847
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Aeromagnetic data interpretation of the northern Kontum massif (Vietnam) for mapping subsurface structures

ORCID Icon, , , , , , , , & ORCID Icon show all
Article: 2246940 | Received 09 May 2023, Accepted 07 Aug 2023, Published online: 21 Aug 2023

References

  • Aina AO. 1986. Reduction to equator, reduction to pole and orthogonal reduction of magnetic profiles. Explor Geophys. 17(3):141–145. doi: 10.1071/EG986141.
  • Barbarin B. 1999. A review of the relationships between granitoid types, their origins and their geodynamic environments. Lithos. 46(3):605–626. doi: 10.1016/S0024-4937(98)00085-1.
  • Blakely R, Simpson R. 1986. Approximating edges of source bodies from magnetic or gravity anomalies. Geophysics 51(7):1494–1498. doi: 10.1190/1.1442197.
  • Bogusz J, Kłos A, Grzempowski P, Kontny B. 2014. Modelling the velocity field in a regular grid in the area of Poland on the basis of the velocities of European permanent stations. Pure Appl Geophys. 171(6):809–833. doi: 10.1007/s00024-013-0645-2.
  • Catalán M, Martín Davila J. 2003. A magnetic anomaly study offshore the Canary Archipelago. Mar Geophys Res. 24(1-2):129–148. doi: 10.1007/s11001-004-5442-y.
  • Castro FR, Oliveira SP, de Souza J, Ferreira FJF. 2020. Constraining Euler deconvolution solutions through combined tilt derivative filters. Pure Appl Geophys. 177(10):4883–4895. doi: 10.1007/s00024-020-02533-w.
  • Chappell BW, White AJ. 2001. Two contrasting granite types: 25 years later. Aust J Earth Sci. 48(4):489–499. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-0952.2001.00882.x.
  • Chen AG, Zhou TF, Liu DJ, Zhang S. 2017. Application of an enhanced theta-based filter for potential field edge detection: a case study of the Luzong ore district. Chin J Geophys. 60(2):203–218.
  • Cooper GRJ, Cowan DR. 2006. Enhancing potential field data using filters based on the local phase. Computers & Geosciences. 32(10):1585–1591. doi: 10.1016/j.cageo.2006.02.016.
  • Cordell L, Grauch VJS. 1985. Mapping basement magnetization zones from aeromagnetic data in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. In: Hinze WJ, editor. The utility of regional gravity and magnetic maps. 1st ed. Tulsa (OK): society of Exploration Geophysicists; p. 181–197.
  • Dentith M. 2011. Magnetic methods, airborne. In: Gupta HS, editor. Encyclopedia of solid earth geophysics. Vol. 1. Dordrecht: Springer; p. 761–766. doi: 10.1007/978-90-4818702-7_119.
  • Ekinci YL, Ertekin C, Yiğitbaş E. 2013. On the effectiveness of directional derivative based filters on gravity anomalies for source edge approximation: synthetic simulations and a case study from the Aegean graben system (western Anatolia, Turkey). J Geophys Eng. 10(3):035005. doi: 10.1088/1742-2132/10/3/035005.
  • Ekwok SE, Eldosouky AM, Ben UC, Alzahrani H, Abdelrahman K, Achadu OIM, Pham LT, Akpan AE, Gómez-Ortiz D. 2022. Application of high-precision filters on airborne magnetic data: a case study of the Ogoja Region, Southeast Nigeria. Minerals. 12(10):1227. doi: 10.3390/min12101227.
  • Eldosouky AM, Pham LT, Mohmed H, Pradhan B. 2020. A comparative study of THG, AS, TA, Theta, TDX and LTHG techniques for improving source boundaries detection of magnetic data using synthetic models: a case study from G. Um Monqul, North Eastern Desert, Egypt. J Afr Earth Sci. 170:103940. doi: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.103940.
  • Eldosouky AM, Pham LT, Abdelrahman K, Fnais MS, Gomez-Ortiz D. 2022. Mapping structural features of the Wadi Umm Dulfah area using aeromagnetic data. J King Saud Univ Sci. 34(2):101803. doi: 10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101803.
  • Eldosouky AM, Pham LT, Duong VH, Ghomsi FEK, Henaish A. 2022. Structural interpretation of potential field data using the enhancement techniques: a case study. Geocarto Int. 37(27):16900–16925. doi: 10.1080/10106049.2022.2120548.
  • Eldosouky AM, Pham LT, Henaish A. 2022. High precision structural mapping using edge filters of potential field and remote sensing data: a case study from Wadi Umm Ghalqa area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt. Egypt J Remote Sens Space Sci. 25(2):501–513. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrs.2022.03.001.
  • Essa KS, Nady AG, Mostafa MS, Elhussein M. 2018. Implementation of potential field data to depict the structural lineaments of the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. J Afr Earth Sci. 147:43–53. doi: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2018.06.013.
  • Faure M, Nguyen VV, Hoai LTT, Lepvrier C. 2018. Early Paleozoic or Early-Middle Triassic collision between the South China and Indochina Blocks: the controversy resolved? Structural insights from the Kon Tum massif (Central Vietnam). J Asian Earth Sci. 166:162–180. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.07.015.
  • Fedi M, Florio G. 2001. Detection of potential fields source boundaries by enhanced horizontal derivative method. Geophysical Prospecting. 49(1):40–58. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2478.2001.00235.x.
  • Ferreira FJF, de Souza J, de Bongiolo A, de Castro LG. 2013. Enhancement of the total horizontal gradient of magnetic anomalies using the tilt angle. Geophysics. 78(3):J33–J41. doi: 10.1190/geo2011-0441.1.
  • Ghomsi FEK, Pham LT, Tenzer R, Esteban FD, Vu TV, Kamguia J. 2022. Mapping of fracture zones and structural lineaments of the Gulf of Guinea passive margins using marine gravity data from CryoSat-2 and Jason-1 satellites. Geocarto Int. 37(25):10819–10842.
  • Ghomsi FEK, Pham LT, Steffen R, Ribeiro-Filho N, Tenzer R. 2022. Delineating structural features of North Cameroon using EIGEN6C4 high-resolution global gravitational model. Geol J. 57(10):4285–4299.
  • Ghomsi FEK, Kana JD, Aretouyap Z, Ribeiro-Filho N, Pham LT, Baldez R, Tenzer R, Mandal A, Nzeuga A. 2022. Main structural lineaments of the southern Cameroon volcanic line derived from aeromagnetic data. J Afr Earth Sci. 186:104418. doi: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104418.
  • Hinze WJ, Frese RRB, Saad AH. 2013. Gravity and magnetic exploration: principles, practices, and applications. New York: Cambridge University Press; p. 1–525.
  • Hang NTT, Oksum E, Minh LH, Thanh DD. 2019. An improved space domain algorithm for determining the 3-D structure of the magnetic basement. Vietnam J Earth Sci. 41(1):69–80. doi: 10.15625/0866-7187/41/1/13550.
  • Hao M, Zhang F, Tai Z, Du W, Ren L, Li Y. 2018. Reduction to the pole at low latitudes by using the Taylor series iterative method. J Appl Geophys. 159:127–134. doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2018.08.004.
  • Hung NQ, Thanh NX, Dao VD. 2020. U-Pb ages of zircon from I- and S-type granites from northern Kon Tum terrane: implications for late Paleozoic - Mesozoic magmatism in Central Vietnam. J Geol Soc Korea. 56(6):727–735.
  • Hieu PT, Yang YZ, Binh DQ, Nguyen TBT, Dung LT, Chen F. 2015. Late Permian to Early Triassic crustal evolution of the Kontum massif, central Vietnam: zircon U–Pb ages and geochemical and Nd–Hf isotopic composition of the Hai Van granitoid complex. Int Geol Rev. 57(15):1877–1888. doi: 10.1080/00206814.2015.1031194.
  • Hutchison CS. 1989, Geological evolution of South-east Asia: Oxford monographs on geology and geophysics 13, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Huu Nguyen H, Carter A, Hoang LV, Fox M, Pham SN, Vinh HB. 2022. Evolution of the continentalmargin of south to central Vietnam andits relationship to opening of the SouthChina Sea (East Vietnam Sea). Tectonics. 41(2):e2021TC006971. doi: 10.1029/2021TC006971.
  • Hsu S, Sibuet J, Shyu C. 1996. High-resolution detection of geologic boundaries from potential field anomalies: an enhanced analytic signal technique. Geophysics. 61(2):373–386. doi: 10.1190/1.1443966.
  • Ibraheem IM, Aladad H, Alnaser MF, Stephenson R. 2021. TAS: a new novel phase-based filter for detection of unexploded ordnances. Remote Sensing. 13(21):4345. doi: 10.3390/rs13214345.
  • Ibraheem IM, Tezkan B, Ghazala H, Othman AA. 2023. A new edge enhancement filter for the interpretation of magnetic field data. Pure Appl Geophys. 180(6):2223–2240. doi: 10.1007/s00024-023-03249-3.
  • Jiang W, Yu JH, Wang X, Griffin WL, Pham T, Nguyen D, Wang F. 2020. Early Paleozoic magmatism in northern Kontum Massif, Central Vietnam: insights into tectonic evolution of the eastern Indochina Block. Lithos. 376-377:105750. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105750.
  • Joel ES, Olasehinde P I, Adagunodo TA, Omeje M, Akinyemi ML, Ojo JS. 2019. Integration of aeromagnetic and electrical resistivity imaging for groundwater potential assessment of coastal plain sands area of Ado-Odo/Ota in Southwest Nigeria. Groundw Sustain Dev. 9:100264. doi: 10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100264.
  • Jorge VT, Saulo Pomponet Oliveira SP, Luan Thanh Pham LT, Van-Hao Duong VH. 2023. A balanced edge detector for aeromagnetic data. Vietnam J Earth Sci. 43(3):326–337. doi: 10.15625/2615-9783/18461.
  • Kis KI. 1990. Transfer properties of the reduction of magnetic anomalies to the pole and to the equator. Geophysics. 55(9):1141–1147. doi: 10.1190/1.1442930.
  • Kamto PG, Oksum E, Pham LT, Kamguia J. 2023. Contribution of advanced edge detection filters for the structural mapping of the Douala Sedimentary Basin along the Gulf of Guinea. Vietnam J Earth Sci. 43(3):287–302. doi: 10.15625/2615-9783/18410.
  • Kumar S, Pal SK, Guha A, Sahoo SD, Mukherjee A. 2022. New insights on Kimberlite emplacement around the Bundelkhand Craton using integrated satellite-based remote sensing, gravity and magnetic data. Geocarto Int. 37(4):999–1021. doi: 10.1080/10106049.2020.1756459.
  • Kumar, U, Pal, SK, Sahoo, SD, Narayan, S, Mondal, S, Ganguli, SS, Saurabh. 2018. Lineament mapping over sir creek offshore and its surroundings using high resolution EGM2008 gravity data: an integrated derivative approach.J Geol Soc India. 91(6):671–678. doi: 10.1007/s12594-018-0922-x.
  • Lan CY, Chung SL, Van Long T, Lo CH, Lee T Y, Mertzman SA, Shen JJS. 2003. Geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic constraints from the Kontum massif, central Vietnam on the crustal evolution of the Indochina block. Precambrian Res. 122: 7–27. doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00205-X.
  • Ma G, Li L. 2012. Edge detection in potential fields with the normalized total horizontal derivative. Comput. Geosci. 41:83–87. doi: 10.1016/j.cageo.2011.08.016.
  • Mastellone D, Fedi M, Ialongo S, Paoletti V. 2014. Volume continuation of potential fields from the minimum-length solution: an optimal tool for continuation through general surfaces. J Appl Geophys. 111:346–355. doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2014.10.020.
  • Miller HG, Singh V. 1994. Potential field tilt a new concept for location of potential field sources. J Appl Geophys. 32(2-3):213–217. doi: 10.1016/0926-9851(94)90022-1.
  • Leu L. 1986. Magnetic exploration with reduction of magnetic data to the equator. (U.S. Patent No. 4,570,122). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
  • Li S-Q, Hegner E, Yang Y-Z, Wu J-D, Chen F. 2014. Age constraints on late Mesozoic lithospheric extension and origin of bimodal volcanic rocks from the Hailar basin, NE China. Lithos. v. 190-191:204–219. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2013.12.009.
