herich R, Kašteľ R. 1999. Potentiation of the effectiveness of Lactobacillus caseian the prevention of E. Coli induced diarrhea in conventional and gnotobiotic pigs. Adv Exp Med Biol. 473:185–190. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4143-1_18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borovská D, Nemcová R, Gancarčíková S, Koščová J. 2013. The synbiotic effect of lactobacilli and flaxseed on selected intestinal microflora and organic acid levels in weaned piglets. Microbiology. 2:82–86.
   Google Scholar
• Brajdes C, Vizireanu C. 2013. Stability of Lactobacillus plantarum from functional beverage based sprouted buckwheat in the conditions simulating in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Glob Res Anal. 2:7–8.
   Google Scholar
• Brenna JT, Salem Jr N, Sinclair AJ, Cunnane SC, for the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids, ISSFAL. 2009. a-Linolenic acid supplementation and conversion to n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans. Prostagl Leukotr Essential Fatty Acids. 80:85–91. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2009.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson LA. 1963. Determination of serum triglycerids. J Atheroscler Res. 3:334–336. doi:10.1016/S0368-1319(63)80012-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Češka R. 2012. Cholesterol a ateroskleróza, léčba dyslipidémií. Czech Republic: Prague, Triton (In Czech).
   Google Scholar
• Chaucheyras-Durand F, Durand H. 2010. Probiotics in animal nutrition and health. Benef Microb. 1:3–9. doi:10.3920/BM2008.1002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho JH, Zhao PY, Kim IH. 2011. Probiotics as a dietary additive for pigs: a review. J Anim Vet Adv. 10:2127–2134. doi:10.3923/javaa.2011.2127.2134
   Google Scholar
• Das UN. 2002. Essential fatty acids as possible enhancers of the beneficial actions of probiotics. Nutrition. 18:786–789. doi:10.1016/S0899-9007(02)00840-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Lorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Guidollet J, Touboul P, Delaye J. 1994. Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet. 343:1454–1459. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92580-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries MC, Vaughan EE, Kleerebezem M, de Vos WM. 2006. Lactobacillus plantarum-survival, functional and potential probiotic properties in the human intestinal tract. Int Dairy J. 16:1018–1028. doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobiášová M, Frohlich J, Šedová M, Cheung MC, Brown BG. 2011. Cholesterol esterification and atherogenic index of plasma correlate with lipoprotein size and findings on coronary angiography. J Lip Res. 52:566–571. doi:10.1194/jlr.P011668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliasson CH, Isberg S. 2011. Production and composition of sow milk. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Literature Review, Second cycle, A1N.
   Google Scholar
• Folch J, Lees M, Sloane Stanley GH. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J Biol Chem. 226:497–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grofová Z. 2010. Mastné kyseliny. Medicína pro praxi. 7:388–390. (In Slovak).
   Google Scholar
• Gunstone FD. 2012. Fatty acids and lipid chemistry. London: Springer, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Heinemann KM, Waldron MK, Bigley KE, Lees GE, Bauer JE. 2005. Long-chain (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids are more efficient than alpha-linolenic acid in improving electroretinogram responses of puppies exposed during gestation, lactation, and weaning. J Nutr. 135:1960–1966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heo JM, Opapeju FO, Pluske JR, Kim JC, Hampson DJ, Nyachoti CM. 2013. Gastrointestinal health and function in weaned pigs: a review of feeding strategies to control post-weaning diarrhoea without using in-feed antimicrobial compounds. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 97:207–237. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01284.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang MC, Craig-Schmidt MC. 1996. Arachidonate and docosahexaenoate added to infant formula influence fatty acid composition and subsequent eicosanoid production in neonatal pigs. J Nutr. 126:2199–2208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin LZ, Ho YW, Abdullah N, Jalaludin S. 1998. Growth performance, intestinal microbial populations and serum cholesterol of broiler on diets containing Lactobacillus culture. Poultry Sci. 77:1259–1265. doi:10.1093/ps/77.9.1259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kailasapathy K. 2002. Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria: technology and potential applications. Curr Iss Intest Microbiol. 3:39–48.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kašteľ R, Bomba A, Vaško L, Trebunová A, Mach P. 2007. The effect of probiotics potentiated with polyunsaturated fatty acids on the digestive tract of germ-free piglets. Veter Med. 52:63–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kankaanpää PE, Salminen SJ, Isolauri E, Lee YK. 2001. The influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids on probiotic growth and adhesion. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 194:149–153. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb09460.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khonyoung D, Yamauchi K. 2012. Effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 on morphology of intestinal villi and epithelial cells in broiler chickens. J Appl Anim Res. 40:140–147. doi:10.1080/09712119.2011.640208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemay A, Dodin S, Kadri N, Jacques H, Forest JC. 2002. Flaxseed dietary supplement versus hormone replacement therapy in hypercholesterolemic menopausal women. Obstetr Gynecol. 