Impact of dietary methionine on respiratory tissue integrity and humoral immunity of broilers challenged with Mycoplasma gallisepticum and treated with Pulmotil AC^®

References

• Abd El-Ghany W. 2009. The In-vitro and In-vivo Evaluation of Tiamulin and Tilmicosin for the treatment of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infected broiler Chickens. Int J Poult Sci. 8(12):1189–1198. doi: 10.3923/ijps.2009.1189.1198
   Google Scholar
• Bencina D. 2002. Haemagglutinins of pathogenic avian mycoplasmas. Avian Pathol. 31:535–547. doi: 10.1080/0307945021000024526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boguslavsky S , Menaker D , Lysnyansky I , Liu T , Levisohn S , Rosengarten R , García M , Yogev D. 2000. Molecular characterization of the Mycoplasma gallisepticum pvpA gene which encodes a putative variable cytadhesin protein. Infect Immun. 68:3956–3964. doi: 10.1128/IAI.68.7.3956-3964.2000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charleston B , Gate JJ , Aitken IA , Reeve-Johnson L. 1998. Assessment of the efficacy of tilmicosin as a treatment for Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections in chickens. Avian Pathol. 27(2):190–195. doi: 10.1080/03079459808419322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cizelj I , Bercic RL , Dusanic D , Narat M , Kos J , Dovc P , Bencina D. 2011. Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae express a cysteine protease CysP, which can cleave chicken IgG into Fab and Fc. Microbiology. 157:362–372. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.045641-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahiya JP , Hoehler D , Van Kessel AG , Drew MD. 2007. Effect of different dietary methionine sources on intestinal microbial populations in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 86(11):2358–2366. doi: 10.3382/ps.2007-00133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glew MD , Browning GB , Markham PF , Walker ID. 2000. pMGA phenotypic variation in Mycoplasma gallisepticum Occurs In Vivo and Is mediated by Trinucleotide Repeat Length variation. Immunity. 68:6027–6033. doi: 10.1128/IAI.68.10.6027-6033.2000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haley PJ. 2017. The lymphoid system: a review of species differences. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5406590/ .
   Google Scholar
• Hassan S , Mukhtar N , Ur S , Asghar A. 2014. Molecular Epidemiology of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in different Types of Chickens. Int J Agric Biol; Faisalabad. 16(1):165–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu F , Zhao C , Bi D , Tian W , Chen J , Sun J , Peng X. 2015, November 9. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (HS strain) surface lipoprotein pMGA interacts with host apolipoprotein A-I during infection in chicken. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-015-7117-9 .
   Google Scholar
• Islam A , Aslam A , Chaudhry ZI , Ahmed MUD , Rehman HU , Saeed K , Ahmad I. 2011. Pathology of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Naturally infected broilers and its Diagnosis through PCR. Int J Agric Biol. 13:835–837.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankowski J , Kubińska M , Zduńczyk Z. 2014. Nutritional and immunomodulatory function of methionine in poultry diets – a review. Ann Anim Sci. 14(1):17–31. doi: 10.2478/aoas-2013-0081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawashima M , Kawakita T , Higa K , Satake Y , Omoto M , Tsubota K , Shimazaki J. 2010, December 15. Subepithelial corneal fibrosis partially due to epithelial-mesenchymal transition of ocular surface epithelium. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002964/ .
   Google Scholar
• Kleven SH. 2008. Mycoplasmosis. In: L. Dufour-Zavala , D. E. Swayne , J. R. Glisson , J. E. Pearson , W. M. Reed , M. W. Jackwood , P. R. Woolcock , editors. A laboratory manual for the isolation, identification and characterization of avian pathogens. 5th. Athens, GA : American Association of Avian Pathologists; p. 59–64.
   Google Scholar
• Lai A , Dong G , Song D , Yang T , Zhang X. 2018. Responses to dietary levels of methionine in broilers medicated or vaccinate against coccidian under Eimeria tenella challenged condition. BMC Vet Res. 14:140–150. doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1470-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levisohn S , Kleven SH. 2000. Avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum) - oie.int. Retrieved from https://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D9309.PDF .
   Google Scholar
• Ley D. 2008. Mycoplasmomsis. Mycopalsma gallispeticum infection. In: Saif Y.M. , Barnes H.J. , Glisson J.R. , Fadly A.M. , McDougald L.R. , Swayne D.E. , editors. Diseases of poultry. Twelfth Edition. Blackwell Publishing; p. 807–845.
   Google Scholar
• Limsatanun A. 2017. Development of inactivated mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine in chickens [Thesis Ph.D.]. Chulalongkorn University. Faculty of Veterinary Science.
   Google Scholar
• Majumder S. 2014. Role of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and host airway epithelial cell interaction in inflammation. [Doctoral dissertations]. (651).
   Google Scholar
• Markham PF. 2012. A novel transposon construct expressing PhoA with potential for studying protein expression and translocation in Mycoplasma gallisepticum . BMC Microbiol. 12:138. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markham PF , Glew MD , Browning GF , Whithear KG , Walker ID. 1998. Expression of two members of the pMGA gene family of Mycoplasma gallisepticum oscillates and is influenced by pMGA-specific antibodies. Infect Immun. 66(6):2845–2853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez Y , Li X , Liu G , Bin P , Yan W , Más D , Valdivié M , Andy Hu C , Ren W , Yin Y. 2017. The role of methionine on metabolism, oxidative stress, and diseases. Amino Acids. 49(12):2091–2098. doi: 10.1007/s00726-017-2494-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mavromati J , Mavromati E , Gjeta Z. 2011. Effect of macrolide antibiotics on mycoplasma control and production efficiency in broilers. Biotechnol Anim Husbandry. 27:721–731. doi: 10.2298/BAH1103721M
   Google Scholar
• Noormohammadi AH. 2007. Role of phenotypic diversity in pathogenesis of avian mycoplasmosis. Avian Pathol. 36:439–444. doi: 10.1080/03079450701687078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunoya T , Kanai K , Yagihashi T , Hoshi S , Shibuya K , Tajima M. 1997. Natural case of salpingitis apparently caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens. Avian Pathol. 26:391–398. doi: 10.1080/03079459708419221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pflaum K , Tulman ER , Beaudet J , Liao X , Geary SJ. 2016. Global changes in Mycoplasma gallisepticum phase-variable lipoprotein gene vlhA expression during in vivo infection of the natural chicken host. Infect Immun. 84(1):351–355. doi: 10.1128/IAI.01092-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramadan NM. 2018. DL-Methionine: an Immunopotentiator, In: Mycoplasma gallisepticum Challenged Broilers Treated With Pulmotil Ac®. Master’s Thesis. Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences. American University of Beirut. Jafet Library. Published May 11th, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin LL , Canal CW , Ribeiro ALM , Kessler A , Silva I , Trevizan L , Viola T , Raber M , Gonçalves TA , Krás R. 2007. Effects of methionine and arginine dietary levels on the immunity of broiler chickens submitted to immunological stimuli. Brazilian J Poult Sci. 9(4):241–247. doi: 10.1590/S1516-635X2007000400006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swain BK , Johri TS. 2000. Effect of supplemental methionine, choline and their combinations on the performance and immune response of broilers. Br Poult Sci. 41:83–88. doi: 10.1080/00071660086457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szczepanek SM , Jr FS , Schumacher VL , Liao X , Padula M , Djordjevic SP , Geary SJ. 2010. Identification of lipoprotein MslA as a Neoteric virulence Factor of Mycoplasma gallisepticum . Infect Immun. 78(8):3475–3483. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00154-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan L , Hu M , Yu S , Wang X , Lu F , Liu F , Qiu X , Song C , Sun Y , Ding C. 2015. Characterization of the chaperonin GroEL in Mycoplasma gallisepticum . Arch Microbiol. 197:235–244. doi: 10.1007/s00203-014-1047-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsiagbe VK , Cook ME , Harper AE , Sunde ML. 1987. Enhanced immune responses in broiler chicks fed methionine supplemented diets. Poult Sci. 66:1147–1154. doi: 10.3382/ps.0661147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijesurendra KA , Tivendale KA , Bacci B , Noormohammadi AH , Browning GF , Markham PF. 2015. Development of a Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection model in turkeys. Avian Pathol. 44:35–42. doi: 10.1080/03079457.2014.992390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu BY , Cui HM , Peng X , Fang J , Cui W , Liu XD. 2012a. Effect of Methionine deficiency on the thymus and the subsets and proliferation of peripheral blood T-cell, and serum IL-2 contents in broilers. J Integrative Agriculture. 11:1009–1019. doi: 10.1016/S2095-3119(12)60093-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu BY , Cui HM , Peng X , Fang J , Cui W , Liu XD. 2012b. Pathology of spleen in chickens fed on a diet deficient in Methionine. Health. 4:32–38. doi: 10.4236/health.2012.41007
   Google Scholar
• Xu J , Teng D , Jiang F , Zhang Y , El-Ashram SA , Wang H , Sun Z , He J , Shen J , Wu W , Li J. 2015. Mycoplasma gallisepticum MGA_0676 is a membrane-associated cytotoxic nuclease with a staphylococcal nuclease region essential for nuclear translocation and apoptosis induction in chicken cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 99:1859–1871. doi: 10.1007/s00253-014-6185-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar