Overcoming gender bias in the digital economy. Empirical evidence for European countries

References

• Aghion, P., Askenazy, P., Berman, N., Cette, G., & Eymard, L. (2012). Credit constraints and the cyclicality of R&D investment: Evidence from France. Journal of the European Economic Association, 10(5), 1001–1024. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2012.01093.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, A., & Hatakka, M. (2017). Victim, mother, or untapped resource? Discourse analysis of the construction of women in ICT policies. Information Technologies & International Development, 13, 72–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman, J. (2021). Women in the smart machine age: Addressing emerging risks of an increased gender gap in the accounting profession. Journal of Accounting Education, 55, 100715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccedu.2021.100715
   Google Scholar
• Azomahou, T., Laisney, F., & Van, P. N. (2006). Economic development and CO2 emissions: A nonparametric panel approach. Journal of Public Economics, 90(6–7), 1347–1363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrientos-Marín, J., Fu, N., Millán, J. M., & van Stel, A. (2021). ICT usage at work as a way to reduce the gender earnings gap among European entrepreneurs. In Technology and women’s empowerment (pp. 101–118). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, D., Bawa, S., & Ananthram, S. (2021). Gendered differences in perceived employability among higher education students in STEM and non-STEM disciplines. Perspectives: Policy and Practice in Higher Education, 25(3), 84–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603108.2020.1871090
   Google Scholar
• Blackburn, H. (2017). The status of women in STEM in higher education: A review of the literature 2007–2017. Science & Technology Libraries, 36(3), 235–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/0194262X.2017.1371658
   Google Scholar
• Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2017). The gender wage gap: Extent, trends, and explanations. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(3), 789–865. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20160995
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botrić, V., & Božić, L. (2021). The digital divide and E-government in European economies. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 34(1), 2935–2955. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2020.1863828
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottia, M. C., Stearns, E., Mickelson, R. A., Moller, S., & Valentino, L. (2015). Growing the roots of STEM majors: Female math and science high school faculty and the participation of students in STEM. Economics of Education Review, 45, 14–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2015.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen, T. (2020). Examining students’ perspectives on gender bias in their work-integrated learning placements. Higher Education Research & Development, 39(3), 411–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1677568
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brixiová, Z., Genčev, M., & Imai, S. (2019). The digital gender gap and entrepreneurship in emerging Europe. https://conference.iza.org/conference_files/Transition_2019/brixiova_z6063.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Charles, M., & Bradley, K. (2009). Indulging our gendered selves? Sex segregation by field of study in 44 countries. American Journal of Sociology, 114(4), 924–976. https://doi.org/10.1086/595942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhry, H., Wall, A. E., & Wall, J. L. (2019). Exploring the gender gap in tech companies: Why aren’t there more women? Competition Forum, 17(2), 275–280.
   Google Scholar
• Chavatzia, T. (2017). Cracking the code: Girls’ and women’s education in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). UNESCO. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0025/002534/253479e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cho, S., Goodman, M., Oppenheimer, B., Codling, J., & Robinson, T. (2009). Images of women in STEM fields. Journal of Science Communication, 08(03), A03–5. https://doi.org/10.22323/2.08030203
   Google Scholar
• Cleveland, W. S. (1979). Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(368), 829–836. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10481038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleveland, W. S., & Devlin, S. J. (1988). Locally weighted regression: An approach to regression analysis by local fitting. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(403), 596–610. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1988.10478639
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corneliussen, H. G. (2021). Women empowering themselves to fit into ICT. In Technology and women’s empowerment. Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Cowgill, C., Halper, L., Rios, K., & Crane, P. (2021). “Why so few?”: Differential effects of framing the gender gap in STEM recruitment interventions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(1), 61–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684320965123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davaki, K. (2018). The underlying causes of the digital gender gap and possible solutions for enhanced digital inclusion of women and girls, policy department for citizens’ rights and constitutional affairs. European Parliament.
   Google Scholar
• Dorfman, R. (1979). A formula for the Gini coefficient. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 61(1), 146–149. https://doi.org/10.2307/1924845
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dzogbenuku, R. K., Amoako, G. K., Kumi, D. K., & Bonsu, G. A. (2022). Digital payments and financial wellbeing of the rural poor: The moderating role of age and gender. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 34(2), 113–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/08961530.2021.1917468
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2019). Women in the digital age. European Commission Directorate General for Communications Networks Content and Technology. Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Fana, M., Villani, D., & Bisello, M. (2021). Mind the task: Evidence on persistent gender gaps at the workplace (No. 2021/03). JRC Working Papers Series on Labour, Education and Technology. No. 2021/03, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Seville.
   Google Scholar
• Fatehkia, M., Kashyap, R., & Weber, I. (2018). Using Facebook ad data to track the global digital gender gap. World Development, 107, 189–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.03.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, E., Pande, R., Rigol, N., Schaner, S., & Moore, C. T. (2019). On her own account: How strengthening women’s financial control impacts labor supply and gender norms. Yale University.
   Google Scholar
• Figueroa-Domecq, C., Palomo, J., Flecha-Barrio, M., & Segovia-Perez, M. (2020). Technology double gender gap in tourism business leadership. Information Technology & Tourism, 22(1), 75–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-020-00168-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galyani Moghaddam, G. (2010). Information technology and gender gap: Toward a global view. The Electronic Library, 28(5), 722–733. https://doi.org/10.1108/02640471011081997
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, S. (2022). Gender and financial inclusion: Does technology make a difference? Gender, Technology and Development, 26(2), 195–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2022.2073323
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gini, C. (1912). Variabilità e mutabilità. Reprinted in Memorie di metodologica statistica (E. Pizetti & T. Salvemini). Libreria Eredi Virgilio Veschi.
   Google Scholar
• Global Gender Gap Report. (2017). World Economic Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Global Gender Gap Report. (2018). World Economic Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Global Gender Gap Report. (2020). World Economic Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Global Gender Gap Report. (2021). World Economic Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Gorbacheva, E., Beekhuyzen, J., Vom Brocke, J., & Becker, J. (2019). Directions for research on gender imbalance in the IT profession. European Journal of Information Systems, 28(1), 43–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2018.1495893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, R. M. (2011). Entropy and information theory. Springer Science & Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Hägglund, A. E., & Leuze, K. (2021). Gender differences in STEM expectations across countries: How perceived labor market structures shape adolescents’ preferences. Journal of Youth Studies, 24(5), 634–654. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2020.1755029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, S. W. (2016). National education systems and gender gaps in STEM occupational expectations. International Journal of Educational Development, 49, 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/jijedudev.2016.03.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, N., Vasil, S., & Witt, A. (2021). Digital citizenship in a global society: A feminist approach. Feminist Media Studies, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2021.1937269
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, C., Corbett, C., & St. Rose, A. (2011). Why so few? Women in science, technology, engineering and mathematic. AAUW.
   Google Scholar
• Hintz, A., Dencik, L., & Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2018). Digital citizenship in a datafied society. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Holth, L., Bergman, A., & Mackenzie, R. (2017). Gender, availability, and dual emancipation in the Swedish ICT sector. Work, Employment and Society, 31(2), 230–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017016651378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howcroft, D., & Rubery, J. (2019). ‘Bias in, Bias out’: Gender equality and the future of work debate. Labour & Industry: a Journal of the Social and Economic Relations of Work, 29(2), 213–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/10301763.2019.1619986
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain, F., & Amin, S. N. (2018). ‘I don’t care about their reactions’: Agency and ICTs in women’s empowerment in Afghanistan. Gender & Development, 26(2), 249–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2018.1475924
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, X. (2021). Women in STEM: Ability, preference, and value. Labour Economics, 70, 101991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2021.101991
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, S., & Ginther, D. (2017). Women and STEM (No. w23525). National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Kashyap, R., Fatehkia, M., Tamime, R. A., & Weber, I. (2020). Monitoring global digital gender inequality using the online populations of Facebook and Google. Demographic Research, 43, 779–816. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2020.43.27
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klinger, U., & Svensson, J. (2021). The power of code: Women and the making of the digital world. Information, Communication & Society, 24(14), 2075–2090. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1962947
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koca, G. Ş. (2022). The classification of world countries in terms of Global Gender Gap with using cluster analysis. Women’s Studies International Forum, 92, 102592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2022.102592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkarni, L., & Ghosh, A. (2021). Gender disparity in the digitalization of financial services: Challenges and promises for women’s financial inclusion in India. Gender, Technology and Development, 25(2), 233–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2021.1911022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurniawan, Y., Nurhaeni, I. D. A., & Habsari, S. K. (2018). Gender bias in the workplace: Should women be marginalized in engineering job? IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 306(1), 012132. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/306/1/012132
   Google Scholar
• Kuschel, K., Ettl, K., Díaz-García, C., & Alsos, G. A. (2020). Stemming the gender gap in STEM entrepreneurship–insights into women’s entrepreneurship in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00642-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson, A., & Viitaoia, Y. (2019). Identifying the digital gender divide: How digitalization may affect the future working conditions for women. In The digital transformation of labor (pp. 235–253). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Leaper, C., & Starr, C. R. (2019). Helping and hindering undergraduate women’s STEM motivation: Experiences with STEM encouragement, STEM-related gender bias, and sexual harassment. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 43(2), 165–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684318806302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. A. (2008). Gender equity issues in technology education: A qualitative approach to uncovering the barriers [Ed.D.]. North Carolina State University.
   Google Scholar
• Loader, C. (2012). Smoothing: local regression techniques. In Handbook of computational statistics (pp. 571–596). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• López-Martínez, M., García-Luque, O., & Rodríguez-Pasquín, M. (2021). Digital gender divide and convergence in the European Union countries. Economics, 15(1), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1515/econ-2021-0012
   Google Scholar
• López-Martínez, M., Riquelme Perea, P. J., & de Maya Matallana, M. (2022). Gender equality models in the European Union. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 42(7/8), 605–623. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-04-2021-0092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lütz, F. (2022 April). Gender equality and artificial intelligence in Europe. Addressing direct and indirect impacts of algorithms on gender-based discrimination. In ERA forum (pp. 1–20). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-022-00709-6
   Google Scholar
• Mariscal, J., Mayne, G., Aneja, U., & Sorgner, A. (2019). Bridging the gender digital gap. Economics, 13(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2019-9
   Google Scholar
• Martínez-Cantos, J. L. (2017). Digital skills gaps: A pending subject for gender digital inclusion in the European Union. European Journal of Communication, 32(5), 419–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323117718464
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathrani, A., Sarvesh, T., & Umer, R. (2021). Digital divide framework: Online learning in developing countries during the COVID-19 lockdown. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaniel, A. (2016). The role of cultural contexts in explaining cross-national gender gaps in STEM expectations. European Sociological Review, 32(1), 122–133. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcv078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinsey & Company. (2020). Diversity wins. How inclusion matters. McKinsey & Company.
   Google Scholar
• McKinsey & Company. (2021). Win-win. How empowering women can benefit Central and Eastern Europe. McKinsey & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Milanovic, B. (1997). A simple way to calculate the Gini coefficient, and some implications. Economics Letters, 56(1), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1765(97)00101-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, D. I., Eagly, A. H., & Linn, M. C. (2015). Women’s representation in science predicts national gender-science stereotypes: Evidence from 66 nations. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(3), 631–644. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, R. E., Truong, N. T. K., & Smoke, W. (2018). Underrepresentation of women in Canada’s information and communication technology sector: What can we learn from a Canadian survey of adult skills? Canadian Public Policy, 44(S1), S73–S90. https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2017-073
   Google Scholar
• Munoz Boudet, A. M., Rodriguez Chamussy, L., Chiarella, C., & Oral Savonitto, I. (2021). Women and STEM in Europe and Central Asia [Report No: AUS0002179]. World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Nabin, M. H., Chowdhury, M. T. H., Bhattacharya, S., & Sgro, P. M. (2022). Terrorism and uneven economic development. Economic Modelling, 113, 105870.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nedomová, L., Maryska, M., & Doucek, P. (2017). Unequal wage of men and women in ICT in the Czech Republic? Gender, Technology and Development, 21(1–2), 116–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2017.1385317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicodemo, C. (2009). Gender pay gap and quantile regression in European families. IZA Discussion Papers 3978. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
   Google Scholar
• Noah, R. (2017). Women in STEM: 2017 update (ESA Issue Brief #06-17). US Department of Commerce.
   Google Scholar
• Oberländer, M., Beinicke, A., & Bipp, T. (2020). Digital competencies: A review of the literature and applications in the workplace. Computers & Education, 146, 103752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103752
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. (2017). The pursuit of gender equality: An uphill battle. OECD Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. (2018). Education at a glance 2018: OECD indicators. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/eag-2018-en
   Google Scholar
• Park, J. J., Kim, Y. K., Salazar, C., & Hayes, S. (2020). Student–faculty interaction and discrimination from faculty in STEM: The link with retention. Research in Higher Education, 61(3), 330–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-019-09564-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parteka, A., & Tamberi, M. (2013). Product diversification, relative specialisation and economic development: Import–export analysis. Journal of Macroeconomics, 38, 121–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2013.09.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plantenga, J., & Doneva, D. (2015). The economics of gender equality: A review of the literature in three propositions and two questions. WWW for Europe Working Paper, 104.
   Google Scholar
• Rakowska, A. (2020). Women’s social capital and its role in their professional careers. Human Resource Management, 137(6), 71–94.
   Google Scholar
• Saifuddin, A. B. A., Tam, C. L., Lim, P. C., & Bonn, G. (2019). Examining social support and its relation to worry in Malaysia. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 13, e25. https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2019.18
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sassler, S., Glass, J., Levitte, Y., & Michelmore, K. M. (2017). The missing women in STEM? Assessing gender differentials in the factors associated with transition to first jobs. Social Science Research, 63, 192–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.09.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxena, M., Geiselman, T. A., & Sheng, Z. (2019). Workplace incivility against women in STEM: Insights and best practices. Business Horizons, 62(5), 589–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segovia-Pérez, M., Nuñez, C. B., Sánchez, S. R., & Laguna Sánchez, P. (2020). Being a woman in an ICT job: An analysis of the gender pay gap and discrimination in Spain. New Technology, Work and Employment, 35(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Šestić, M., Rahimić, Z., Bičo Ćar, M., & Hodžić, D. (2020). Global Gender Gap Index: Is it time to measure technology access gap also? In International Conference “New Technologies, Development and Applications” (pp. 924–929). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Sey, A., & Hafkin, N. (Eds.). (2019). Taking stock: Data and evidence on gender equality in digital access, skills and leadership. EQUALS Global Partnership. https://www.itu.int/en/action/genderequality/Documents/EQUALS%20Research%20Report%202019.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, S. M., Bothwell, M., Furman, K., Gaines, L., John, D., Lopez, C., Osei-Kofi, N., Özkan-Haller, H. T., Plaza, D., Ruder, B., & Warner, R. L. (2019). Advancing women in STEM: Institutional transformation. The Lancet, 393(10171), e17–e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30206-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, S. (2017). Bridging the gender digital divide in developing countries. Journal of Children and Media, 11(2), 245–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2017.1305604
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørensen, K. H., & Lagesen, V. A. (2011). The digital gender divide and inclusion strategies. In Technologies of inclusion: Gender in the information society. Tapir Academic Press. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/43/51/40832468.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sovbetov, Y. (2018). Impact of digital economy on female employment: Evidence from Turkey. International Economic Journal, 32(2), 256–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2018.1478868
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, D. (2018). Fear and hope in an age of mass automation: Debating the future of work. New Technology, Work and Employment, 33(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart-Williams, S., & Halsey, L. G. (2021). Men, women and STEM: Why the differences and what should be done? European Journal of Personality, 35(1), 3–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890207020962326
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoet, G., & Geary, D. C. (2018). The gender-equality paradox in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education. Psychological Science, 29(4), 581–593. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617741719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taskin, F., & Zaim, O. (2000). Searching for a Kuznets curve in environmental efficiency using kernel estimation. Economics Letters, 68(2), 217–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1765(00)00250-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thackeray, S. L. (2016). Overcoming the toxic influence of subtle messaging: Utah women who persist in STEM [Ed.D.]. Northeastern University.
   Google Scholar
• Trauth, E. (2017). A research agenda for social inclusion in information systems. ACM SIGMIS Database, 48(2), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1145/3084179.3084182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergés Bosch, N., Freude, L., Almeda Samaranch, E., & González Ramos, A. M. (2021). Women working in ICT: Situation and possibilities of progress in Catalonia and Spain. Gender, Technology and Development, 25(3), 275–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2021.1969783
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicente, M. R., & Muñiz, A. S. G. (2021). A multidimensional analysis of the digital gender gap in European Union Member States. In Technology and women’s empowerment (pp. 84–100). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Vossenberg, S., Rappoldt, A., & D’Anjou, J. (2018). Beyond access: Exploring gender transformative approaches to financial inclusion. IDRC digital library. https://www.kit.nl/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/IDRC_Gender-Transformation-Financial-Inclusion.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vyas, A. N., Malhotra, G., Nagaraj, N. C., & Landry, M. (2020). Gender attitudes in adolescence: Evaluating the Girl Rising gender-sensitization program in India. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 126–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1598450
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wałachowska, A. (2021). Gender and support: Polish women at the beginning of their professional career in IT. In Technology and women’s empowerment (pp. 151–169). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, L. D., & Artzberger, G. H. (2019). Developing women as ICT users: A miniature scoping review of gender and ICTs for development. Gender, Technology and Development, 23(3), 234–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2019.1679330
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Economic Forum. (2021). Global Gender Gap Report 2021. Geneve, Switzerland: World Economic Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Yeganehfar, M., Zarei, A., Isfandyari-Mogghadam, A. R., & Famil-Rouhani, A. A. (2018). Justice in technology policy: A systematic review of gender divide literature and the marginal contribution of women on ICT. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 16(2), 123–137. https://doi.org/10.1108/JICES-06-2017-0038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacharia, C. Z., Hovardas, T., Xenofontos, N., Pavlou, I., & Irakleous, M. (2020). Education and employment of women in science, technology and the digital economy, including AI and its influence on gender equality. Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs Directorate-General for Internal Policies PE 651.042-April 2020.
   Google Scholar