Comparing terrain and vegetation-based visibility for explaining sable flight behaviour in a Southern African savanna

References

• Baerenklau , K.A. 2010 . Spatial allocation of forest recreation value . Journal of Forest Economics , 16 : 113 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balme , G. , Hunter , L. and Slotow , R. 2007 . Feeding habitat selection by hunting leopards Panthera pardus in a woodland savanna: prey catchability versus abundance . Animal Behaviour , 74 : 589 – 598 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer , J.S. 2006 . Effect of visibility on time allocation and escape decisions in crimson rosellas . Australian Journal of Zoology , 54 : 363 – 367 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brabyn , L. and Mark , D.M. 2011 . Using viewsheds, GIS, and a landscape classification to tag landscape photographs . Applied Geography , 31 : 1115 – 1122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro , M. 2011 . Sight distance analysis of highways using GIS tools . Transportation Research Part C , 19 : 997 – 1005 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamaille-Jammes , S. , Fritz , H. and Murindagomo , F. 2006 . Spatial patterns of the NDVI–rainfall relationship at the seasonal and interannual time scales in an African savanna . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 27 : 5185 – 5200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chenje , M. , Sola , L. and Pateczny , D. 1998 . The state of Zimbabwe's environment , Harare , , Zimbabwe : Ministry of Mines, Environment and Tourism .
   Google Scholar
• Childes , S.L. and Walker , B.H. 1987 . Ecology and dynamics of the woody vegetation on the Kalahari sands in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe . Vegetation , 72 : 111 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Ciannelli , L. 2008 . Spatial fisheries ecology: recent progress and future prospects . Journal of Marine Systems , 71 : 223 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , G.R.J. 2005 . Analysing potential field data using visibility . Computers & Geosciences , 31 : 877 – 881 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer , H.Y. 2004 . Flight distance in roe deer Capreolus capreolus and fallow deer Dama dama as related to hunting and other factors . Wildlife Biology , : 10, 35–41
   Google Scholar
• de Floriani , L. and Magillo , P. 1997 . Visibility computations on hierarchical triangulated terrain models . GeoInformatica , 1 : 219 – 250 .
   Google Scholar
• Diego-Rasilla , F.J. 2003 . Influence of predation pressure on the escape behaviour of Podarcis muralis lizards . Behavioural Processes , 63 : 1 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domingo-Santos , J.M. 2011 . The visual exposure in forest and rural landscapes: an algorithm and a GIS tool . Landscape and Urban Planning , 101 : 52 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duriez , O. 2005 . Factors affecting population dynamics of Eurasian woodcocks wintering in France: assessing the efficiency of a hunting-free reserve . Biological Conservation , 122 : 89 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , J. and Schneider , D.C. 2008 . Spatial and temporal scaling in benthic ecology . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 366 : 92 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estes , R.D. 1991 . The behaviour guide to African mammals including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fernández-Juricic , E. , Jimenez , M.D. and Lucas , E. 2002 . Factors affecting intra- and inter-specific variations in the difference between alert distances and flight distances for birds in forested habitats . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 80 : 1212 – 1220 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Juricic , E. and Schroeder , N. 2003 . Do variations in scanning behavior affect tolerance to human disturbance? . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , : 219 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Juricic , E. 2005 . Sensitivity of wildlife to spatial patterns of recreationist behavior: a critical assessment of minimum approaching distances and buffer areas for grassland birds . Biological Conservation , 125 : 225 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , P.F. 1996 . Extending the applicability of viewsheds in landscape planning . Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing , 62 : 1297 – 1302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frid , A. 2003 . Dall's sheep responses to overflights by helicopter and fixed-wing aircraft . Biological Conservation , 110 : 387 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotanda , K.M. , Turgeon , K. and Kramer , D.L. 2009 . Body size and reserve protection affect flight initiation distance in parrotfishes . Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology , 63 : 1563 – 1572 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grignolio , S. 2011 . Effects of hunting with hounds on a non-target species living on the edge of a protected area . Biological Conservation , 144 : 641 – 649 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington , R. 1999 . Establishing the causes of the roan antelope decline in the Kruger National Park, South Africa . Biological Conservation , 90 : 69 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horejsi , B.L. 1981 . Behavioral response of barren ground Caribou to a moving vehicle . Arctic , 34 : 180 – 185 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lake , I.R. 1998 . Modelling environmental influences on property prices in an urban environment . Computers Environment and Urban Systems , : 22, 121 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• Lindsey , P.A. , Roulet , P.A. and Romañach , S.S. 2007 . Economic and conservation significance of the trophy hunting industry in sub-Saharan Africa . Biological Conservation , 134 : 455 – 469 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzolff , I. and Poesen , J. 2009 . The potential of 3D gully monitoring with GIS using high-resolution aerial photography and a digital photogrammetry system . Geomorphology , 111 : 48 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogburn , D.E. 2006 . Assessing the level of visibility of cultural objects in past landscapes . Journal of Archaeological Science , 33 : 405 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson , G.E. , Willebrand , T. and Smith , A.A. 1996 . The effects of hunting on willow grouse Lagopus lagopus movements . Wildlife Biology , 2 : 11 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PWMA . 2000 . Road strip count report , Zimbabwe : Parks and Wildlife Management Authority .
   Google Scholar
• Rabus , B. 2003 . The shuttle radar topography mission a new class of digital elevation models acquired by spaceborne radar . ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing , 57 : 241 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ripple , W.J. and Beschta , R.L. 2006 . Linking wolves to willows via risk-sensitive foraging by ungulates in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem . Forest Ecology and Management , 230 : 96 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider , D.C. 1994 . Quantitative ecology – spatial and temporal scaling , San Diego, CA: Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Setsaas , T.H. 2007 . How does human exploitation affect impala populations in protected and partially protected areas? – a case study from the Serengeti Ecosystem, Tanzania . Biological Conservation , 136 : 563 – 570 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner , J.D. , Fairall , N. and Bothma , J.P. South African red data book – large mammals . South African National Scientific Programmes Report No. 18. Cooperative Scientific Programmes. Pretoria, South Africa: CSIR .
   Google Scholar
• Stankowich , T. , Michael , D.B. and Janice , M. 2010 . “ Risk-taking in self-defense ” . In Encyclopedia of animal behavior , 79 – 86 . Oxford : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , N.F. , Garbeil , H. and Mouginis-Mark , P.J. 2004 . NASA EOS Terra ASTER: volcanic topographic mapping and capability . Remote Sensing of Environment , 90 : 405 – 414 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiel , D. 2007 . Effects of recreation and hunting on flushing distance of capercaillie . Journal of Wildlife Management , 71 : 1784 – 1792 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ting , Z. and Shaolin , P. 2008 . Spatial scale types and measurement of edge effects in ecology . Acta Ecologica Sinica , 28 : 3322 – 3333 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolf , I.D. and Croft , D.B. 2010 . Minimizing disturbance to wildlife by tourists approaching on foot or in a car: a study of kangaroos in the Australian rangelands . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 126 : 75 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , L. , Betts , M.G. and Diamond , A.W. 2005 . Do Blackburnian Warblers select mixed forest?: the importance of spatial resolution in defining habitat . Forest Ecology and Management , 214 : 358 – 372 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar