REFERENCES
- Akinnaso , Niyi F. 1991 . “Toward the development of a multilingual language policy in Nigeria.” . Applied Linguistics , 12/1 : 29 – 61 .
- Akinnaso , Niyi F. 1993 . “Policy and experiment in mother tongue literacy in Nigeria.” . International Review of Education , 39/4 : 255 – 285 .
- Bokamba , Eyamba George . 1976 . “Authenticity and the choice of a national language: the case of Zaire.” . Studies in the Linguistic Sciences , 6/2 : 23 – 64 .
- Bamgbose , Ayo. 1991 . Language and the Nation: The Language Question in sub-Saharan Africa. , Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press .
- Bourdieu , P. 1991 . Language and Symbolic Power. , Cambridge : Polity Press .
- Cisalasala , Nyembwe-Ntita . 1975 . “Le probleme linguistique au Zaire: Elements bibliographiques.” . Bulletin du Centre de Linguistique Theorique et Appliquee (CELTA) , 18 : 21 – 44 .
- Cluver , August D. de V. 1991 . “A System Approach to Language Planning: The Case of Namibia.” . Language Problems and Language Planning , 5/1 : 43 – 64 .
- Cobarrubias , J. 1983 . “Ethical issues in status planning.” . In Progress in Language Planning. , Edited by: Cobarru-bias , J. and Fishman , J. A. The Hague : Mouton .
- De Jonghe , E. 1933 . “Les langues communes au Congo-Beige.” . Congo , Tome II/3 : 341 – 358 .
- Diallo , Siradiou. 1977 . Zaire Today. , Paris , , France : Editions Jeune Afrique .
- Djite , Paulin Goupognon . 1985 . “Language Attitudes in Abidjan: Implications for Language Planning in the Ivory Coast.” , Ph.D. Dissertation Georgetown University .
- Djite , Paulin Goupognon . 1993 . “Language development in Africa.” . International Journal of the Sociology of Language , 100/101 : 149 – 166 .
- Eastman , Carol M. 1983 . Language Planning. , San Francisco : Chandler & Sharp .
- Fabian , J. 1986 . Language and Colonial Power: The Appropriation of Swahili in the Former Belgian Congo 1880–1938. , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Fishman , Joshua A. 1968 . “Sociolinguistics and the language problems of developing countries.” . In Language Problems of Developing Nations, 3–16 , Edited by: Fishman , J. A. , Ferguson , C. A. and Das Gupta , J. New York : Wiley .
- Fishman , Joshua A. 1972 . “National languages and languages of wider communication in the developing nations.” . In Language and Sociocultural Change, 191–223. , Stanford : Stanford University Press .
- Fishman , Joshua A. 1981 . “Language policy: past, present, and future.” . In Language in the USA, 516–526 , Edited by: Charles Ferguson , A. and Brice-Heath , Shirley . 516 – 526 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Fishman , Joshua A. “Conference Comments: Reflections on the Current Status of Language Planning.” . Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Language Planning, 405–428 . Edited by: Laforge , L. Quebec : Presses de l'Universite Laval .
- Gueunier , Nicole. 1992 . “Le Francais langue d'Afrique.” . Presence Francophone , 40 : 99 – 120 .
- Hinnebusch , Thomas J. 1987 . “Swahili.” . In Languages and their Status, 209–293 , Edited by: Shopen , Timothy . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
- Huta-Mukana , Mutombo . 1984 . “Pour ou contre l'unicite linguistique au Zaire.” . Analyses Sociales , 1/4 : 27 – 37 .
- Kuo , Eddie C. Y. and Jernudd , Bjorn . 1988 . “Language management in a multilingual state: The case of planning in Singapore.” , Department of Sociology: National University of Singapore . Working Papers 95.
- Laitin , David. 1992 . Language Repertoire and State Construction in Africa. , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Laitin , David and Mensah , Edward . 1991 . “Language choice among Ghanaians.” . Language Problems and Language Planning , 15/2 : 139 – 161 .
- Lichtervelde , J. La Question des Langues au Congo Beige: Rapport. , Brussels : Travaux du Groupe d'Etudes Coloniales de l'lnstitut de Sociologie Solway .
- Mbulamoko , A. 1967 . “Pluralinguisme et enseignement des langues au Congo.” . Congo Afrique , 14 : 190 – 200 .
- Mudimbe , V. Y. 1968 . “Autour d'une langue nationale.” . Syntheses , 1 : 2 – 6 .
- Ngalasso , M. M. 1973 . “Authenticite et problemes des langues au Zaire.” . Jiwe , 2 : 35 – 45 .
- OAU . 1986 . “Language Plan of Action for Africa.” , Council of Ministers . Forty-Fourth Ordinary Session, 21–15 July 1986. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Pakir , Anne. 1989 . “Education and invisible language planning: the case of English in Singapore.” , Ms. National University of Singapore .
- Polome , Edgar. 1968 . “The choice of official languages in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.” . In Language Problems of Developing Nations, 295–312 , Edited by: Joshua Fishman , A. , Charles Ferguson , A. and Jyotirindra Gupta , D. New York , NY : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. .
- Polome , Edgar. 1982 . Language, Society, and Paleoculture. , Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press .
- Reagan , T. G. 1986 . “‘Language ideology’ in the language planning process: Two African case studies.” . South African Journal of African Languages , 6 ( 2 ) : 94 – 97 .
- Rubagumya , C. M. 1986 . “Language planning in the Tanzanian educational system: problems and prospects.” . Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development , 7 : 283 – 300 .
- Rubango , Nyunda ya . 1986 . “Le Francais au Zaire: Langue ‘superieure’ et chances de ‘survie’ dans un pays Africain.” . Language Problems and Language Planning , 10/3 : 253 – 171 .
- Rubin , J. 1984 . “Bilingual Education and Language Planning.” . In Language Planning and Language Education, 4–16 , Edited by: Kennedy , C. London : Allen & Unwin .
- Rubin , J. and Jernudd , B. H. 1971 . Can Language Be Planned? , Honolulu : University Press of Hawaii .
- Schiffman , Harold F. 1992 . “‘Resisting Arrest’ in Status Planning: Structural and Covert Impediments to Status Change.” . Language and Communication , 12/1 : 1 – 15 .
- Scotton , Carol M. 1990 . “Elite Closure as Boundary Maintenance.” . In Language policy and Political Development, 25–52 , Edited by: Weinstein , Brian . Norwood , N.J. : Ablex .
- Sengova , J. 1987 . “The national languages of Sierra Leone: A decade of policy experimentation.” . Africa , 57 : 519 – 30 .
- Sesep N'Sial , B. 1978 . “La querelle linguistique au Zaire.” . Bulletin du Centre de Linguistique Theorique et Appliquee (CELTA) , 23 : 1 – 34 .
- Simpson , E. 1984 . “Translating for National Integration.” . Babel , 30/1 : 26 – 33 .
- Skutnabb-Kangas , T. and Toukomaa , P. 1976 . Teaching Migrant Children's Mother Tongue and Learning the Language of the Host Country in the Context of the Socio-Cultural Situation of the Migrant Family. , Helsinki : Finnish National Commission for Unesco .
- Wardhaugh , Ronald. 1986 . Introduction to Sociolinguistics. , New York , NY : Basil Blackwell .
- Wardhaugh , Ronald. 1987 . Languages in competition: Dominance, Diversity, and Decline. , Oxford : Basil Blackwell Ltd .
- Weinstein , B. 1980 . “Language Planning in Francophone Africa.” . Language Problems and Language Planning , 4/1 : 55 – 75 .
- Yanga , Tshimpaka. 1980 . A Sociolinguistic Identification of Lingala. , Ann Arbor , MI : University Microfilms International .