1,889
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Earth observation-based multi-scale impact assessment of internally displaced person (IDP) camps on wood resources in Zalingei, Darfur

, , , &
Pages 575-595 | Received 13 Feb 2015, Accepted 10 Jun 2015, Published online: 03 Aug 2015

References

  • Aguirre-Gutiérrez J, Seijmonsbergen AC, Duivenvoorden JF. 2012. Optimizing land cover classification accuracy for change detection, a combined pixel-based and object-based approach in a mountainous area in Mexico. Appl Geogr. 34:29–37.10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.10.010
  • Baatz M, Schäpe A. 2000. Multiresolution Segmentation an optimization approach for high quality multi-scale image segmentation. In: Strobl J, Blaschke T, Griesebner G, editors. Angewandte Geographische Informationsverarbeitung. Heidelberg: Wichmann; p. 12–23.
  • Benjaminsen TA, Alinon K, Buhaug H, Buseth JT. 2012. Does climate change drive land-use conflicts in the Sahel? J Peace Res. 49:97–111.10.1177/0022343311427343
  • Bjorgo E. 1999. Very high resolution satellites: a new source of information in humanitarian relief operations. Bull Am Soc Inf Sci Technol. 26:22–24.
  • Blaschke T. 2010. Object based image analysis for remote sensing. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens. 65:2–16.10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2009.06.004
  • Bouchardy J-Y. 1995. Development of a GIS system in UNHCR for environmental, emergency, logistic, and planning purposes program report. Geneva: DPOS UNHCR.
  • Bromwich B. 2008. Environmental degradation and conflict in Darfur: implications for peace and recovery. In: Atkinson R, editor. Humanitarian practice network (HPN). London: Humanitarian Exchange; p. 22–28.
  • Bronkhorst S. 2011. Climate change and conflict: lessons for conflict resolution from the Southern Sahel of Sudan. African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD); [cited 2015 Jan 21]. Available from: http://www.operationspaix.net/DATA/DOCUMENT/4089~v~Climate_Change_and_Conflict__Lessons_for_Conflict_Resolution_from_the_Southern_Sahel_of_Sudan.pdf.
  • Carleer AP, Wolff E. 2006. Urban land cover multi-level region-based classification of VHR data by selecting relevant features. Int J Remote Sens. 27:1035–1051.10.1080/01431160500297956
  • Congalton RG. 1991. A review of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed data. Remote Sens Environ. 37:35–46.10.1016/0034-4257(91)90048-B
  • Congalton RG, Green K. 2009. Assessing the accuracy of remotely sensed data: principles and practices. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press.
  • Congalton RG, Macleod RD. 1994. Change detection accuracy assessment of the NOAA Chesapeake bay pilot study. International Symposium on the Spatial Accuracy of Natural Resource Data Bases. Williamsburg (VA): American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing; p. 78–87.
  • Congalton RG, Plourde L. 2002. Quality assurance and accuracy assessment of information derived from remotely sensed data. In: Bossler J, editor. Manual of geospatial science and technology. London: Taylor & Francis; p. 349–361.
  • Di Gregorio A, Jansen LJM. 1998. Land cover classification system (LCCS): classification concepts and user manual environment and natural resources service, GCP/RAF/287/ITA Africover – East Africa Project and Soil Resources, Management and Conservation Service, 157pages, FAO, Rome.
  • Dobson JE, Bright EA, Ferguson RL, Field DW, Wood LL, Haddad KD, Iredale III H, Klemas VV, Orth RJ, Thomas JP. 1995. NOAA coastal change analysis program; guidance for regional implementation version 10, NOAA technical report NMFS 123, Seattle (WA); p. 92.
  • Enough. 2012. Enough 101: Displaced from Darfur – refugees in Chad and IDPs in Sudan; [ cited 2015 Jan 21]. Available from: http://www.enoughproject.org/blogs/enough-101-displaced-darfur-refugees-chad-and-idps-sudan.
  • Funk C, Eilerts G, Verdin J, Rowland J, Marshall M. 2011. A climate trend analysis of Sudan, U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011–3072. 6 pages.
  • Gafaar A. 2011. Forest plantations and woodlots in Sudan. African Forest Forum Working Paper Series 1. African Forest Forum; Nairobi.
  • Giada S, De Groeve T, Ehrlich D, Soille P. 2003. Information extraction from very high resolution satellite imagery over Lukole refugee camp, Tanzania. Int J Remote Sens. 24:4251–4266.10.1080/0143116021000035021
  • Giessner K. 1989. Die räumlich-zeitliche Niederschlagsstruktur im westlichen Jebel-Marra-Vorland und deren hydrologische Auswirkungen [The spatio-temporal precipitation structure in the western Jebel-Marra Foreland and its hydrological effects]. In: Mensching H, editor. Aktuelle morphodynamische Prozesse im Einzugsbereich des unteren Atabra (Nile Province, Rep. Sudan) und im westlichen Vorland des Jebel Marra (Darfur, Rep. Sudan) [Current morpho-dynamic processes in the drainage basin of the lower Atabra river (Nile Province, Rep Sudan) and in the western Jebel-Marra Foreland (Darfur, Rep Sudan)]. Hamburg: Krause-Druck; p. 79–125.
  • Gorsevski V, Kasischke E, Dempewolf J, Loboda T, Grossmann F. 2012. Analysis of the Impacts of armed conflict on the Eastern Afromontane forest region on the South Sudan – Uganda border using multitemporal Landsat imagery. Remote Sens Environ. 118:10–20.10.1016/j.rse.2011.10.023
  • Hagenlocher M, Lang S, Tiede D. 2012. Integrated assessment of the environmental impact of an IDP camp in Sudan based on very high resolution multi-temporal satellite imagery. Remote Sens Environ. 126:27–38.10.1016/j.rse.2012.08.010
  • HIC Darfur. 2006. Humanitarian information centre – Darfur humanitarian profile; [ cited 2010 Jun 18]. Available from: www.humanitarianinfo.org/darfur/infocentre/HumanitarianProfile/index.asp.
  • Hussain M, Chen D, Cheng A, Wei H, Stanley D. 2013. Change detection from remotely sensed images: from pixel-based to object-based approaches. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens. 80:91–106.10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2013.03.006
  • Ibrahim FN. 1984. Ecological Imbalance in the Republic of the Sudan – with reference to desertification in Darfur, Bayreuther Geowissenschaftliche Arbeiten vol. 6. Bayreuth: Druckhaus Bayreuth Verlagsgesellschaft.
  • Joint UNEP/OCHA Environment Unit. 2014. Environment and humanitarian action increasing effectiveness, sustainability and accountability version 11, August 2014, Geneva; [ cited 2015 Jan 21]. Available from: http://www.urd.org/IMG/pdf/EHA_Study_web_FINAL.pdf.
  • Khorram S, Biging GS, Chrisman NR, Colby DR, Congalton RG, Dobson JE, Ferguson RL, Goodchild MF, Jensen JR, Mace TH. 1999. Accuracy assessment of remote sensing derived change detection. Bethesda: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Monograph Series; pp. 64.
  • Kranz O, Lang S, Tiede D, Zeug G, Kemper T, Caspard M, Clandillon S. 2010. GMES services for conflict prevention and mitigation: support the DG RELEX in mission planning. In: Konecny M, Zlatanova S, Bandrova TL, editors. Geographic information and cartography for risk and crisis management towards better solutions. Berlin: Springer; p. 171–188.10.1007/978-3-642-03442-8
  • Kranz O, Sachs A, Lang S. 2015. Assessment of environmental changes induced by internally displaced person (IDP) camps in the Darfur region, Sudan, based on multitemporal MODIS data. Int J Remote Sens. 36:190–210.10.1080/01431161.2014.999386
  • Laliberte AS, Rango A, Havstad KM, Paris JF, Beck RF, McNeely R, Gonzalez AL. 2004. Object-oriented image analysis for mapping shrub encroachment from 1937 to 2003 in southern New Mexico. Remote Sens Environ. 93:198–210.10.1016/j.rse.2004.07.011
  • Lang S, Tiede D, Hölbling D, Füreder P, Zeil P. 2010. Earth observation (EO)-based ex post assessment of internally displaced person (IDP) camp evolution and population dynamics in Zam Zam, Darfur. Int J Remote Sens. 31:5709–5731.10.1080/01431161.2010.496803
  • Leroy M, editor. 2009. Environment and conflict in Africa reflections on Darfur. Addis Ababa: University for Peace.
  • Lodhi MA, Echavarria FR, Keithley C. 1998. Using remote sensing data to monitor land cover changes near Afghan refugee camps in northern Pakistan. Geocarto Int. 13:33–39.10.1080/10106049809354626
  • Lu D, Mausel P, Brondízio E, Moran E. 2004. Change detection techniques. Int J Remote Sens. 25:2365–2401.10.1080/0143116031000139863
  • MacLean MG, Congalton RG. 2012. Map accuracy assessment issues when using an object-oriented approach. In: Proceedings of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 2012 Annual Conference; Sacramento (CA).
  • Magnus Theisen OM. 2008. Blood and soil? Resource scarcity and internal armed conflict revisited. J Peace Res. 45: 801–818.10.1177/0022343308096157
  • Mas JF. 1999. Monitoring land-cover changes: a comparison of change detection techniques. Int J Remote Sens. 20:139–152.10.1080/014311699213659
  • Moeller M. 2011. Systemvergleich hochauflösender optischer Satellitenfernerkundungssensoren [Comparison of high resolution optical remote sensing satellite sensor systems]. In: Strobl J, Blaschke T, Griesebner G, editors. Angewandte Geoinformatik 2011. Beiträge zum 23. AGIT Symposium, Salzburg [Angewandte Geoinformatik 2011. Contributions to the 23rd AGIT Symposium]. Wichmann: Heidelberg; p. 1–9.
  • Nordås R, Gleditsch NP. 2007. Climate change and conflict. Polit Geogr. 26:627–638.10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.06.003
  • O’Fahey RS. 2004. Conflict in Darfur historical and contemporary perspectives. In: Environmental Degradation as a Cause of Conflict in Darfur. Conference Proceedings; Khartoum: University of Peace.
  • Oxfam 2014. We no longer share the land. Agricultural change, land, and violence in Darfur. 184th Briefing Paper; Oxford; 2014 Apr 21.
  • Pinty B, Verstraete MM. 1992. GEMI: a non-linear index to monitor global vegetation from satellites. Vegetatio. 101:15–20.10.1007/BF00031911
  • Puissant A, Hirsch J, Weber C. 2005. The utility of texture analysis to improve per-pixel classification for high to very high spatial resolution imagery. Int J Remote Sens. 26:733–745.10.1080/01431160512331316838
  • Qi J, Chehbouni A, Huete AR, Kerr YH, Sorooshian S. 1994. A modified soil adjusted vegetation index. Remote Sens Environ. 48:119–126.10.1016/0034-4257(94)90134-1
  • Raleigh C, Urdal H. 2007. Climate change, environmental degradation and armed conflict. Polit Geogr. 26:674–694.10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.06.005
  • Richter R. 1996. Atmospheric correction of satellite data with haze removal including a haze/clear transition region. Comput Geosci. 22:675–681.
  • Rouse JW, Haas RH, Schell JA, Deering DW. 1973. Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with ERTS. Third ERTS Symposium, NASA SP-351 I, Washington (DC); p. 309–317.
  • Salehyan I. 2008. From climate change to conflict? No consensus yet. J Peace Res. 45:315–326.10.1177/0022343308088812
  • Schrenk H. 1989. Agrare Landnutzung und Morphologie am mittleren Wadi Azum (westliches Jebel-Marra-Vorland) [Agricultural land use and morphology at the middle course of the Wadi Azum (western Jebel-Marra Foreland)]. In: Mensching H, editor. Aktuelle morphodynamische Prozesse im Einzugsbereich des unteren Atabra (Nile Province, Rep Sudan) und im westlichen Vorland des Jebel Marra (Darfur, Rep Sudan) [Current morpho-dynamic processes in the drainage basin of the lower Atabra river (Nile Province, Rep Sudan) and in the western Jebel-Marra Foreland (Darfur, Rep Sudan)]. Hamburg: Krause-Druck; p. 127–144.
  • Serra P, Pons X, Saurí D. 2003. Post-classification change detection with data from different sensors: some accuracy considerations. Int J Remote Sens. 24:3311–3340.10.1080/0143116021000021189
  • Singh A. 1989. Review article digital change detection techniques using remotely-sensed data. Int J Remote Sens. 10:989–1003.10.1080/01431168908903939
  • Song C, Woodcock CE, Seto KC, Lenney MP, Macomber SA. 2001. Classification and change detection using landsat TM data. Remote Sens Environ. 75:230–244.10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00169-3
  • Sorooshian S, Hsu K, Imam B, Hong Y. 2014. Hydrologic data and information system (HyDIS) department of civil and environmental engineering. Irvine: University of California; [ cited 2015 Jan 21]. Available from: http://chrs.web.uci.edu/persiann/data.html.
  • Spröhnle S, Schoepfer E, Kranz O. 2010. Abschätzung der Umweltauswirkungen von Flüchtlingslagern mithilfe multitemporaler Fernerkundungsdaten am Beispiel des Camps Zalingei in Westdarfur. In: Strobl J, Blaschke T, Griesebner G, editors. Angewandte Geoinformatik 2010. Beiträge zum 22. AGIT Symposium, Salzburg; Heidelberg: Wichmann; p. 697–1302.
  • Tearfund. 2007. Darfur: relief in a vulnerable environment; [ cited 2015 Jan 21]. Available from: http://www.tearfund.org/webdocs/website/Campaigning/Policy%20and%20research/Relief%20in%20a%20vulnerable%20envirionment%20final.pdf.
  • Tiede D, Lang S. 2009. IDP camp evolvement analysis in Darfur using VHSR optical satellite image time series and scientific visualization on virtual globes. In: Guo H, Wang C, editors. Proceedings of SPIE 7840, Sixth International Symposium on Digital Earth: Models, Algorithms, and Virtual Reality. Beijing: SPIE; p. 7.
  • UNEP. 2007. Sudan. Post-conflict environmental assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi; [ cited 2015 Jan 21]. Available from: http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_Sudan.pdf.
  • UNEP. 2008. Destitution, distortion and deforestation. The impact of conflict on the timber and woodfuel trade in Darfur. Geneva: United Nations Environment Programme; [ cited 2015 Jan 21]. Available from: http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/darfur_timber.pdf.
  • UNHCR. 2000. Key principles for decision-making refugee operations and environmental management engineering and environmental service section. The UN Refugee Agency, Geneva; [ cited 2015 Jan 21]. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/3b03b24d4.html.
  • UNHCR. 2005. Environmental guidelines. The UN Refugee Agency, Geneva; [ cited 2015 Jan 21]. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/3b03b2a04.html.
  • UNHCR. 2012. The state of the world’s refugees. In search of solidarity. The UN Refugee Agency, Geneva; [ cited 2015 Jan 21]. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/4fc5ceca9.html.
  • UNHCR. 2014. UNHCR global trends 2013 war’s human cost. The UN Refugee Agency, Geneva; [ cited 2015 Jan 21]. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/5399a14f9.html.
  • UN OCHA. 2009. Darfur humanitarian needs profile; [ cited 2015 Jan 21]. Available from: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Darfur_Profile_10Mar14_A3_portrait.pdf.
  • UN OCHA. 2012. SUDAN: Darfur IDP camps ( as of 01 Jan 2012); [ cited 2015 Jan 21]. Available from: https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/CAP/sud11_darfur_idpcamps_a3_23feb12.pdf.
  • UN OCHA. 2013. SUDAN: Darfur IDP camps ( as of 08 May 2013); [ cited 2015 Jan 21]. Available online: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Darfur%20IDP%20camps%2008%20May%202013%20New.pdf.
  • UN OCHA. 2014. Sudan: humanitarian snapshot [ 2014 Mar 31; cited 2015 Jan 21]. Available online: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Sudan_Snapshot_March%202014.pdf.
  • UN Sudan. 2010. Beyond emergency relief longer-term trends and priorities for UN agencies in Darfur. United Nations Sudan, Khartoum; [ cited 2015 Jan 19]. Available from: http://www.unep.org/disastersandconflicts/Portals/155/countries/sudan/pdf/consultations/Darfur_%20Recovery_Beyond%20Emergency%20Relief.pdf.
  • Wickham JD, Stehman SV, Gass L, Dewitz J, Fry JA, Wade TG. 2013. Accuracy assessment of NLCD 2006 land cover and impervious surface. Remote Sens Environ. 130:294–304.10.1016/j.rse.2012.12.001
  • Women’s Commission. 2006. Finding trees in the desert: firewood collection and alternatives in Darfur. Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, New York, NY; [ cited 2015 Jan 21]. Available from: http://www.refworld.org/docid/48aa82ec0.html.