  • Liu J, Li S, Jiang S, Wang X, Zhang J. 2023. Tools for edge detection of gravity data: comparison and application to tectonic boundary mapping in the Molucca Sea. Surv Geophys. doi: 10.1007/s10712-023-09784-x.
  • Nabighian MN, Grauch VJS, Hansen RO, LaFehr TR, Li Y, Peirce JW, Phillips JD, Ruder ME. 2005. The historical development of the magnetic method in exploration. Geophysics. 70(6):33ND–61ND. doi: 10.1190/1.2133784.
  • Nagy EA, Maluski H, Lepvrier C, Schärer U, Phan T T, Leyreloup A, Vu VT. 2001. Geodynamic significance of the Kontum massif in central Vietnam: composite 40Ar/39Ar and U–Pb ages from Paleozoic to Triassic. J Geol 109:755–770. doi: 10.1086/323193.
  • Nakano N, Osanai Y, Owada M, Nam TN, Charusiri P, Khamphavong K. 2013. Tectonic evolution of highgrade metamorphic terranes in central Vietnam: constraints from large-scale monazite geochronology. J Asian Earth Sci. v. 73:520–539. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.05.010.
  • Nam TN, Osanai Y, Nakano N. 2004. Tectono-metamorphic evolution of crystalline basement complexes in the Kontum massif, Vietnam: fact and question? Gondwana Res. 7:1353–1355.
  • Nam TN, Osanai Y, Nakano N, Tham HH. 2004. Permo-triassic ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism and continental collision in the Kon Tum massif. J Geol. 285:1–8. [In Vietnamese with English abstract].
  • Nam TN, Sano Y, Terada K, Toriumi M, Quynh PV, Dung LT. 2001. First shrimp U–Pb zircon dating of granulites from the Kontum massif (Vietnam) and tectonothermal implications. J Asian Earth Sci. 19(1–2):77–84. doi: 10.1016/S1367-9120(00)00015-8.
  • Narayan S, Sahoo SD, Pal SK, Kumar U, Pathak VK, Majumdar TJ, Chouhan A. 2017. Delineation of structural features over a part of the Bay of Bengal using total and balanced horizontal derivative techniques. Geocarto Int. 32(4):351–366. doi: 10.1080/10106049.2016.1140823.
  • Nasuti Y, Nasuti A, Moghadas D. 2019. STDR: a novel approach for enhancing and edge detection of potential field data. Pure Appl Geophys. 176(2):827–841. doi: 10.1007/s00024-018-2016-5.
  • Oksum E, Le DV, Vu MD, Nguyen THT, Pham LT. 2021. A novel approach based on the fast sigmoid function for interpretation of potential field data. Boll Geofis Teor Appl. 62:543–556.
  • Oladejo OP, Adagunodo TA, Sunmonu LA, Adabanija MA, Enemuwe CA, Isibor PO. 2020. Aeromagnetic Mapping of fault architecture along Lagos-ore axis, Southwestern Nigeria. Open Geosciences. 12(1):376–389. doi: 10.1515/geo-2020-0100.
  • Oladejo OP, Adagunodo TA, Sunmonu LA, Adabanija MA, Olasunkanmi NK, Omeje M, Babarimisa IO, Bility H. 2019. Structural analysis of subsurface stability using aeromagnetic data: a case of Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. J Phys: conf Ser. 1299:012083. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1299/1/012083.
  • Oyeniyi T, Akanbi TI, Falade AH. 2023. An application of softsign function (SF) filter to low-latitude aeromagnetic data of Tafawa-Balewa Area, Northern Nigeria for geostructural mapping and tectonic analysis. Res Geophys Sc. 14:100063. doi: 10.1016/j.ringps.2023.100063.
  • Phach PV, Anh LD. 2018. Tectonic evolution of the southern part of Central Viet Nam and the adjacent area. Geodin Tektonofiz. 9(3):801–825. doi: 10.5800/GT-2018-9-3-0372.
  • Pham LT, Eldosouky AM, Abdelrahman K, Fnais MS, Gomez-Ortiz D, Khedr F. 2021. Application of the improved parabola-based method in delineating lineaments of subsurface structures: a case study. J King Saud Univ Sci. 33(7):101585. doi: 10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101585.
  • Pham LT, Minh LH, Oksum E, Thanh DD. 2018. Determination of maximum tilt angle from analytic signal amplitude of magnetic data by the curvature-based method. Vietnam J Earth Sci. 40(4):354–366. doi: 10.15625/0866-7187/40/4/13106.
  • Pham LT, Oksum E, Do TD. 2019. Edge enhancement of potential field data using the logistic function and the total horizontal gradient. Acta Geod Geophys. 54(1):143–155. doi: 10.1007/s40328-019-00248-6.
  • Pham LT, Oksum E, Do TD, Le-Huy M, Vu MD, Nguyen VD. 2019. LAS: a combination of the analytic signal amplitude and the generalised logistic function as a novel edge enhancement of magnetic data. Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy. 49(4):425–440. doi: 10.2478/congeo-2019-0022.
  • Pham LT, Vu TV, Le-Thi S, Trinh PT. 2020. Enhancement of potential field source boundaries using an improved logistic filter. Pure Appl Geophys. 177(11):5237–5249. doi: 10.1007/s00024-020-02542-9.
  • Pham LT, Eldosouky AM, Oksum E, Saada SA. 2022. A new high resolution filter for source edge detection of potential field data. Geocarto Int. 37(11):3051–3068. doi: 10.1080/10106049.2020.1849414.
  • Pham LT, Oksum E, Le DV, Ferreira FJF, Le ST. 2022. Edge detection of potential field sources using the softsign function. Geocarto Int. 37(14):4255–4268. doi: 10.1080/10106049.2021.1882007.
  • Pham LT, Oksum E, Kafadar O, Trinh PT, Nguyen DV, Vo QT, Le ST, Do TD. 2022. Determination of subsurface lineaments in the Hoang Sa islands using enhanced methods of gravity total horizontal gradient. Vietnam J Earth Sci. 44(3):395–409.
  • Pham LT, Prasad KND. 2023. Analysis of gravity data for extracting structural features of the northern region of the Central Indian Ridge. Vietnam J Earth Sci. 45(2):147–163.
  • Pilkington M, Keating PB. 2009. The utility of potential field enhancements for remote predictive mapping. Can J Remote Sens. 35(sup1):S1–S11. doi: 10.5589/m09-021.
  • Pilkington M, Tschirhart V. 2017. Practical considerations in the use of edge detectors for geologic mapping using magnetic data. Geophysics. 82(3):J1–J8. doi: 10.1190/geo2016-0364.1.
  • Prasad KND, Pham LT, Singh AP. 2022a. A Novel Filter “ImpTAHG” for Edge Detection and a Case Study from Cambay Rift Basin, India. Pure Appl Geophys. 179(6-7):2351–2364. doi: 10.1007/s00024-022-03059-z.
  • Prasad KND, Pham LT, Singh AP. 2022b. Structural mapping of potential field sources using BHG filter. Geocarto Int. 37(26):11253–11280. doi: 10.1080/10106049.2022.2048903.
  • Pueyo EL, Román-Berdiel T, Calvín P, Bouchez JL, Beamud E, Ayala C, Loi F, Soto R, Clariana P, Margalef A, et al. 2022. Petrophysical characterization of non-magnetic granites; density and magnetic susceptibility relationships. Geosciences. 12(6):240. doi: 10.3390/geosciences12060240.
  • Rangin C, Huchon P, Le Pichon X, Bellon H, Lepvrier C, Roques D, Hoe ND, Van Quynh P. 1995. Cenozoic deformation of central and south Vietnam. Tectonophysics. 251(1–4):179–196. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(95)00006-2.
  • Rao DB, Babu NR. 1991. A rapid method for three dimensional modeling of magnetic anomalies. Geophysics. 56(11):1729–1737. doi: 10.1190/1.1442985.
  • Ravat D. 2007. Upward and downward continuation. In: Gubbins D, Herrero-Bervera E, editors. Encyclopedia of Geomagnetismand Paleomagnetism. Dordrecht: Springer; p. 974–976.
  • Reford SW, Misener DJ, Ugalde HA, Gana JS, Oladele O. 2010. Nigeria’s nationwide high-resolution airborne geophysical surveys. SEG Denver 2010 annual meeting. Conference paper; p. 1835–1839.
  • Roest WR, Verhoef J, Pilkington M. 1992. Magnetic interpretation using the 3D analytic signal. Geophysics. 57(1):116–125. doi: 10.1190/1.1443174.
  • Saibi H, Mogren S, Mukhopadhyay M, Ibrahim E. 2019. Subsurface imaging of the Harrat Lunayyir 2007–2009 earthquake swarm zone, western Saudi Arabia, using potential field methods. J Asian Earth Sci. 169:79–92. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.07.024.
  • Salem A, Ravat D. 2003. A combined analytic signal and Euler method (AN‐EUL) for automatic interpretation of magnetic data. Geophysics. 68(6):1952–1961. doi: 10.1190/1.1635049.
  • Salem A, Williams S, Fairhead J, Ravat D, Smith R. 2007. Tilt-depth method: a simple depth estimation method using first-order magnetic derivatives. Lead. Edge. 26(12):1502–1505. doi: 10.1190/1.2821934.
  • Shang Z, Chen Y. 2022. Petrogenesis and Tectonic implications of early Paleozoic Magmatism in Awen Gold District, south section of the Truong Son Orogenic Belt, Laos. Minerals. 12(8):923. doi: 10.3390/min12080923.
  • Stewart ICF, Miller DT. 2018. Directional tilt derivatives to enhance structural trends in aeromagnetic grids. J Appl Geophys. 159:553–563. doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2018.10.004.
  • Thompson DT. 1982. EULDPH: A new technique for making computer-assisted depth estimates from magnetic data. Geophysics. 47(1):31–37. doi: 10.1190/1.1441278.
  • Thuc DD, Trung H. 1995. Vietnam geology, part of II: magma. Hanoi: Department of Geology and Mineral Resources Survey; p. 213–219. [In Vietnamese with English abstract]
  • Thurston JB, Smith RS. 1997. Automatic conversion of magnetic data to depth, dip, and susceptibility contrast using the SPI (TM) method. Geophysics. 62(3):807–813. doi: 10.1190/1.1444190.
  • Tran HT, Zaw K, Halpin JA, Manaka T, Meffre S, Lai CK, L HV, Dinh S. 2014. The Tam Ky-Phuoc Son shear zone in central Vietnam: tectonic and metallogenic implications. Gondwana Res. 26(1), 144–164. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2013.04.008.
  • Weihermann JD, Ferreira FJF, Oliveira SP, Cury LF, de Souza J. 2018. Magnetic interpretation of the Paranaguá terrane, southern Brazil by signum transform. J Appl Geophys. 154:116–127. doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2018.05.001.
  • Wijns C, Perez C, Kowalczyk P. 2005. Theta map: edge detection in magnetic data. Geophysics. 70(4):L39–L43. doi: 10.1190/1.1988184.
  • Yang Y-Z, Chen F, Siebel W, Zhang H, Long Q, He J-F, Hou Z-H, Zhu X-Y. 2014. Age and composition of Cu–Au related rocks from the lower Yangtze River belt: constraints on paleo-Pacific slab roll-back beneath eastern China. Lithos. v202-203:331–346. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2014.06.007.
  • Yang Y-Z, Long Q, Siebel W, Cheng T, Hou Z-H, Chen F. 2014. Paleo-Pacific subduction in the interior of eastern China: evidence from adakitic rocks in the EdongJiurui district. The Journal of Geology. 122(1):77–97. doi: 10.1086/674423.
  • Yuan Y, Gao JY, Chen LN. 2016. Advantages of horizontal directional Theta method to detect the edges of full tensor gravity gradient data. J Appl Geophys. 130:53–61. doi: 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2016.04.009.
  • Zhang C, Lü Q, Yan J, Qi G. 2018. Numerical solutions of the mean-value theorem: new methods for downward continuation of potential fields. Geophys Res Lett. 45(8):3461–3470. doi: 10.1002/2018GL076995.