100:495–504. doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(02)02123-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Q, Brendemuhl JH, Jeong KC, Badinga L. 2014. Effects of dietary omega- polyunsaturated fatty acids on growth and immune response of weanling pigs. J Anim Sci. 56:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Liong M-T, Dunshea FR, Shah NP. 2007. Effects of synbiotic containing Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4962 on plasma lipid profiles and morphology of erythrocytes in hypercholesterolaemic pigs on high- and low-fat diets. Br J Nutr. 98:736–744. doi: 10.1017/S0007114507747803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loh TCH, Thu TV, Foo HL, Bejo MH. 2013. Effects of different levels of metabolite combination produced by Lactobacillus plantarum on growth performance, diarrhoea, gut environment and digestibility of postweaning piglets. J Appl Anim Res. 41:200–207. doi:10.1080/09712119.2012.741046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas EA, Wild RD, Hammond LJ, Khalil DA, Juma S, Gaggy BP, Stoecker BBJ, Arjmandi BH. 2002. Flaxseed improves lipid profile without altering biomarkers of bone metabolism in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 87:1527–1532. doi:10.1210/jcem.87.4.8374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mäkeläinen H, Forssten S, Olli K, Granlunb L, Rautonen N, Ouwehand AC. 2009. Probiotic lactobacilli in a semi-soft cheese survive in the simulated human gastrointestinal tract. Int Dairy J. 19:675–683. doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2009.06.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mead GC. 2000. Prospects for ‘competitive exclusion’ treatment to control salmonellas and other foodborne pathogens in poultry. Vet J. 159:111–123. doi: 10.1053/tvjl.1999.0423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemcová R, Guba P, Gancarčíková S, Bomba A, Lauková A. 2003. Štúdium probiotických vlastností laktobacilov u hydiny (In Slovak). Agriculture. 49:75–80.
   Google Scholar
• Nemcová R, Lauková A, Gancarčíková S, Kašteľ R. 1997. In vitro studies of porcine lactobacilli for possible probiotic use. Berliner Munchener tierarztliche Wochenschrift. 110:413–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawlosky R, Barnes A, Salem JRN. 1994. Essential fatty acid metabolism in the feline: relationship between liver and brain production of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Lipid Res. 35:2032–2040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips M, Kailasapathy K, Tran L. 2006. Viability of commercial probiotic cultures (L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium sp., L. casei, L. paracasei and L. rhamnosus) in cheddar cheese. Int J Food Microbiol. 108:276–280. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.12.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad K. 2001. Antioxidants and diabetes. Review of the book “antioxidants in diabetes”. Review of the book “antioxidants in diabetes managements”. In: Packer L, Rosen P, Tritschler HJ, King B L, Azzi, A, editors. Trends in endocrinology and metabolism. 12:179–180. doi:10.1016/S1043-2760(00)00348-9
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Leyva D, Mc Bassett C, Mc Cullough R, Pierce GN. 2010. The cardiovascular effects of flaxseed and its omega-3 fatty acid, alphalinolenic acid. Can J Cardiol. 26:489–496. doi:10.1016/S0828-282X(10)70455-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton C, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Van Sinderen D. 2005. Fermented functional foods based on probiotics and their biogenic metabolites. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 16:198–203. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2005.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoffel W, Holz B, Jenke B, Binczek E, Gunter RH, Kiss C, Karakesisoglou I, Thevis M, Weber AA, Arnhold S, Addicks K. 2008. Delta6-desaturase (FADS2) deficiency unveils the role of omega3- and omega6-polyunsaturated fatty acids. EMBO J. 27:2281–2292. doi:10.1038/emboj.2008.156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanghe S, Cox E, Melkebeek V, De Smet S, Millet S. 2014. Effect of fatty acid composition of the sow diet on the innate and adaptive immunity of the piglets after weaning. Vet J. 200:287–293. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.02.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanghe S, De Smet S. 2013. Does sow reproduction and piglet performance benefit from the addition of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to the maternal diet? Vet J. 197:560–569. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tribole E. 2007. The ultimate omega-3 diet: maximize the power of omega-3s to supercharge your health, battle inflammation, and keep your mind sharp. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.
   Google Scholar
• Tvrzická E, Vecka M, Staňková B, Žák A. 2002. Analysis of fatty acids in plasma lipoproteins by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection: quantitative aspects. Anal Chim Acta. 465:337–350. doi:10.1016/S0003-2670(02)00396-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Xu N, Xi A, Ahmed Z, Zhang B, Bai X. 2009. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum MA2 isolated from Tibet kefir on lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora of rats fed on high-cholesterol diet. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 84:341–347. doi:10.1007/s00253-009-2012-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou D, Ghebremeskel K, Crawford MA, Reifen R. 2006. Vitamin A deficiency enhances docosahexaenoic and osbond acids in liver of rats fed an alpha linolenic acid-adequate diet. Lipids. 41:213–219. doi:10.1007/s11745-006-5090-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou YK, Qin HL, Zhang M, Shen TY, Chen HQ, Ma YL, Chu ZX, Zhang P, Liu ZH. 2012. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on gut barrier function in experimental obstructive jaundice. World J Gastroenterol. 18:3977–3991. doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i30.3977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar