Breaking through the silicon wall: gendered opportunities and risks of new technologies

References

• Abd Wahab, R. I. (2022). Being Female in Male-Dominated Industries: Levelling the Playing Field. Data and Storage ASEAN. https://datastorageasean.com/expert-opinions-opinion-byline/being-female-male-dominated-industries-levelling-playing-field
   Google Scholar
• Abdel-Aal, A. (2020). Distance Learning for Arab Women Empowerment. AMCIS 2020 Proceedings
   Google Scholar
• Babic, A., & Hansez, I. (2021). The Glass Ceiling for Women Managers: Antecedents and Consequences for Work-Family Interface and Well-Being at Work. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 618250–618217. p.1. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.618250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaudry, C., Mouton, J., & Prozesky, H. (2018). The Next Generation of Scientists in Africa. In The Next Generation of Scientists in Africa. African Minds. https://doi.org/10.47622/978-1-928331-93-3
   Google Scholar
• Berlin, G., Darino, L., Greenfield, M., & Starikova, I. (2019, June 7). Women in the healthcare industry. Health Systems and Services, McKinsey & Co. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/healthcare-systems-and-services/our-insights/women-in-the-healthcare-industry
   Google Scholar
• Blickenstaff, J. C. (2005). Women and science careers: leaky pipeline or gender filter? Gender and Education, 17(4 October), 369–386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolukbasi, T., Chang, K., Zou, J., Saligrama, V., & Kalai, A. (2016). Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddings [Paper presentation].30th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2016), Nips, 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Bonder, G. (2015). National Assessments in Gender and STI: Argentina Report. Women in Global Science and Technology (WISAT).
   Google Scholar
• Bonham, K. S., & Stefan, M. I. (2017). Women are underrepresented in computational biology: An analysis of the scholarly literature in biology, computer science and computational biology. PLOS Computational Biology, 13(10), e1005134–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgonovi, F., Centurelli, R., Dernis, H., Grundke, R., Horvát, P., Jamet, S., Keese, M., Liebender, A.-S., Marcolin, L., Rosenfeld, D., & Squicciarini, M. (2018). Bridging the Digital Gender Divide. Online Publication, 1–151. https://www.google.com/search?q=organisation+for+economic+co-operation+and+development+(oecd)+countries&rlz=1C1GCEU_enZA825ZA825&oq=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development+&aqs=chrome.2.69i57j0l4j46j0l2.16632j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
   Google Scholar
• Buolamwini, J., & Gebru, T. (2018). Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 81, 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Burrell, J. (2010). Evaluating Shared Access: social equality and the circulation of mobile phones in rural Uganda. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 15(2), 230–250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2010.01518.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campion, P., & Shrum, W. (2004). Gender and Science in Development: Women Scientists in Ghana, Kenya, India. Science, Technology, and Human Values, 28(4), 459–485.
   Google Scholar
• Cannady, M. A., Greenwald, E., & Harris, K. N. (2014). Problematizing the STEM Pipeline Metaphor: Is the STEM Pipeline Metaphor Serving Our Students and the STEM Workforce? Science Education, 98(3), 443–460. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cech, E. A., & Rothwell, W. R. (2020). LGBT Workplace Inequality in the Federal Workforce: Intersectional Processes, Organizational Contexts, and Turnover Considerations. ILR Review, 73(1), 25–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793919843508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceci, S. J., & Williams, W. M. (2011). Understanding current causes of womens underrepresentation in science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(8), 3157–3162. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014871108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirillo, D., Catuara-Solarz, S., Morey, C., Guney, E., Subirats, L., Mellino, S., Gigante, A., Valencia, A., Rementeria, M. J., Chadha, A. S., & Mavridis, N. (2020). Sex and gender differences and biases in artificial intelligence for biomedicine and healthcare. NPJ Digital Medicine, 3(1), 81. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0288-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copeland, B. (2020). Artificial intelligence. Encylopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-intelligence
   Google Scholar
• Deloitte Global Center for Corporate Governance (2019). Women in the Boardroom: A Global Perspective
   Google Scholar
• Deribe, K. K. (2020). ICT and challenges of agricultural extension education. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 12(3), 57–61. https://doi.org/10.5897/jaerd2020.1162
   Google Scholar
• de, C., & Paolo, S. (2022, April 26). Rede Mãe Paulistana. https://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/saude/programas/mae_paulistana/index.php?p=5657
   Google Scholar
• Dubai School of Government (2011). The Role of Social Media in Arab Women’s Empowerment. (Arab Social Media Report).
   Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick, K. K., Darcy, A., & Vierhile, M. (2017). Delivering Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Young Adults With Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Fully Automated Conversational Agent (Woebot): A Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mental Health, 4(2), e19. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.7785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flor, L. S., Friedman, J., Spencer, C. N., Cagney, J., Arrieta, A., Herbert, M. E., Stein, C., Mullany, E. C., Hon, J., Patwardhan, V., Barber, R. M., Collins, J. K., Hay, S. I., Lim, S. S., Lozano, R., Mokdad, A. H., Murray, C. J. L., Reiner, R. C., Sorensen, R. J. D., … Gakidou, E. (2022). Quantifying the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender equality on health, social, and economic indicators: a comprehensive review of data from March, 2020, to September, 2021. The Lancet, 399(10344), 2381–2397. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00008-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, H., & Wajcman, J. (2017). ‘Anyone can edit’ not everyone does: Wikipedia and the gender gap. Social Studies of Science, 47(4), 511–527. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312717692172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gender Working Group. (1995). Taking action: Conclusions and recommendations of the Gender Working Group. In Gender Working Group of the United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development (Ed.), Missing links: Gender equity in science and technology for development (pp. 1–25). IDRC.
   Google Scholar
• Google (2022). Google Diversity Annual Report. CA.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, M., de Sabbata, S., & Zook, M. A. (2015). Towards a study of information geographies: (im)mutable augmentations and a mapping of the geographies of information. Geo: Geography and Environment, 2(1), 88–105. https://doi.org/10.1002/geo2.8
   Google Scholar
• GSMA, & Cherie Blair Foundation. (2010). Women and mobile: A global opportunity. http://www.cherieblairfoundation.org/uploads/pdf/women_and_mobile_a_global_opportunity.pdf
   Google Scholar
• GSMA (2022). Early Warning Systems in the Philippines: Building Resilience through Mobile and Digital Technologies. GSMA.
   Google Scholar
• GSMA Connected Women (2021). The mobile gender gap report 2021. GSMA.
   Google Scholar
• GSMA Connected Women. (2018). The Gender Analysis and Identification Toolkit (GAIT). GSMA.
   Google Scholar
• Gurumurthy, A., & Chami, N. (2014). Gender Equality in the Information Society: A Review of Current Literature and Recommendations for Policy and Practice. UK Department for International Development.
   Google Scholar
• Hassan, B., Unwin, T., & Gardezi, A. (2017). Understanding the darker side of ICTs: Gender, sexual harassment, and mobile devices in Pakistan. Information Technologies & International Development, 14(2018), 1–17. http://itidjournal.org/index.php/itid/article/view/1558/585
   Google Scholar
• Hassan, R. M., & Shoukry, A. (2008). Clouds in Egypt’s Sky - Sexual Harassment: from Verbal Harassment to Rape. https://www.endvawnow.org/uploads/browser/files/ecrw_sexual_harassment_study_english.pdf.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Huyer, S. (2015). Is the gender gap narrowing in science and engineering? (UNESCO Science Report. 84–103). UNESCO. p. 85
   Google Scholar
• Huyer, S. (2019a). A Global Perspective on Women in Information Technology: Perspectives from The UNESCO Science Report 2015 Towards 2030. In C. Frieze & J. Quesenberry (Eds.), Cracking the Digital Ceiling: Women in Computing Around the World. Cambridge University Press. 46–60. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108609081
   Google Scholar
• Huyer, S. (2019b). ICT in a Changing Climate: A Path to Gender-Transformative Food Security. In A. Sey & N. Hafkin (Eds.), Taking Stock: Data and Evidence on Gender Digital Equality. United Nations University. 262–271. https://i.unu.edu/media/cs.unu.edu/attachment/4040/EQUALS-Research-Report-2019.pdf
   Google Scholar
• IBM Cloud Education (2020). Artificial Intelligence (AI). IBM Cloud Learn Hub, June 3. https://www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/what-is-artificial-intelligence
   Google Scholar
• Jha, P., Kesler, M. A., Kumar, R., Ram, F., Banthia, U. R., Aleksandrowicz, L., Bassani, D. G., Chandra, S., & Banthia, J. (2011). Trends in selective abortions of girls in India: analysis of nationally representative birth histories from 1990 to 2005 and census data from 1991 to 2011. The Lancet, 377(9781), 1921–1928. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60649-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, J.-M., Bai, P., He, W., Wu, F., Liu, X.-F., Han, D.-M., Liu, S., & Yang, J.-K. (2020). Gender Differences in Patients With COVID-19: Focus on Severity and Mortality. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 152. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kam, M. (2013). Cross-Regional Experiences from India: Mobiles for Empowering Women & Girls. UNESCO Regional Consultation Workshop
   Google Scholar
• Kietzmann, J., Lee, L. W., McCarthy, I. P., & Kietzmann, T. C. (2020). Deepfakes: Trick or treat? Business Horizons, 63(2), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.11.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koning, R., Samila, S., & Ferguson, J. P. (2021). Who do we invent for? Patents by women focus more on women’s health, but few women get to invent. Science (New York, N.Y.), 372(6548), 1345–1348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krell, N. T., Giroux, S. A., Guido, Z., Hannah, C., Lopus, S. E., Caylor, K. K., & Evans, T. P. (2021). Smallholder farmers’ use of mobile phone services in central Kenya. Climate and Development, 13(3), 215–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2020.1748847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunda, S. N., Jordaan, M., & Mennega, N. (2022). A South African Case Study of Women in the Information Technology Sector: Challenges and Recommendations. Organizational Cultures: An International Journal, 22(2), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.18848/2327-8013/CGP/v22i02/27-40
   Google Scholar
• Lagesen, V. A. (2008). A cyber feminist utopia? Perceptions of gender and computer science among Malaysian women computer science students and faculty. Science, Technology and Human Values, 33(1), 5–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243907306192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latonero, M., Berhane, G., Hernandez, A., Mohebi, T., & Movius, L. (2011). Human trafficking online the role of social networking sites and online classifieds. Center on Communication Leadership & Policy (Issue September). http://technologyandtrafficking.usc.edu/files/2011/09/HumanTrafficking_FINAL.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lipsmeier, F., Taylor, K. I., Kilchenmann, T., Wolf, D., Scotland, A., Schjodt-Eriksen, J., Cheng, W.-Y., Fernandez-Garcia, I., Siebourg-Polster, J., Jin, L., Soto, J., Verselis, L., Boess, F., Koller, M., Grundman, M., Monsch, A. U., Postuma, R. B., Ghosh, A., Kremer, T., … Lindemann, M. (2018). Evaluation of smartphone-based testing to generate exploratory outcome measures in a phase 1 Parkinson’s disease clinical trial. Movement Disorders : official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 33(8), 1287–1297. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan, D. E., Breazeal, C., Goodwin, M. S., Jeong, S., O’Connell, B., Smith-Freedman, D., Heathers, J., & Weinstock, P. (2019). Social Robots for Hospitalized Children. Pediatrics, 144(1), e20181511. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-1511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahalingam, G., Ricanek, K., & Albert, A. M. (2014). Investigating the periocular-based face recognition across gender transformation. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 9(12), 2180–2192. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2014.2361479
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahdi, E., Mahdi, A., & Buskens, A. (2014). Ancient culture and new technology: ICT and a future free from FGM/C for girls in Sudan. In I. Buskens & A. Webb (Eds.), Women and ICT in Africa and the Middle East, 208–226. IDRC.
   Google Scholar
• Malcom, S. M., Hall, P. Q., & Brown, J. W. (1976). The double bind: The price of being a minority woman in science. American Association for the Advancement of Science.
   Google Scholar
• Malcom, L. E. M., & Malcom, S. M. M. (2011). The Double Bind: The Next Generation. Harvard Educational Review, 81(2), 162–172. p11. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.81.2.a84201x508406327
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Márquez, E. J., Trowbridge, J., Kuchel, G. A., Banchereau, J., & Ucar, D. (2020). The lethal sex gap: COVID-19. Immunity and Ageing, 17(1), 1–8. wr
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matoba, N., Akiyama, M., Ishigaki, K., Kanai, M., Takahashi, A., Momozawa, Y., Ikegawa, S., Ikeda, M., Iwata, N., Hirata, M., Matsuda, K., Kubo, M., Okada, Y., & Kamatani, Y. (2019). GWAS of smoking behaviour in 165,436 Japanese people reveals seven new loci and shared genetic architecture. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(5), 471–477. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0557-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor, A. J. (2017). The Effects of Sex and Gender on Pharmacologic Toxicity: Implications for Clinical Therapy. Clinical Therapeutics, 39(1), 8–9. p8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Microsoft (2021). Global Diversity & Inclusion Report.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, I. N., & Cronin-Golomb, A. (2010). Gender differences in Parkinson’s disease: Clinical characteristics and cognition. Movement Disorders, 25(16), 2695–2703. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittal, S. (2016). Role of Mobile Phone-enabled Climate Information Services in Gender-inclusive Agriculture. Gender, Technology and Development, 20(2), 200–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971852416639772
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mlambo-Ngcuka, P. (2017, July 14). Reshaping the future: Women, girls, ICTs and the SDGs. UN Women.
   Google Scholar
• Mpiima, D. M., Manyire, H., Kabonesa, C., & Espiling, M. (2019). Crop Production, Gender Roles and the Use of Mobile Phones and Radios for Agricultural Information by Farmers in Apac District, Northern Uganda. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 07(03), 89–111. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2019.73007
   Google Scholar
• Ndiaye, O. K. (2013). Is the success of M-Pesa empowering Kenyan rural women? Feminist Africa, 18, 156–161.
   Google Scholar
• Neumayer, E., & Plumper, T. (2007). The gendered nature of natural disasters: the impact of catastrophic events on the gender gap in life expectancy, 1981–2002. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 97(3), 551–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2007.00563.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngila, D., Boshoff, N., Henry, F., Diab, R., Malcom, S., & Thomson, J. (2017). Women’s representation in national science academies: An unsettling narrative. South African Journal of Science, 113(5/6), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2017/20170050
   Google Scholar
• Ni Loideain, N., & Rachel, A. (2018). From Alexa to Siri and the GDPR: The Gendering of Virtual Personal Assistants and the Role of EU Data Protection Law. King’s College London Dickson Poon School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper Series, 26.pp. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3281807
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen, M. W., Alegria, S., Börjeson, L., Etzkowitz, H., Falk-Krzesinski, H. J., Joshi, A., Leahey, E., Smith-Doerr, L., Woolley, A. W., & Schiebinger, L. (2017). Opinion: Gender diversity leads to better science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(8), 1740–1742. p. 1740. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700616114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, M. W., Alegria, S., Börjeson, L., Etzkowitz, H., Falk-Krzesinski, H. J., Joshi, A., Leahey, E., Smith-Doerr, L., Woolley, A. W., & Schiebinger, L. (2017). Gender diversity leads to better science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(8), 1740–1742. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703146114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxfam International (2020). Care in the time of coronavirus: Why care work needs to be at the centre of a post-COVID-19 feminist future. (Oxfam Briefing Report). Oxfam GB. https://doi.org/10.21201/2020.6232
   Google Scholar
• Pant, A. P. (2003). Good practices: gender equality in basic education and lifelong learning through CLCs: experiences from 15 countries. UNESCO Asia and the Pacific Regional Bureau for Education.
   Google Scholar
• Perera, D., Agnihotri, J., Seidou, O., & Djalante, R. (2020). Identifying societal challenges in flood early warning systems. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 51, 101794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101794
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petray, T., Doyle, T., Harrison, R., Howard, E., & Morgan, R. (2018). Re-Engineering the “Leaky Pipeline” Metaphor: Diversifying the Pool by Teaching STEM “by Stealth. International Journal of Gender, Science and Technology, 11(1), 24–10.
   Google Scholar
• Rajenderan, M., & Zawawi, D. (2019). Leaky Pipeline Syndrome in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Industry of Malaysia: A Conceptual Study on Female Career Barriers and Retention Management. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(2), 1158–1174. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i2/5672
   Google Scholar
• Riley, D., Pawley, A. L., Tucker, J., & Catalano, G. D. (2009). Feminisms in engineering education: transformative possibilities. NWSA Journal, 21, 21–40.
   Google Scholar
• Rotondi, V., Billari, F., Pesando, L. M., & Kashyap, R. (2019). Digital Rural Gender Divide in Latin America and the Caribbean. IICA. p. 5.
   Google Scholar
• Sample, I. (2020). January 13). What are deepfakes—and how can you spot them? The Guardian
   Google Scholar
• Sanga, C. 1., Magesa, M. M. 1., Chingonikaya, E. 1., & Kayunze, K. A. 1. (2013). Can e-learning promote participation of female students in STEM disciplines in higher learning institutions of Tanzania? International Journal of Education & Development Using Information & Communication Technology, 9(3), 86–102.
   Google Scholar
• Schafer, M. J., Shrum, W. M., Miller, B. P., Mbatia, P. N., Palackal, A., & Dzorgbo, D. B. S. (2016). Access to ICT and research output of agriculture researchers in Kenya. Science, Technology and Society, 21(2), 250–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971721816640627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiebinger, L. (2014). Gendered innovations: harnessing the creative power of sex and gender analysis to discover new ideas and develop new technologies. Triple Helix, 1(1), 9. 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40604-014-0009-7
   Google Scholar
• Sey, A., & Hafkin, N. (2019). Taking Stock: Data and Evidence on Gender Digital Equality. UNU.
   Google Scholar
• Simonite, T. (2018, August 17). AI is the future—but where are the women. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/artificial-intelligence-researchers-gender-imbalance/
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, J., Turner, L., & Crooks, V. A. (2018). Crowdfunding for Unproven Stem Cell–Based Interventions. JAMA, 319(18), 1935–1936. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.3057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suri, T., & Jack, W. (2016). The long-run poverty and gender impacts of mobile money. Science (New York, N.Y.), 354(6317), 1288–1292. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah5309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanwir, M., & Khemka, N. (2018). Breaking the silicon ceiling: Gender equality and information technology in Pakistan. Gender, Technology and Development, 22(2), 109–129. p109. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2018.1496695
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNCTAD (2014). Empowering Women Entrepreneurs through Information and Communications Technologies. UNCTAD.
   Google Scholar
• UNCTAD (2019a). BORDERLINE: Women in informal cross-border trade in Malawi, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia. UNCTAD.
   Google Scholar
• UNCTAD (2019b). The impact of rapid technological change on sustainable development. UNCTAD.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO (2017). Cracking the code: Girls and Women’s education in STEM. UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO (2019a). I’d Blush if I Could. UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO (2019b). Women in science. UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO (2021). UNESCO Science Report: The race against time for smarter development. UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO (2022). A Braided River: The Universe of Indian Women in Science. UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) (2019). Information and Communication Technologies: Prospects for Promoting Gender Equality in the Arab Region. United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) (2020). World’s Women.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations, Economic and Social Council Commission on Science and Technology for Development. (2021, March 4). Using science, technology and innovation to close the gap on Sustainable Development Goal 3, good health and well-being: Report of the Secretary-General. E/CN.16/2021/2.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, L. D. A., & Artzberger, G. H. (2019). Developing women as ICT users: a miniature scoping review of gender and ICTs for development. Gender, Technology and Development, 23(3), 234–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2019.1679330
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, J. (2004). The Maternal Wall. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2004/10/the-maternal-wall
   Google Scholar
• Wyche, S., & Olson, J. (2018). Kenyan Women’s Rural Realities, Mobile Internet Access, and “Africa Rising. Information Technologies & International Development, 14, 33–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar