2,415
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

The productivity and resilience of the indigenous chickens in the tropical environments: improvement and future perspectives

, , , , &
Pages 456-469 | Received 19 Aug 2022, Accepted 19 Jun 2023, Published online: 25 Jun 2023

References

  • Abdel-Aziz YA, El-Menawey MA, Gharib HB, Hamouda RE. 2013. Chicken performance in the context of family poultry production system in Al-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Proceeding of the 4th Scientific Conference of Animal Production Research Institute; Nov 12–13; Dokki, Giza, Egypt. pp. 433–441.
  • Abdelqader A, Wollny CB, Gauly M. 2007. Characterization of local chicken production systems and their potential under different levels of management practice in Jordan. Trop Anim Health Prod. 39(3):155–164. doi:10.1007/s11250-007-9000-x.
  • Abdollahi MR, Hosking BJ, Ning D, Ravindran V. 2016. Influence of palm kernel meal inclusion and exogenous enzyme supplementation on growth performance, energy utilization, and nutrient digestibility in young broilers. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 29(4):539–548. doi:10.5713/ajas.15.0224.
  • Abioja MO, Abiona JA. 2021. Impacts of climate change to poultry production in Africa: adaptation options for broiler chickens. In: Oguge N., Ayal D., Adeleke L., da Silva I., editor. African handbook of climate change adaptation. Cham: Springer; p. 275–296. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_111.
  • Adeniji AA. 2007. Effect of replacing groundnut cake with maggot meal in the diet of broilers. Int J Poult Sci. 6(11):822–825. doi:10.3923/ijps.2007.822.825.
  • Adetayo AS, Babafunso SE. 2001. Comparison of the performance of Nigerian indigenous chickens from three agro-ecological zones. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 13:15. Retrieved Jul 24, 2022, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd13/2/aded132.htm.
  • Ahaotu EO, Patricio DR, Ibe LC, Singh RR. 2019. Climate change in poultry production system: a review. Acta Scientific Agriculture. 3(9):113–117. doi:10.31080/ASAG.2019.03.0617.
  • Ahiwe EU, Omede AA, Abdallh MB, Iji PA. 2018. Managing dietary energy intake by broiler chickens to reduce production costs and improve product quality. In: Yücel B., Taşkin T., editor. Animal husbandry and nutrition. London: IntechOpen; p. 115–145. doi:10.5772/intechopen.76972.
  • Ajayi FO. 2010. Nigerian indigenous chicken: a valuable genetic resource for meat and egg production. Asian J Poul Sci. 4:164–172. doi:10.3923/ajpsaj.2010.164.172.
  • Akinokun O. 1990. An evaluation of exotic and indigenous chickens as genetic materials for development of rural poultry production in African. Proceedings of the International Workshop Held in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, Nov 13–16; Thelia house, Ile-Ife. p. 243–247.
  • Aleme M. 2022. Review on production and reproduction performance of indigenous chicken in Ethiopia. East Afr J Agri Biotechnol. 5(1):90–107. doi:10.37284/eajab.5.1.638.
  • Anderson J, Keppel G, Thomson S, Randell A, Raituva J, Koroi I, Anisi R, Charlson T, Boehmer HJ, Kleindorfer S. 2018. Changes in climate and vegetation with altitude on Mount Batilamu, Viti Levu, Fiji. J Trop Ecol. 34:316–325. doi:10.1017/S0266467418000299.
  • Apuno AA, Mbap ST, Ibrahim T. 2011. Characterization of local chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in shelling and song local government areas of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Agri Biol J North Am. 2:6–14. doi:10.5251/ABJNA.2011.2.1.6.14.
  • Assefa H, Melesse A. 2018. Morphological and morphometric characterization of indigenous chicken populations in Sheka zone, South Western Ethiopia. Poult Fisher Wildlife Sci. 6(2):200. doi:10.4172/2375-446X.1000200.
  • Ayssiwede SB, Dieng A, Houinato MRB, Chrysostome CAAM, Hornick J-L, Missohou A. 2013. Indigenous chickens breeding in Senegal and in sub-Saharan Africa: current status and constraints. Annales de Médecine Vétérinaire; [accessed 31 Jul 2022] https://hdl.handle.net/2268/217744.
  • Babiker MS, Kijora C, Abbas SA, Danier J. 2009. Nutrient composition of main poultry feed ingredients used in Sudan and their variations from local standard tables values. Int J Poult Sci. 8:355–358. doi:10.3923/ijps.2009.355.358.
  • Bai SC, Hardy RW, Hamidoghli A. 2022. Chapter 10-diet analysis and evaluation. In: Hardy R. W., Kaushik S. J, editor. Fish nutrition. 4th ed. London: Academic Press; p. 709–743. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-819587-1.00010-0.
  • Bakare AG, Cawaki P, Ledua I, Kour G, Jimenez V, Sharma A, Tamani E. 2020. Acceptability, growth performance and nutritional status of chickens fed cassava leaf meal (CLM)-based diets. Trop Anim Health Prod. 52(5):2481–2489. doi:10.1007/s11250-020-02274-x.
  • Beckford RC, Bartlett JR. 2015. Inclusion levels of sweet potato root meal in the diet of broilers I. Effect on performance, organ weights, and carcass quality. Poult Sci. 94(6):1316–1322. doi:10.3382/ps/pev090.
  • Begli HE, Torshizi RV, Masoudi AA, Ehsani A, Jensen J. 2016. Longitudinal analysis of body weight, feed intake and residual feed intake in F2 chickens. Livest Sci. 184:28–34. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2015.11.018.
  • Behera DP, Sethi APS, Singh C, Singh U, Wadhwa M. 2019. Effect of citrus waste on blood parameters of broiler birds with and without cocktail of enzymes. Veterinary World. 12(4):483–488. doi:10.14202/vetworld.2019.483-488.
  • Bekele B. 2020. Reviewing locally available chicken feed resources at different agro-ecologies (high, mid and low land), formulating according to growth stage (growers and layers) of chicken and its average price in SNNPR. J Aquacult Livestock Prod. 1(1):1–6. doi:10.47363/JALP/2020(1)102.
  • Benabdeljelil K, Arfaoui T. 2001. Characterization of Beldi chicken and turkeys in rural poultry flocks of Morocco. Current state and future outlook. Animal Genet Res Inform. 31:87–95. doi:10.1017/S1014233900001516.
  • Besbes B. 2009. Genotype evaluation and breeding of poultry for performance under sub-optimal village conditions. World Poult Sci J. 65:260–271. doi:10.1017/S0043933909000221.
  • Bessadok A, Khochlef I, El Gazzah M. 2003. Etat des ressources génétiques de la population locale du poulet en Tunisie. Tropicultura. 21(4):167–172; [accessed 30 Jul 2022]. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Etat-des-ressources-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tiques-de-la-population-du-Bessadok-Khochlef/980c11ab6bb12a1da4a23a3d99bf24a833101633.
  • Birech EK. 2002. Feed and Nutrient intake of free-ranging chickens in Nakuru District, Kenya. MSc Thesis. Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya; p. 141; [accessed 30 Jul 2022]. http://41.89.96.81:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3318.
  • Buldgen A, Detimmerman F, Sall B, Compère R. 1992. Etude des paramètres démographiques et zootechniques de la poule locale du bassin arachidier sénégalais. Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux. 45(3-4):341–347. doi:10.19182/remvt.8929.
  • Bwalya R, Kalinda T. 2014. An analysis of the Value Chain for indigenous chickens in Zambia’s Lusaka and Central Provinces. J Agri Stud. 2:32–51. doi:10.5296/JAS.V2I2.5918.
  • Chah JM, Irohibe IJ, Itodo CI, Enwelu IA. 2015. Information needs of indigenous chicken farmers in Enugu state: implications for agricultural extension service. Curr J Appl Sci Technol. 7(4):404–411. doi:10.9734/BJAST/2015/16218.
  • Chikumba N, Chimonyo M. 2014. Effects of water restriction on the growth performance, carcass characteristics and organ weights of naked neck and Ovambo chickens of Southern Africa. Asian Aust J Animal Sci. 27(7):974–980. doi:10.5713/ajas.2013.13383.
  • Chueh CC, Lin LJ, Lin WC, Huang SH, Jan MS, Chang SC, Chung WS, Lee TT. 2019. Antioxidant capacity of banana peel and its modulation of Nrf2-ARE associated gene expression in broiler chickens. Ital J Animal Sci. 18(1):1394–1403. doi:10.1080/1828051X.2019.1667884.
  • Conan A, Goutard F L, Sorn S, Vong S. 2012. Biosecurity measures for backyard poultry in developing countries: a systematic review. BMC Vet Res. 8:240. doi:10.1186/1746-6148-8-240.
  • Conteh AM, Sesay AR. 2019. Current status of indigenous chicken production in Moyamba District, Sierra Leone. Int J Res Stud Microbiol Biotechnol. 5(3):7–16. doi:10.20431/2454-9428.0503003.
  • Cronin P, Ryan F, Coughlan M. 2008. Undertaking a literature review: a step-by-step approach. Br J Nurs. 17(1):38–43. doi:10.12968/bjon.2008.17.1.28059.
  • CropLife. 2013. Training through local partnerships: a model for agricultural training in rural farming communities; [accessed 2 Aug 2022]. https://www.croplife.org/trainingthroughlocalpartnerships/pdfs/cl_interInfo_projectBooklet_v2.pdf.
  • Dana N, Dessie T, van der Waaij LH, van Arendonk JA. 2010. Morphological features of indigenous chicken populations of Ethiopia. Animal Genet Res. 46:11–23. doi:10.1017/s2078633610000652.
  • Dayal AD, Diarra SS, Lameta S, Devi A, Amosa F. 2018. High cassava peel meal-based diets with animal fat and enzyme for broilers. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 30:99; [accessed 5 Aug 2022]. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd30/6/siaka30099.html.
  • Denstadli V, Balance S, Knutsen SH, Westereng B, Svihus B. 2010. Influence of graded levels of brewers dried grains on pellet quality and performance in broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 89(12):2640–2645. doi:10.3382/ps.2010-00724.
  • Devi A, Diarra SS. 2017. Influence of dietary protein source and utilisation of copra meal in finishing broiler chicken. Indian J Anim Nutr. 34(2):193–200. doi:10.5958/2231-6744.2017.00033.0.
  • Devi A, Diarra SS. 2019. Maximum utilization of available resources for efficient poultry feeding in the South Pacific: major issues and prospects. World Poult Sci J. 75(2):219–234. doi:10.1017/s0043933919000217.
  • Diarra SS. 2014. Potential of mango (Mangifera indica L.) seed kernel as a feed ingredient for poultry: a review. Worlds Poult Sci J. 70(2):279–288. doi:10.1017/S0043933914000294.
  • Diarra SS. 2016. Utilisation of giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhiza) root meal with or without coconut oil slurry by layers and broilers. Animal Prod Sci. 58(2):284–290. doi:10.1071/AN16322.
  • Diarra SS, Anand S. 2020. Impact of commercial feed dilution with copra meal or cassava leaf meal and enzyme supplementation on broiler performance. Poult Sci. 99(11):5867–5873. doi:10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.028.
  • Diarra SS, Kolubalona JK, Lal PP, Stewart E, Teine MA, Havea T, Siose I, Samo J, Tabi F. 2018. A comparative utilisation of high dietary copra and palm kernel cakes based diets with exogenous enzyme by young pullets and layers. Indian J Anim Nutr. 35(3):339–344. doi:10.5958/2231-6744.2018.00051.8.
  • Diarra SS, Sandakabatu D, Perera D, Tabuaciri P, Mohammed U. 2015. Growth performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens fed commercial finisher and cassava copra meal-based diets. J Appl Anim Res. 43(3):352–356. doi:10.1080/09712119.2014.978774.
  • Di Lorenzo P, Ceccobelli S, Panella F, Attard G, Lasagna E. 2015. The role of mitochondrial DNA to determine the origin of domestic chicken. World Poult Sci J. 71:311–318. doi:10.1017/S0043933915000318.
  • Direction Nationale des Productions et des Industries Animales (DNPIA) Ministère de l’Elevage et de La Pêche. 2015. Rapport Annuel, Countrystat, Mali; [accessed 8 Jul 2022]. http://mali.countrystat.org/fileadmin/user_upload/countrystat_fenix/congo/docs/RAPPORT%20ANNUEL_DNPIA_2015%20docx%20vf.pdf.
  • Dondeyne C. 2010. Les technologies numériques de l’information et de la communication au service d’une agriculture durable? Terminal. 106–107. doi:10.4000/terminal.1816.
  • Dunya AM, Mamza AO, Yusuf S. 2015. Local Chicken Management in Rural Borno State,Nigeria. Journal of Biology. Agri Healthcare. 5:113–120; [accessed 30 Jul 2022]. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JBAH/article/view/20225.
  • Ely C, Scott I. 2007. Essential study skills for nursing. In: Maggie Nicol. Serie Editor. 1st ed. Elsevier Health Sciences, Edinburgh; p. 228.
  • Escobedo Del Bosque CI, Altmann BA, Ciulu M, Halle I, Jansen S, Nolte T, Weigend S, Mörlein D. 2020. Meat quality parameters and sensory properties of one high-performing and two local chicken breeds fed with Vicia faba. Foods. 9(8):1–18. doi:10.3390/foods9081052.
  • Farrell DJ, Mannion PF, Perez-Maldonado RA. 1999. A comparison of total and digestible amino acids in diets for broilers and layers. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 82:1–2. doi:10.1016/S0377-8401(99)00080-2.
  • Fayeye TR, Adeshiyan AB, Olugbami AA. 2005. Egg traits, hatchability and early growth performance of the Fulani Ecotype chicken. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 17:56–60. Retrieved Jul 18, 2022, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd17/8/faye17094.htm.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2004. Recommendations on the prevention, control and eradication of highly pathogenic Avian influenza in Asia. FAO position paper, Rome, Italy. [accessed Jul 18, 2022]. https://www.fao.org/publications/card/fr/c/ee0272c9-86b2-5b4a-8cbe-6ffbd2249b26/.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2008. Poultry production systems in Viet Nam. In: Van Duc N., Long T. GCP/RAS/228/GER Working Paper No. 4. Rome. [Accessed Jul 30, 2022]. https://www.fao.org/publications/card/fr/c/c7feeca6-efd7-5004-adca-6df4d542629c/.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2009. Revue du secteur avicole, Niger. Rome, Italy. Retrieved Jul 30, 2022. https://www.fao.org/3/ak770f/ak770f.pdf.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Breeding strategies for sustainable management of animal genetic resources. Animal Production and Health Guidelines. No. 3, Rome, Italy. Retrieved Jul 30, 2022. http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1103e/i1103e00.htm.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2012. Phenotypic characterization; of animal genetics resources. FAO, Animal production and Health Guidelines. No 11, Rome, Italy. Retrieved Aug 2, 2022. https://www.fao.org/publications/card/fr/c/0fe9d7e8-8dcf-5c94-a051-9977a5853671/.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2013. In vivo conservation of animal genetic resources. Animal Production and Health Guidelines. No. 14. Rome, Italy. Retrieved Aug 2, 2022. http://www.fao.org/3/i3327e/i3327e00.htm.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2014. Family poultry development: issues, opportunities and constraints. In: Thieme O., Sonaiya E.B., Rota A., Alders R.G., Saleque M.A., Besi G.D., (Eds.). Animal production and health working paper; [accessed Jul 18, 2022]. https://www.ilri.org/news/family-poultry-development-issues-opportunities-and-constraints.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2021. Domestic animal diversity information system (DAD-IS): data. Rome, Italy. [Accessed Jul 30, 2022]. https://www.fao.org/dad-is/en/.
  • Forment P, Ouste C, Pelletier R, Brillard JP. 2009. Rȏle de L’AMP-activated protein kinase dans l'activitē des cellules de Sertoli de coq immature (Gallus domesticus). In: Acte de conférence de la 8ème Journées de la Recherche Avicole, Mars 2009; Saint-Malo, France (article ID: hal-02757039). https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02757039.
  • Fotsa JC. 2008. Characterization of local chicken populations (Gallus gallus) in Cameroon. Life Sciences. AgroParisTech, Paris; [accessed Jul 31, 2022]. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004904.
  • Fotsa JC, Poné KD, Bordas A, Tixier-Boichard M, Rognon X. 2011. Assessment of the genetic diversity of Cameroon indigenous chickens by the use of microsatellites. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 23:118. Retrieved Aug 17, 2022 from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd23/5/fots23118.htm.
  • Fulbert A, Pierre B, Christophe N. 2010. Croissance pondérale et productivité de la poule locale Gallus domesticus en élevage fermier au Congo. Animal Genet Res. 46:61–65. doi:10.1017/s207863361000070.
  • Gebremedhn B, Niguse M, Hagos B, Tesfamariam T, Kidane T, Berhe A, Gebresilassie L, Gebreegziabher L, Gebremariam T, Gebremeskel Y. 2019. Effects of dietary brewery spent grain inclusion on egg laying performance and quality parameters of Bovans brown chickens. Br J Poult Sci. 21(2):1–9. doi:10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0765.
  • Gebreselassie G, Meseret R, Mulalem Z, Hailay H, Minister B, Gebru B. 2015. Comparative production performance evaluation of exotic and indigenous chickens under farmers management practice in Tigray, Northen Ethiopia. Sci J Biol Sci. 4(12):181–186. doi:10.14196/sjas.v4i12.2045.
  • Getu A, Alemayehu K, Wuletaw Z. 2014. Phenotypic characterization of indigenous chicken ecotypes in the north Gondar zone, Ethiopia. Animal Genet Res. 54:43–51. doi:10.1017/S2078633614000113.
  • Glenneis K. 2020. Indigenous chicken breeds. South Africa Online (Pty) Ltd., SouthAfrica.co.za. Retrieved Jul 31, 2022 from: http://southafrica.co.za/indigenous-chicken-breeds.html.
  • Goodger WJ, Bennett TB, Dwinger RH. 2002. Comparative analysis of family poultry production in twelve African countries. In: FAO/IAEA, characteristics and parameters of family poultry production in Africa, Vienna, Austria; p. 33–37; [accessed 16 May 2022]. https://inis.iaea.org/search/searchsinglerecord.aspx?recordsFor=SingleRecord&RN=37062492#.
  • Gough D, Thomas J, Oliver S. 2019. Clarifying differences between reviews within evidence ecosystems. Syst Rev. 8:170. doi:10.1186/s13643-019-1089-2.
  • Grobbelaar JAN, Sutherland B, Molalakgotla NM. 2010. Egg production potentials of certain indigenous chicken breeds from South Africa. Animal Genet Res Inform. 46:25–32. doi:10.1017/S2078633610000664.
  • Gueye EF. 1998. Village egg and fowl meat production in Africa. World Poult Sci J. 54:73–86. doi:10.1079/WPS19980007.
  • Guèye EF. 2000. The role of family poultry in poverty alleviation, food security and the promotion of gender equality in rural Africa. Outlook Agric. 29(2):129–136. doi:10.5367/000000000101293130.
  • Guèye EF. 2002. Family poultry research and development in low-income food-deficit countries: approaches and prospects. Outlook Agric. 31(1):13–21. doi:10.5367/000000002101293822.
  • Guni FS, Katule AM, Mwakilembe PAA. 2013. Characterization of local chickens in selected districts of the Southern Highlands of Tanzania: II. Production and Morphometric traits. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 25:190. Retrieved August 1, 2022, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd25/11/guni25190.htm.
  • Habte M, Ameha N, Demeke S. 2013. Production performance of local and exotic breeds of chicken at rural household level in Nole Kabba Woreda, Western Wollega, Ethiopia. Afr J Agri Res. 8(11):1014–1021. doi:10.5897/AJAR2013.6933.
  • Haetinger VS, Park CS, Adeola O. 2021. Energy values of copra meal and cornstarch for broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 100(2):858–864. doi:10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.064.
  • Hako TBA, Keambou CT, Han J-M, Bembidé C, Skilton RA, Ogugo M, Manjeli Y, Osama S, Cho C-Y, Djikeng A. 2015. Molecular typing of the major histocompatibility complex B microsatellite haplotypes in Cameroon chicken. Animal Genet Res. 1–8. doi:10.1017/S2078633614000538.
  • Halima HFW, Neser FWC, Van Marle-Koster E, De Kock A. 2007. Village-based indigenous chicken production system in north-west Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod. 39:189–197. doi:10.1007/s11250-007-9004-6.
  • Hamilton-West C, Rojas H, Pinto J, Orozco J, Hervé-Claude L P, Urcelay S. 2012. Characterization of backyard poultry production systems and disease risk in the central zone of Chile. Res Vet Sci. 93:121–124. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.06.015.
  • Hassaballah K, Zeuh V, Mopate LY, Sembene M. 2015. Caractérisation morpho-biométrique de poule (Gallus gallus) locales dans trois zones agro-écologiques du Tchad. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 27:53. Retrieved July 27, 2022, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd27/3/hass27053.html.
  • Hassaballah K, Zeuh V, Sembene M. 2014. Phenotypic Diversity of Local Chickens (Gallus domesticus) in Three Ecological Zones of Chad. Int J Curr Res Biosci Plant Biol. 1:1–8; [accessed 8 Jul 2022]. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Phenotypic-Diversity-of-Local-Chickens-(Gallus-in-Hassaballah-Semb%C3%A9ne/e09da4961ba8e0b3399bde925caec6db0d8a6e5a.
  • Hirwa CD, Kugonza DR, Kayitesi A, Murekezi T, Semahoro F, Uwimana G, Habimana R. 2019. Phenotypes, production systems and reproductive performance of indigenous chickens in contemporary Rwanda. Int J Livestock Prod. 10(10):213–231. doi:10.5897/IJLP2019.0618.
  • Hosny FA. 2006. The structure and importance of the commercial and village based poultry system in Egypt. In: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Poultry Sector Country Review: 1–39; [Accessed 8 Jul 2022]. https://www.fao.org/3/ai355e/ai355e.pdf.
  • Idowu P, Mpayipheli M, Muchenje V. 2018b. Productive and reproductive performances of indigenous chicken under different rearing system. Am J Animal Vet Sci. 14(1):33–39. doi:10.3844/ajavsp.2019.33.39.
  • Idowu PA, Mpayipheli M, Muchenje V. 2018a. Practices, housing and diseases within indigenous poultry production in Eastern Cape, South Africa. J Agric Sci. 10:111–121. doi:10.5539/JAS.V10N11P111.
  • Juma N, Ondwasy HO. 2002. Improved management of indigenous chicken: sustainable technologies contributing to the socio-economic welfare of rural households. Proceedings of 8th Kenya Agricultural Research Institute Biennial Scientific Conference, Nairobi, Kenya; p. 359–364.
  • Kaag M, Baltissen G, Steel G, Lodder A. 2019. Migration, youth, and land in West Africa: making the connections work for inclusive development. Land (Basel). 8:60. doi:10.3390/land8040060.
  • Kamaruzzaman M, Chowdhury SD, Podder CK, Pramanik MA. 2005. Dried papaya skin as a dietary ingredient for broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci. 46(3):390–393. doi:10.1080/00071660500126631.
  • Kassa B, Tadesse Y, Esatu W, Dessie T. 2021. On-farm comparative evaluation of production performance of tropically adapted exotic chicken breeds in western Amhara, Ethiopia. J Appl Poult Res. 30:4. doi:10.1016/j.japr.2021.100194.
  • Kassambara I. 1989. La production avicole au Mali: problèmes et perspectives. Proceedings of an International Workshop on Rural Poultry Development in Africa, 13–16 Nov 1989, Iie-Ife, Nigeria; p. 140–150.
  • Khan SH. 2017. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) as feed ingredient in poultry diets. Worlds Poult Sci J. 73:77–88. doi:10.1017/S0043933916000805.
  • Khobondo JO, Muasya TK, Miyumo S, Okeno TO, Wasike CB, Mwakubambanya R, Kingori AM, Kahi AK. 2015. Genetic and nutrition development of indigenous chicken in Africa. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 27:7. [Accessed July 30, 2022] http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd27/7/khob27122.html.
  • Kingori AM, Wachira AM, Tuitoek JK. 2010. Indigenous chicken production in Kenya: a review. Int J Poult Sci. 9:309–316. doi:10.3923/ijps.2010.309.316.
  • Kpomasse CC, Oke OE, Houndonougbo FM, Tona K. 2021. Broiler production challenges in the tropics: a review. Vet Med Sci. 7(3):831–842. doi:10.1002/vms3.435.
  • Krishna D, Ramarao SV, Prakash B, Preetham VC. 2012. Growth performance and survivability of rajasree birds under deep litter and scavenging systems. Int J Poult Sci. 11:621–623. doi:10.3923/ijps.2012.621.623.
  • Kugonza DR, Kyarisiima CC, Iisa A. 2008. Indigenous chicken flocks of Eastern Uganda: I. Productivity, management and strategies for better performance. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 20:137. Retrieved July 26, 2022, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/9/kugo20137.htm.
  • Kuit HG, Traore A, Wilson RT. 1986. Livestock production in central Mali: Ownership, management and productivity of poultry in the traditional sector. Trop Anim Health Prod. 18:222–231. doi:10.1007/BF02359538.
  • Kusina JF, Kusina NT. 1999. Feasibility study of agricultural and household activities as they relate to livestock production in Guruve District of Mashonaland Central Province with emphasis on village chicken production. Report Prepared for Household Agricultural Support Programme, Harare, Zimbabwe. p. 129.
  • Kyarishma CC, Kugonza DR, Twesigye CK. 2004. The potential role of Ugandan indigenous chicken in poverty alleviation. Ugandan J. 50:85–90; [accessed 31 Jul 2022]. http://makir.mak.ac.ug/bitstream/handle/10570/1406/kyarisiima-kugonza-twesigye-agric-res.pdf?sequence=1.
  • Lamaro M. 2018. Review on available feed resources and feeding practice of village chicken: Ethiopia. Int Invent Sci J. 2(6):223–228; [accessed 31 Jul 2022]. https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/api/file/viewByFileId/493345.pdf.
  • Lasagna E, Ceccobelli S, Cardinali I, Perini F, Bhadra U, Thangaraj K, Dababani RC, Rai N, Sarti FM, Lancioni H, Ige AO. 2020. Mitochondrial diversity of Yoruba and Fulani chickens: a biodiversity reservoir in Nigeria. Poult Sci. 99(6):2852–2860. doi:10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.066.
  • Lwelamira J, Katule AM. 2005. Genetic determination of immune responses to Newcastle disease virus vaccine in chickens. Bullet Animal Health Prod Africa. 52(3):186–197. doi:10.4314/bahpa.v52i3.32669.
  • Lwelamira J, Kifaro GC, Gwakisa PS. 2008. On-station and on-farm evaluation of two Tanzania chicken ecotypes for body weights at different ages and for egg production. Afr J Agri Res. 3(12):843–851; [accessed 31 Jul 2022]. http://www.academicjournals.org/ajar/pdf/pdf%202008/Dec/Lwelamira%20et%20al.pdf.
  • Lyimo CM, Weigend A, Janßen-Tapken U, Msoffe PL, Simianer H, Weigend S. 2013. Assessing the genetic diversity of five Tanzanian chicken ecotypes using molecular tools. S Afr J Anim Sci. 43:4. doi:10.4314/sajas.v43i4.7.
  • Magothe TM, Okeno TO, Muhuyi WB, Kahi AK. 2012. Indigenous chicken production in Kenya: I. Current status, small-scale family poultry production. Worlds Poult Sci J. 68:119–132. doi:10.1017/S0043933912000128.
  • Mahoro J, Muasya TK, Mbuza F, Habimana R, Kahi AK. 2017. Characterization of indigenous chicken production systems in Rwanda. Poult Sci. 96(12):4245–4252. doi:10.3382/ps/pex240.
  • Makinde OJ. 2015. Maggot meal: A sustainable protein source for livestock production-a review. Advances in Life Science and Technology. 31; [accessed 19 Aug 2022]. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234687131.pdf.
  • Malatji DP, Tsotetsi AM, van Marle-Koster E, Muchadeyi FC. 2016. A description of village chicken production systems and prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites: case studies in Limpopo and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 83(1):968. doi:10.4102/ojvr.v83i1.968.
  • Mammo ME, Tamir B, Tadelle D. 2008. Village chicken characteristics and their seasonal production situation in Jamma District, South Wollo, Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 20; [accessed 19 Aug 2022]. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/7/meng20109.htm.
  • Manyelo TG, Selaledi L, Hassan ZM, Mabelebele M. 2020. Local chicken breeds of Africa: their description. Uses and conservation methods. Animals. 10(12):2257. doi:10.3390/ani10122257.
  • Martínez Y, León AB, Gebeyew K. 2020. Effect of palm kernel meal inclusion on growth performance, immune and visceral organ weights and cecal lactic acid bacteria in neonatal broilers. Int J Poult Sci. 19:257–264. doi:10.3923/ijps.2020.257.264.
  • Mazimpaka E, Tukei M, Shyaka A, Gatari EN. 2018. Poultry production and constraints in Eastern Province of Rwanda: case study of Rukomo sector, Nyagatare district. Trop Anim Health Prod. 50(4):753–759. doi:10.1007/s11250-017-1491-5.
  • Mbuza F, Denis M, Janvier M, Xavier R. 2016. Characterization of low cost village Poultry production in Rwanda. Int J Livestock Prod. 7(9):76–82. doi:10.5897/ijlp2016.0300.
  • Mbuza F, Manishimwe R, Mahoro J, Simbankabo T, Nishimwe K. 2017. Characterization of broiler poultry production system in Rwanda. Trop Anim Health Prod. 49:71–77. doi:10.1007/s11250-016-1160-0.
  • Menge EO, Kosgey IS, Kahi AK. 2005. Bio-economic model to support breeding of indigenous chicken in different production systems. Int J Poult Sci. 4:827–839. doi:10.3923/ijps.2005.827.839.
  • Mengesha Y, Kebede E, Getachew A. 2022. Review of chicken productive and reproductive performance and its challenges in Ethiopia. All Life. 15(1):118–125. doi:10.1080/26895293.2021.2024894.
  • Mersha SF, Senbeta EK. 2020. Chicken reproductive performance in Ethiopia: review. Turkish J Agri Food Sci Technol. 8(8):1755–1762. doi:10.24925/turjaf.v8i8.1755-1762.3501.
  • Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI). 2012. Strategic and investment plan to strengthen the animal genetic improvement in Rwanda. Retrieved May 16, 2022 from: http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/rwa170087.pdf.
  • Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MALF). 2015. Annual report 2015, Republic of Kenya. Retrieved Jul 16, 2022 from: http://academia-ke.org/library/download/malf-economic-review-of-agriculture-2015/#.
  • Missohou A, Dieye PN, Talaki E. 2002. Rural poultry production and productivity in Southern Senegal. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 14:2; [accessed July 31, 2022] https://www.lrrd.cipav.org.co/lrrd14/2/miss142.htm.
  • Mmereole F. 2009. Evaluation of dietary inclusion of sweet potato (Ipoma batatas) leaf meal (SPLM) with and without enzyme treatment in broiler diets. Pak J Nutri. 8:841–844. doi:10.3923/pjn.2009.841.844.
  • Moges T, Mellesse A, Dessie T. 2010. Assessment of village chicken production system and evaluation of the productive and reproductive performance of local chicken ecotype in Bure district, North West Ethiopia. Afr J Agri Res. 5(13):1739–1748. Accessed July 31, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/2484.
  • Mopate LY. 2010. Revue du secteur avicole du Tchad. Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture (FAO), Rome, Italy. Retrieved Jul 31, 2022 from: https://www.fao.org/documents/card/fr/c/6720b732-fbdc-5fdf-aca7-7325dbff80fc/.
  • Moreda E, Hareppal S, Johansson A, Sisaye T, Sahile Z. 2013. Characteristics of indigenous chicken production system in south west and south part of Ethiopia. Br J Poult Sci. 2(3):25–32. doi:10.5829/idosi.bjps.2013.2.3.7526.
  • Morgan NK, Choct M. 2016. Review article cassava: Nutrient composition and nutritive value in poultry diets. Animal Nutr. 2:253–261. doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2016.08.010.
  • Moujahed AR, Haddad B. 2013. Performance, livability, carcass yield and meat quality of tunisian local poultry and fast-growing genotype (arbor acres) fed standard diet and raised outdoor access. J Animal Prod Adv. 3:75–85. doi:10.5455/JAPA.20130305122741.
  • Moula N, Antoine-Moussiaux N, Farnir F, Philippart M, Leroy P. 2009. Performances zootechniques de la poule Ardennaise, une race ancienne pour le futur? Annale de Médecine Vétérinaire. 153:66–75. Retrieved Jul 31, 2022 from: http://www.facmv.ulg.ac.be/amv/articles/2009_153_1_05.pdf.
  • Moula N, Detiffe N, Farnir F, Antoine-Moussiaux N, Leroy P. 2012. Aviculture familiale au Bas-Congo, République Démocratique du Congo (RDC). Livestock Research for Rural Development. 24:74. Retrieved Jul 27, 2022 from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/5/moul24074.htm.
  • Moula N, Diaw MT, Salhi A, Farnir F, Antoine-Moussiaux N, Leroy P. 2013. Egg production performance of the local Kabyle Hen and its crossbreeds with ISA-brown strain in semi-intensive conditions. Int J Poult Sci. 12:148–152. doi:10.3923/ijps.2013.148.152.
  • Moussa HO, Keambou TC, Hima K, Issa S, Motsa’a SJ, Bakasso Y. 2019. Indigenous chicken production in Niger. Vet Animal Sci. 7:100040. doi:10.1016/j.vas.2018.11.001.
  • Mpenda FN, Schilling MA, Campbell Z, Mngumi EB, Buza J. 2019. The genetic diversity of local African chickens: a potential for selection of chickens resistant to viral infections. J Appl Poult Res. 28(1):1–12. doi:10.3382/japr/pfy063.
  • Mtileni BJ, Muchadeyi FC, Maiwashe A, Chimonyo M, Dzama K. 2012. Conservation and utilization of indigenous chicken genetic resources in Southern Africa. Worlds Poult Sci J. 68:727–748. doi:10.1017/S0043933912000852.
  • Muchadeyi FC, Sibanda S, Kusina NT, Kusina J, Makuza SM. 2004. The village chicken production system in Rushinga District of Zimbabwe. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 16. Retrieved Jul 31, 2022 from: http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd/lrrd16/6/much16040.htm.
  • Muchadeyi FC, Wollny CBA, Eding H, Weigend S, Makuza SM, Simianer H. 2007. Variation in village chicken production systems among agro-ecological zones of Zimbabwe. Trop Anim Health Prod. 39:453–461. doi:10.1007/s11250-007-9050-0.
  • Mugumaarhahama Y, Ayagirwe RBB, Mutwedu VB, Sadiki JM, Baenyi P, Mushagalusa AC, Bisimwa E B. 2016. Caractérisation des systèmes de production de poule locale dans deux zones agro-écologiques du Sud-Kivu (République Démocratique du Congo). Livestock Research for Rural Development. 28:7. Retrieved Jul 27, 2022, from: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd28/1/mugu28007.html.
  • Mujyambere A, Adomako K, Olympio SO, Ntawubizi M, Nyinawamwiza L, Mahoro J, Conroy A. 2022. Local chickens in East African region: their production and potential. Poult Sci. 101(1):101547. doi:10.1016/j.psj.2021.101547.
  • Mukarumbwa P, Taruvinga A, Madikizela A. 2021. An analysis of factors that determines the choice of indigenous chicken (IC) owned by rural households in Alice communal area, South Africa. J Agribusiness Rural Develop. 61(3):247–260. doi:10.17306/J.JARD.2021.01436.
  • Mungube EO, Bauni SM, Tenhagen BA, Wamae LW, Nzioka SM, Muhammed L, Nginyi JM. 2008. Prevalence of parasites of the local scavenging chickens in a selected semi-arid zone of Eastern Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod. 40(2):101–109. doi:10.1007/s11250-007-9068-3.
  • Mushi EZ, Binta MG, Chabo RG, Itebeng K. 2006. Diseases of indigenous chickens in Bokaa village, Kgatleng district, Botswana. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 77(3):131–133. Botswana College of Agriculture, Private Bag 0027, Gaborone, Botswana; [accessed Jul 31, 2022] https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC99675.
  • Mwale M, Masika PJ. 2009. Ethno-veterinary control of parasites, management and role of village chickens in rural households of Centane district in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Trop Anim Health Prod. 41:1685–1693. doi:10.1007/s11250-009-9366-z.
  • Mwalusanya NA, Katule AM, Mutayoba SK, Mtambo MM, Olsen JE, Minga UM. 2002. Productivity of local chickens under village management conditions. Trop Anim Health Prod. 34(5):405–416. doi:10.1023/a:1020048327158.
  • Mwamachi DM, Muinga RW, Bimbuzi S, Mwambanga JN. 2000. Experiences in participatory research on improving productivity of indigenous chickens in Kwale district. Proceedings of the 7th Kenya Agricultural Research Institute Biennial Scientific Conference, Nairobi, Kenya; p. 229–235.
  • Mwesigwa M, Semakula J, Lusembo P, Ssenyonjo J, Isabirye R, Lumu R, Namirimu T. 2015. Smallholder local chicken production and available feed resources in central Uganda. Uganda J Agri Sci. 16(1):107–113. doi:10.4314/ujas.v16i1.9.
  • Nahimana G, Missohou A, Ayssiwede SB, Cissé P, Butore J, Touré A. 2016. Pratiques de l’aviculture familiale au Sénégal oriental et en Haute-Casamance. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 28:88. Retrieved Aug 3, 2022 from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd28/5/nahi28088.html.
  • Nakkazi C, Kayitesi A, Mulindwa HE, Kugonza DR, Okot MW. 2014. The status of local chicken (Gallus domesticus) production in Northern Uganda. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 26:198. Retrieved Aug 1, 2022 from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd26/11/nakk26198.html.
  • Nazok A, Rezaei M, Sayyahzadeh H. 2010. Effect of different levels of dried citrus pulp on performance, egg quality, and blood parameters of laying hens in early phase of production. Trop Anim Health Prod. 42(4):737–742. doi:10.1007/s11250-009-9481-x.
  • Ndegwa JM, Kimani CW. 1996. Rural poultry production in Kenya: Research and development strategies. Proceedings of the 5th Kenya Agricultural Research Institute Biennial Scientific Conference, Nairobi, Kenya; p. 511–516.
  • Ndelekwute EK, Akpan IP, Okereke CO, Ekpo KO. 2020. Nutritional effect of cassava peel meal enriched with Calapogonium mucunoides as source of bioactive compounds on meat yield and physiology of broiler chickens. J Vet Med Surg. 4(1):1–8. doi:10.366.48/2575-2868.4.2.28.
  • Ndofor HM, Oleforuh V, Musongong GA, Ohageni J, Duru UE. 2014. Evaluation of growth and reproductive traits of Nigerian local chicken and exotic chicken. Indian J Animal Res. 49:155–160. doi:10.5958/0976-0555.2015.00046.1.
  • Ngueda Djeuta O, Voemesse K, Teteh A, Gbeassor M, Decuypere E, Tona K. 2020. Nutritional effects of dietary inclusion of manihot esculenta crantz leaf on isa brown older layers performance. Int J Poult Sci. 19:142–146. doi:10.3923/ijps.2020.142.146.
  • Ngueda Djeuta OR, Kwassi T, Benjamin AM, Oke O, Okanlawo O, Kokou T. 2022. Use of Manihot esculenta leaves on physiological and production parameters of Sasso breeder hens. Vet Med Sci. 8:1547–1552. doi:10.1002/vms3.797.
  • Nwosu CC, Omeje SSI. 1985. Short-term egg production parameters of the local chicken and its F1 crosses with Gold-Link under two different housing types. East Afr Agri Forest J. 51(1):49–53. doi:10.1080/00128325.1985.11663460.
  • Obanla LO, Oke OE, Onagbesan OM, Williams TJ, Abioja MO, Daramola JO, Abiona JA. 2012. Nutrient utilization during incubation and juvenile growth of indigenous and exotic chicken in Nigeria. Arch Zootec. 62(242):251–258. doi:10.4321/S0004-05922014000200003.
  • Odah EO, Daikwo SI, Luka JS, Ogbu JA. 2019. An assessment of some production and management profile of indigenous chickens of Bekwarra Cross River State, Nigeria. Int J Animal Sci Husbandry Livestock Prod. 5(5):277–284; [accessed 18 Jul 2022]. https://advancedscholarsjournals.org/journal/ijashlp/articles/an-assessment-of-some-production-and-management-profile-of-indigenous-chickens-of-bekwarra-cross-river-state-nigeria.
  • Odunsi AA. 2005. Response of laying hens and growing broilers to the dietary inclusion of mango (Mangifera indica L.) seed kernel meal. Trop Anim Health Prod. 37(2):139–150. doi:10.1023/B:TROP.0000048455.96694.85.
  • Ogunkola IO, Adebisi YA, Imo UF, Odey GO, Esu E, Lucero-Prisno DE. 2020. Rural communities in Africa should not be forgotten in responses to COVID-19. Int J Health Planning Manag. 35(6):1302–1305. doi:10.1002/hpm.3039.
  • Oke OE. 2018. Evaluation of physiological response and performance by supplementation of Curcuma longa in broiler feed under hot humid tropical climate. Trop Anim Health Prod. 50:1071–1077. doi:10.1007/s11250-018-1532-8.
  • Oke OE, Alo ET, Oke FO, Oyebamiji YA, Ijaiya MA, Odefemi MA, Kazeem RY, Soyode AA, Aruwajoye OM, Ojo RT, et al. 2020. Early age thermal manipulation on the performance and physiological response of broiler chickens under hot humid tropical climate. Thermal Biol. 88:1–7. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102517.
  • Oke OE, Emeshili UK, Iyasere OS, Abioja MO, Daramola JO, Ladokun AO, Abiona JA, Williams TJ, Rahman SA, Rotimi SO, et al. 2017. Physiological responses and performance of broiler chickens offered olive leaf extract under hot humid tropical climate. J Appl Poult Res. 26(3):376–382. doi:10.3382/japr/pfx005.
  • Oke OE, Obanla LO, Onagbesan OM. 2014. Dry season juvenile growth and physiological parameters in exotic and Nigerian indigenous chicken. Arch Zootec. 63(242):327–335. doi:10.4321/S0004-05922014000200011.
  • Oke OE, Obanla LO, Onagbesan OM, Daramola JO. 2015. Growth trajectory of the Nigerian indigenous and exotic strains of chicken embryos during incubation under Nigerian condition. Pertanika J Trop Agri. 38(1):45–55; [accessed 18 Jul 2022]. http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/.
  • Oke OE, Uyanga VA, Iyasere OS, Oke FO, Majekdunmi BC, Logunleko MO, Abiona JA, Nwosu EU, Abioja MO, Daramola JA, Onagbesan OM. 2021. Environmental stress and livestock productivity under hot-humid tropics: alleviation and future perspectives. Thermal Biol. 100:Article 103077. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103077.
  • Okitoi LO. 2000. Improvement of poultry production in western Kenya. Proceedings of the end of Agricultural Research Project Phase II Conference, Nairobi, Kenya; p. 227–236.
  • Okitoi LO, Ondwasy HO, Siamba DN, Nkurumah D. 2007. Traditional herbal preparations for indigenous poultry health management in Western Kenya. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 19, Article #72. Retrieved Aug 16, 2022, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd19/5/okit19072.htm.
  • Oluremi OIA, Ojighen VO, Ejembi E H. 2006. The nutritive potential of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) rind in broiler production. Int J Poult Sci. 5:613–617. doi:10.3923/ijps.2006.613.617.
  • Orayaga KT, Oluremi OIA, Tuleun CD, Carew SN. 2017. Utilization of composite mango (Mangifera indica) fruit reject meal in starter broiler chicks feeding. J Exp Agri Int. 17(2):1–9. doi:10.9734/JEAI/2017/30226.
  • Osman SA-M, Yonezawa T, Nishibori M. 2016. Origin and genetic diversity of Egyptian native chickens based on complete sequence of mitochondrial DNA D-loop region. Poult Sci. 95:1248–1256. doi:10.3382/ps/pew029.
  • Padhi MK. 2016. Importance of indigenous breeds of chicken for rural economy and their improvements for higher production performance. Scientifica (Cairo). Article 2604685. doi:10.1155/2016/2604685.
  • Paterson RT, Roothaert RL, Kiruiro E. 2000. The feeding of leaf meal of Calliandra calothyrsus to laying hens. Trop Anim Health Prod. 32(1):51–61. doi:10.1023/a:1005293019581.
  • Pym R. 2013. Poultry genetics and breeding in developing countries. Poultry development review. FAO; [accessed 18 Jul 2022]. https://www.fao.org/3/al725e/al725e.pdf.
  • Raach-Moujahed A, Moujahed N, Haddad B. 2011. Local poultry populations in Tunisia: present and alternatives, a review. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 23; [accessed 23 Jul 2022]. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd23/4/raac23096.htm.
  • Raphulu T, van Rensburg CJ. 2018. Dietary protein and energy requirements of Venda village chickens. J Agri Rural Develop Trop Subtrop. 119(1):95–104; [accessed 16 Jul 2022]. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hebis:34-2018040955192.
  • Ravindran V. 2010. Poultry feed availability and nutrition in developing countries 56. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 16 Jul 2022 from, https://www.fao.org/3/al707e/al707e00.pdf.
  • Riise JC, Permin A, Kryger KN. 2005. Strategies for developing family poultry production at village level – experiences from West Africa and Asia. World Poult Sci J. 61:15–22. doi:10.1079/WPS200437.
  • Sajeev MV, Singha AK, Venkatasubramanian V. 2012. Training needs of farmers and rural youth: an analysis of Manipur State, India. J Agri Sci. 3(2):103–112. doi:10.1080/09766898.2012.11884691.
  • Samanta I, Joardar SN, Das PK. 2018. Chapter 14 – biosecurity strategies for backyard poultry: a controlled way for safe food production. In: Handbook of food bioengineering, food control and biosecurity. Academic Press; p. 481–517. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-811445-2.00014-3.
  • Sambo E, Bettridge J, Dessie T, Amare A, Habte T, Wigley P, Christley RM. 2015. Participatory evaluation of chicken health and production constraints in Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med. 118:117–127. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.10.014.
  • Sebushahu T. 2008. Poultry sector country review, Burundi, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Retrieved Jul 16, 2022 from: https://www.fao.org/documents/card/fr/c/ef5ae687-bbc0-557b-9868-b45f6e53a4b6/.
  • Simbizi V, Moerane R, Ramsay G, Mubamba C, Abolnik C, Gummow B. 2021. A study of rural chicken farmers, diseases and remedies in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Prev Vet Med. 194:Article 105430. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105430.
  • Sonaiya EB. 2007. Family poultry, food security and the impact of HPAI. World Poult Sci J. 63(1):132–138. doi:10.1017/s0043933907001353.
  • Sonaiya EB, Swan SEJ. 2004. Production en aviculture familiale: un manuel technique, Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO). Retrieved Jul 08, 2022 from, https://duddal.org/files/original/08c666631e86021ea48878f549579b1ca656184e.pdf.
  • Sori T, Eshetu A, Tesfaye A, Garoma A, Mengistu S. 2016. Seroprevalence of newcastle disease in backyard chickens in Sebata Hawas District, Central Ethiopia. World Appl Sci J. 34(5):540–544. doi:10.5829/idosi.wasj.2016.34.5.10348.
  • Ssewannyana E, Ssali A, Kasadha T, Dhikusooka M, Kasoma P, Kalema J, Kwatotyo BA, Aziku L. 2008. On-farm characterization of indigenous chickens in Uganda. J Animal Plant Sci. 1(2):33–37; [accessed 31 Jul 2022]. https://www.m.elewa.org/JAPS/2008/1.2/1.pdf.
  • Sujatha T, Abhinaya S, Sunder J, Thangapandian M, Kundu A. 2017. Efficacy of early chick nutrition with Aloe vera and Azadirachta indica on gut health and histomorphometry in chicks. Vet World. 10(6):569–573. doi:10.14202/vetworld.2017.569-573.
  • Sundu B, Kumar A, Dingle J. 2006. Palm kernel meal in broiler diets: effect on chicken performance and health. Worlds Poult Sci J. 62(2):316–325. doi:10.1079/WPS2005100.
  • Syakalima M, Simuunza M, Zulu V. 2017. Chicken diseases and their ethno-botanical treatments among the rural poor in southern Zambia, Africa. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 29. Article #13. Retrieved Aug 16, 2022 from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd29/1/syak29013.htm.
  • Tadelle D, Fasil G. 2016. The Potchefstroom Koekoek Breed. African Chicken Genetic Gains. The International Livestock Research Institute: Nairobi, Kenya. Retrieved Aug 30, 2020 from, https://bit.ly/2AtgSLF.
  • Tadelle D, Million T, Alemu Y, Peters KJ. 2003. Village chicken production systems in Ethiopia: 1. Flock characteristics and performance. Livestock Research for rural development. 15:1. Retrieved Jul 31, 2022 from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd15/1/tadea151.htm.
  • Tashi T, Dorji N. 2014. Variation in qualitative traits in Bhutanese indigenous chickens. Animal Genet Res. 54:73–77. doi:10.1017/S2078633614000071.
  • Tolasa B. 2021. Current status of indigenous and highly productive chicken breeds in Ethiopia. Adv Agri. Article ID 8848388. doi:10.1155/2021/8848388.
  • Van der Klis JD, Kwakernaak C, Jansman A, Blok M. 2010. Energy in poultry diets: Adjusted AME or net energy. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Australian Poultry Science Sumposium, Sydney, New South Wales, 1–3 Feb; p. 44–49.
  • Van Marle-Köster E, Casey NH. 2001. Phenotypic characterisation of native chicken lines in South Africa. Animal Genet Res. 29:71–78. doi:10.1017/S1014233900001425.
  • Wani CE, Yousif IA, Ibrahim ME, Musa HH, Elamin KM. 2014. Morphological, reproductive and productive characteristics of Sudanese native chicken. Animal Genet Res. 54:33–41. doi:10.1017/s2078633614000137.
  • Wasti S, Sah N, Mishra B. 2020. Impact of heat stress on poultry health and performances, and potential mitigation strategies. Animals (Basel). 10(8):1266. doi:10.3390/ani10081266.
  • Wen C, Yan W, Zheng J, Ji C, Zhang D, Sun C, Yang N. 2018. Feed efficiency measures and their relationships with production and meat quality traits in slower growing broilers. Poult Sci. 97(7):2356–2364. doi:10.3382/ps/pey062.
  • Willems OW, Miller SP, Wood BJ. 2013. Assessment of residual body weight gain and residual intake and body weight gain as feed efficiency traits in the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Genet Select Evol. 45(1):26. doi:10.1186/1297-9686-45-26.
  • Wimmers K, Ponsuksili S, Hardge T, Valle-Zarate A, Mathur PK, Horst P. 2000. Genetic distinctness of Africa, Asian and South American Local chickens. Anim Genet. 31:159–165. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2052.2000.00605.x.
  • Wong JT, Bruyn JD, Bagnol B, Grieve H, Li M, Pym R, Alders RG. 2017. Small-scale poultry and food security in resource-poor settings: A review. Glob Food Sec. 15:43–52. doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2017.04.003.
  • Xu Z, Ji C, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Nie Q, Xu J, Zhang D, Zhang X. 2016. Combination analysis of genome-wide association and transcriptome sequencing of residual feed intake in quality chickens. BMC Genom. 17:594. doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2861-5.
  • Yacouba Z, Gnanda BI, Houaga I, Kere M, Traore B, Zongo M, Bamouni S, Traore PA, Zangre M, Rekaya R, Nianogo AJ. 2021. Morpho-biometric evaluation of the genetic diversity of local chicken ecotypes in four regions (Centre-East, Sahel, Centre-North and South-West) of Burkina Faso. Int J Poult Sci. 20:231–242. doi:10.3923/ijps.2021.231.242.
  • Yemane N, Tamir B, Belihu K. 2014. Characterization of village chicken production performance under scavenging system in Halaba district of southern Ethiopia. Ethiop Vet J. 17(1):68–80. doi:10.4314/evj.v17i1.6.
  • Yi Z, Li X, Luo W, Xu Z, Ji C, Zhang Y, Nie Q, Zhang D, Zhang X. 2018. Feed conversion ratio, residual feed intake and cholecystokinin type A receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with feed intake and average daily gain in a Chinese local chicken population. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 9:50. doi:10.1186/s40104-018-0261-1.
  • Younger P. 2004. Using the Internet to conduct a literature search. Nurs Stand. 19(6):45–51. doi:10.7748/ns2004.10.19.6.45.c3728.
  • Youssouf ML, Vounparet Z, Youssouf IA. 2014. Composition of farmyard chicken, production practices and season effect on the reproductive parameters of local hens in the regions of Eastern Chad. Int J Agron Agri Res. 4(1):67–75; [accessed 31 Jul 2022]. http://www.innspub.net.
  • Yuan J, Dou T, Ma M, Yi G, Chen S, Qu L, Shen M, Qu L, Wang K, Yang N. 2015. Genetic parameters of feed efficiency traits in laying period of chickens. Poult Sci. 94:1470–1475. doi:10.3382/ps/pev122.
  • Yusuf SFG, Lategan FS, Masika PJ. 2014. Characterization of indigenous poultry production systems in the Nkonkobe municipality, Eastern Cape province South Africa. J Agri Sci. 5(1–2):31–44. doi:10.1080/09766898.2014.11884710.