Rainfall scarcity and its impacts on subsistence farming: the role of gender and religious rituals in adaptation to change

References

• Abeka S, Anwer S, Huamaní RB, Bhatt V, Bii S, Muasya BP, Rozario AR, Senisse HR & Soría GV (2012) Women Farmers Adapting to Climate Change: Four Examples from Three Continents of Women’s Use of Local Knowledge in Climate Change Adaptation, Women Farmers/ Climate Change, Dialogue 9, Stuttgart: Diakonisches Werk der EKD e.V.
   Google Scholar
• Agada M & Igbokwe E (2016) ‘Influence of food culture and practice on household food security in North Central Nigeria’. in Journal of Food Security, 4, 2, 36–41. available at: http://pubs.sciepub.com/jfs/4/2/2. site accessed 5 August 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Ahidjo P (2012) ‘Access to land and the system of land ownership in Northern Cameroon’, in Scientific Papers, 3, 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Ajani EN & Igbokwe EM (2011) ‘Implications of feminization of agriculture on women farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria’. in Journal of Agricultural Extension, 15, 1, 6, available at: http://dx.org/10.4314/jae.v15i1.4, site accessed 12 June 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Ajani EN, Onwubuya EA & Mgbenka RN (2013) ‘Approaches to economic empowerment of rural women for climate change mitigation and adaptation: Implications for policy. in International Journal of Advanced Agricultural Research, 17, 1, 37–42.
   Google Scholar
• Altieri MA & Koohafkan P (eds) (2008) Enduring Farms: Climate Change, Smallholders and Traditional Farming Communities, Malaysia: Third World Network.
   Google Scholar
• Boddy-Evans A (2010) ‘Rain rituals in Southern Africa and a royal succession lasting centuries’, in Rain Queens of Africa, available at: http://rainqueensofafrica.com/2011/03/the-lovedu-rain-queen/. site accessed 12 August 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Bonnekessen B (2010) ‘Food is good to teach: An exploration of the cultural meanings of food’, in Food, Culture and Society: An International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 13, 2, 279–295.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations (2016) ‘Climate change and food security: risks and responses’, available at: www.fao.org/3/a-i5188e.pdf. site accessed 3 August 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Hiwasaki L, Luna E & Syamsidik JM (2015) ‘Local and indigenous knowledge of climate related hazards of coastal and small island communities in Southeast Asia’. in Climatic Change, 128, 35. doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1288-8, site accessed 10 June 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Kah HK (2016) ‘The Laimbwe Ih’neem ritual/ ceremony, food crisis, and sustainability in Cameroon’, in Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective. 10, 2, 53–70.
   Google Scholar
• Kanjala C, Alberts M, Byass P & Burger S (2010) ‘Spatial and temporal clustering of mortality in Dikgale HDSS in rural northern South Africa’, in Global Health Action. 3, 59–63. doi: 10.3402/gha.v3i0.5236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krige EJ & Krige JD (1980) The Realm of a Rain Queen, Cape Town: Juta & Company Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Lambrou Y (2006) ‘Energy and gender in rural sustainable development’, Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO): Rome, available at: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/ai021e/ai021e00.Pdf, site accessed 15 September 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Landau PS (1993) ‘When rain falls: rainmaking and community in a Tswana Village’, in The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 26, 1, 1–30, available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable. site accessed 4 January 2016. doi: 10.2307/219185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodge T (2005) ‘Provincial government and state authority in South Africa’, in Journal of Southern African Studies, 31, 748–749. doi: 10.1080/03057070500370480
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manjeru L (2009) ‘Culture and development in Zimbabwe: The cultural farming practices in Matsai Communal Area of Bikita District, Masvingo Province’, Unpublished dissertation, United College of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Möonig HO (1967) The Pedi, Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Mushita A & Thompson C (2013) ‘At issue: more ominous than climate change? Global policy threats to African food production’, in African Studies Quarterly, 13, 4, 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Ncha GC (2014) ‘The impacts of climate change on African traditional religious practices’. in Earth Science & Climate Change, 5, 7 : 1000209, available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000209, site accessed 16 September 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Nethononda LO & Odhiambo JJO (2011) ‘Indigenous soil knowledge relevant to crop production of smallholder farmers at Rambuda irrigation scheme, Vhembe District South Africa’, in African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6, 11, 2576–2581.
   Google Scholar
• Polokwane Local Municipality (2013/2014) Integrated Development Plan (IDP) 2013/2014, Polokwane Local Municipality.
   Google Scholar
• Rankoana SA (2000) ‘Aspects of the ethnobotany of the Dikgale community in the Northern Province’, Unpublished Master’s Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of the North.
   Google Scholar
• Semenya DK (2013) ‘The making and prevention of rain amongst the Pedi tribe of South Africa: A pastoral response’, in HTS Teologiese Studies/ Theological Studies, 69, 1, Art. #1175, 1–6, available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v69i1.1175. site accessed 12 June 2016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics South Africa (Statssa) (2011) ‘Community survey: Mid-Year Results 2011', available at: www.statssa.gov.za. site accessed 10 May 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Thorlakson T & Neufeldt H (2012) ‘Reducing subsistence farmers’ vulnerability to climate change: evaluating the potential contributions of agroforestry in western Kenya’, in Agriculture and Food Security, 1, 15. doi: 10.1186/2048-7010-1-15 , site accessed 10 July 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Trefry A, Parkins JR & Cundill G (2014) ‘Culture and food security: a case study of homestead food production in South Africa’, in Food Security, 6, 555–565. doi 10.1007/s12571-014-0362-4, site accessed 10 July 2016. doi: 10.1007/s12571-014-0362-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeulen SJ, Campell BM & Ingram JSI (2012) ‘Climate change and food systems’, in Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 37, 1, 195–222. doi: 10.1146/annurev-environ-020411-130608
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar