736
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Adaptogenic Ashwagandha root extract modulates inflammatory markers in feline stress management: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial

, , , , , , , , & show all
Article: 2335921 | Received 30 Nov 2023, Accepted 22 Mar 2024, Published online: 11 Apr 2024

References

  • Abedon B, Auddy B, Hazra J, Mitra A, Ghosal S. 2008. A standardized Withania somnifera extract significantly reduces stress-related parameters in chronically stressed humans: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Jana. 11:50–56.
  • Aegerter J, Fouracre D, Smith GC. 2017. A first estimate of the structure and density of the populations of pet cats and dogs across Great Britain. PLoS One. 12:e0174709. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174709.
  • Ahmed W, Mofed D, Zekri A-R, El-Sayed N, Rahouma M, Sabet S. 2018. Antioxidant activity and apoptotic induction as mechanisms of action of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) against a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. J Int Med Res. 46:1358–1369. doi:10.1177/0300060517752022.
  • Amat M, Camps T, Manteca X. 2016. Stress in owned cats: behavioural changes and welfare implications. J Feline Med Surg. 18:577–586. doi:10.1177/1098612X15590867.
  • Applebaum JW, Peek CW, Zsembik BA. 2023. Examining U.S. pet ownership using the general social survey. Soc Sci J. 60:110–119. doi:10.1080/03623319.2020.1728507.
  • Behnke AC, Vitale KR, Udell MA. 2021. The effect of owner presence and scent on stress resilience in cats. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 243:105444. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105444.
  • Bellezza I, Giambanco I, Minelli A, Donato R. 2018. Nrf2-Keap1 signaling in oxidative and reductive stress. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Molecular Cell Research. 1865:721–733. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.02.010.
  • Bharti VK, Malik JK, Gupta RC. 2016. Ashwagandha: multiple health benefits. Nutraceuticals. 717–733.
  • Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharya A, Sairam K, Ghosal S. 2000. Anxiolytic-antidepressant activity of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides: an experimental study. Phytomedicine. 7:463–469. doi:10.1016/S0944-7113(00)80030-6.
  • Bhattacharya S, Muruganandam A. 2003. Adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: an experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 75:547–555. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00110-2.
  • Chandrasekhar K, Kapoor J, Anishetty S. 2012. A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults. Indian J Psychol Med. 34:255–262. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.106022.
  • Chelpuri Y, Pabbathi S, Alla GR, Yadala RK, Kamishetti M, Banothu AK, Boinepally R, Bharani KK, Khurana A. 2022. Tropolone derivative hinokitiol ameliorates cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 109:108915. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108915.
  • Chida Y, Sudo N, Kubo C. 2006. Does stress exacerbate liver diseases? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 21:202–208. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04110.x.
  • Choudhary D, Bhattacharyya S, Bose S. 2017. Efficacy and safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) dunal) root extract in improving memory and cognitive functions. J Diet Suppl. 14:599–612. doi:10.1080/19390211.2017.1284970.
  • Contreras ET, Vanderstichel R, Hovenga C, Lappin MR. 2021. Evaluation of hair and nail cortisol concentrations and associations with behavioral, physical, and environmental indicators of chronic stress in cats. J Vet Intern Med. 35:2662–2672. doi:10.1111/jvim.16283.
  • Coppolino G, Leonardi G, Andreucci M, Bolignano D. 2019. Oxidative stress and kidney function: a brief update. Curr Pharm Des. 24:4794–4799. doi:10.2174/1381612825666190112165206.
  • De Leon JAD, Borges CR. 2020. Evaluation of oxidative stress in biological samples using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments). e61122.
  • Desborough J. 2000. The stress response to trauma and surgery. Br J Anaesth. 85:109–117. doi:10.1093/bja/85.1.109.
  • Enders-Slegers M-J, Hediger K. 2019. Pet ownership and human–animal interaction in an aging population: rewards and challenges. Anthrozoös. 32:255–265. doi:10.1080/08927936.2019.1569907.
  • Foreman-Worsley R, Finka LR, Ward SJ, Farnworth MJ. 2021. Indoors or outdoors? An international exploration of owner demographics and decision making associated with lifestyle of pet cats. Animals (Basel). 11:253. doi:10.3390/ani11020253.
  • González-Ramírez MT, Landero-Hernández R. 2021. Pet–human relationships: dogs versus cats. Animals (Basel). 11:2745. doi:10.3390/ani11092745.
  • Halliwell B. 1999. Antioxidant defence mechanisms: from the beginning to the end (of the beginning). Free Radical Res. 31:261–272. doi:10.1080/10715769900300841.
  • Hewagalamulage SD, Lee T, Clarke I, Henry B. 2016. Stress, cortisol, and obesity: a role for cortisol responsiveness in identifying individuals prone to obesity. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 56:S112–S120. doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.03.004.
  • Hu D, Wan L, Chen M, Caudle Y, LeSage G, Li Q, Yin D. 2014. Essential role of IL-10/STAT3 in chronic stress-induced immune suppression. Brain Behav Immun. 36:118–127. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.016.
  • Hueston CM, Deak T. 2014. The inflamed axis: the interaction between stress, hormones, and the expression of inflammatory-related genes within key structures comprising the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Physiol Behav. 124:77–91. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.10.035.
  • Ighodaro O, Akinloye O. 2018. First line defence antioxidants-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX): their fundamental role in the entire antioxidant defence grid. Alexandria Journal of Medicine. 54:287–293. doi:10.1016/j.ajme.2017.09.001.
  • Jadeja RN, Urrunaga NH, Dash S, Khurana S, Saxena NK. 2015. Withaferin-A reduces acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Biochem Pharmacol. 97:122–132. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2015.07.024.
  • Karatsoreos IN, McEwen BS. 2011. Psychobiological allostasis: resistance, resilience and vulnerability. Trends Cogn Sci. 15:576–584.
  • Katsu Y, Baker ME. 2021. Cortisol, Handbook of hormones. Elsevier; 947–949.
  • Kaur J, Seshadri S, Golla KH, Sampara P. 2022. Efficacy and safety of standardized ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract on reducing stress and anxiety in domestic dogs: a randomized controlled trial. J Vet Behav. 51:8–15. doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2022.03.002.
  • Kim Y-K, Maes M. 2003. The role of the cytokine network in psychological stress. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 15:148–155. doi:10.1034/j.1601-5215.2003.00026.x.
  • Kumar S, Phaneuf D, Julien J-P. 2021. Withaferin-A treatment alleviates TAR DNA-binding protein-43 pathology and improves cognitive function in a mouse model of FTLD. Neurotherapeutics. 18:286–296. doi:10.1007/s13311-020-00952-0.
  • Laugero KD, Moberg GP. 2000. Energetic response to repeated restraint stress in rapidly growing mice. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 279:E33–E43. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.1.E33.
  • Lee J, Liu J, Feng X, Salazar Hernández MA, Mucka P, Ibi D, Choi JW, Ozcan U. 2016. Withaferin A is a leptin sensitizer with strong antidiabetic properties in mice. Nat Med. 22:1023–1032. doi:10.1038/nm.4145.
  • Liu Y-Z, Wang Y-X, Jiang C-L. 2017. Inflammation: the common pathway of stress-related diseases. Front Hum Neurosci. 11:316. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00316.
  • Martens P, Su B, Deblomme S. 2019. The ecological paw print of companion dogs and cats. BioScience. 69:467–474. doi:10.1093/biosci/biz044.
  • McMichael MA. 2007. Oxidative stress, antioxidants, and assessment of oxidative stress in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 231:714–720. doi:10.2460/javma.231.5.714.
  • Minamoto Y, Otoni CC, Steelman SM, Büyükleblebici O, Steiner JM, Jergens AE, Suchodolski JS. 2015. Alteration of the fecal microbiota and serum metabolite profiles in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Microbes. 6:33–47. doi:10.1080/19490976.2014.997612.
  • Peddakkulappagari CS, Saifi MA, Khurana A, Anchi P, Singh M, Godugu C. 2019. Withaferin A ameliorates renal injury due to its potent effect on inflammatory signaling. Biofactors. 45:750–762. doi:10.1002/biof.1534.
  • Prasad KN. 2016. Simultaneous activation of Nrf2 and elevation of antioxidant compounds for reducing oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in human Alzheimer's disease. Mech Ageing Dev. 153:41–47. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2016.01.002.
  • Priyanka G, Anil Kumar B, Lakshman M, Manvitha V, Kumar BK. 2020. Adaptogenic and immunomodulatory activity of Ashwagandha root extract: An experimental study in an equine model. Front Vet Sci. 7:541112. doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.541112.
  • Rahman I, Kode A, Biswas SK. 2006. Assay for quantitative determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide levels using enzymatic recycling method. Nat Protoc. 1:3159–3165. doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.378.
  • Renushe AP, Banothu AK, Bharani KK, Mekala L, Kumar JM, Neeradi D, Hanuman DDV, Gadige A, Khurana A. 2022. Vincamine, an active constituent of Vinca rosea ameliorates experimentally induced acute lung injury in Swiss albino mice through modulation of Nrf-2/NF-κB signaling cascade. Int Immunopharmacol. 108:108773. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108773.
  • Rutherfurd-Markwick K, Hendriks W, Morel P, Thomas D. 2013. The potential for enhancement of immunity in cats by dietary supplementation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 152:333–340. doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.01.007.
  • Saleem S, Muhammad G, Hussain MA, Altaf M, Bukhari SNA. 2020. Withania somnifera L.: insights into the phytochemical profile, therapeutic potential, clinical trials, and future prospective. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 23:1501.
  • Sayed N, Khurana A, Godugu C. 2019a. Pharmaceutical perspective on the translational hurdles of phytoconstituents and strategies to overcome. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 53:101201. doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101201.
  • Sayed N, Khurana A, Saifi MA, Singh M, Godugu C. 2019b. Withaferin A reverses bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis by modulating extracellular matrix deposition: role of LOXL2/Snail1, vimentin, and NFκB signaling. Biofactors. 45:959–974. doi:10.1002/biof.1546.
  • Shahid S. 2016. Review of hematological indices of cancer patients receiving combined chemotherapy & radiotherapy or receiving radiotherapy alone. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 105:145–155. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.06.001.
  • Short I. 2022. AVMA news. 2:2–4.
  • Sikandan A, Shinomiya T, Nagahara Y. 2018. Ashwagandha root extract exerts anti-inflammatory effects in HaCaT cells by inhibiting the MAPK/NF-κB pathways and by regulating cytokines. Int J Mol Med. 42:425–434.
  • Smith J, Allen S, Quandt J. 1999. Changes in cortisol concentration in response to stress and postoperative pain in client-owned cats and correlation with objective clinical variables. Am J Vet Res. 60:432–436. doi:10.2460/ajvr.1999.60.04.432.
  • Spada E, Proverbio D, Baggiani L, Canzi I, Perego R. 2016. Hematological reference values for stray colony cats of northern Italy. Comp Clin Path. 25:903–910. doi:10.1007/s00580-016-2280-7.
  • Stella J, Croney C, Buffington T. 2013. Effects of stressors on the behavior and physiology of domestic cats. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 143:157–163. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2012.10.014.
  • Tekula S, Khurana A, Anchi P, Godugu C. 2018. Withaferin-A attenuates multiple low doses of Streptozotocin (MLD-STZ) induced type 1 diabetes. Biomed Pharmacother. 106:1428–1440. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.090.
  • Tharakan A, Shukla H, Benny IR, Tharakan M, George L, Koshy S. 2021. Immunomodulatory effect of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) extract—a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial with an open label extension on healthy participants. J Clin Med. 10:3644. doi:10.3390/jcm10163644.
  • Tian T, Wang Z, Zhang J. 2017. Pathomechanisms of oxidative stress in inflammatory bowel disease and potential antioxidant therapies. Oxid Med Cell Longevity. 2017:4535194.
  • Tiruveedi VL, Bale S, Khurana A, Godugu C. 2018. Withaferin A, a novel compound of Indian ginseng (Withania somnifera), ameliorates Cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis: possible role of oxidative stress and inflammation. Phytother Res. 32:2586–2596. doi:10.1002/ptr.6200.
  • Todorova I, Simeonova G, Kyuchukova D, Dinev D, Gadjeva V. 2005. Reference values of oxidative stress parameters (MDA, SOD, CAT) in dogs and cats. Comp Clin Path. 13:190–194. doi:10.1007/s00580-005-0547-5.
  • Umamaheswaran S, Dasari SK, Yang P, Lutgendorf SK, Sood AK. 2018. Stress, inflammation, and eicosanoids: an emerging perspective. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 37:203–211. doi:10.1007/s10555-018-9741-1.
  • Verma N, Gupta SK, Tiwari S, Mishra AK. 2021. Safety of ashwagandha root extract: a randomized, placebo-controlled, study in healthy volunteers. Complement Ther Med. 57:102642. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102642.
  • Wankhede S, Langade D, Joshi K, Sinha SR, Bhattacharyya S. 2015. Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 12:43. doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0104-9.
  • Yang K, Deng X, Jian S, Zhang M, Wen C, Xin Z, Zhang L, Tong A, Ye S, Liao P. 2022. Gallic acid alleviates gut dysfunction and boosts immune and antioxidant activities in puppies under environmental stress based on microbiome–metabolomics analysis. Front Immunol. 12:813890. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.813890.
  • Yaribeygi H, Panahi Y, Sahraei H, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. 2017. The impact of stress on body function: A review. EXCLI J. 16:1057.